Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19): Different Models and Treatment Strategies by Kamal, Niaz;Muhammad Farrukh, Nisar; -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

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FOREWORD PREFACE List of Contributors Part I: Models for COVID-19 Genetically Engineered Mouse Models for COVID-19

Abstract INTRODUCTION

Emerging Role of CRISPR/Cas9 Human ACE2 Expression ACE2 Knockout Mouse for Acute respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Investigation K18-hACE2 Transgenic Mouse TMPRSS2 Knockout Mouse for Viral Entry and Pathogenesis Studies STAT1 Knockout Mouse for Studying Pneumonia and Antiviral Strategies Standard Mouse Strains (BALB/c mice, C57BL/6, and 129S6) Inbred Mice for Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Response Studies Humanized Immune System Mice for Vaccine Approaches

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

Different Cell Lines for SARS-CoV-2

Abstract INTRODUCTION

Role of Cell Lines in Scientific Research Caco-2 cells Huh-7 cells A549 cells Human Intestinal Organoids HAE cells HEK 293T cells Calu-3 cells Vero Cells Therapeutic Agents Using in vitro Models Especially Vero and Vero Derived Cell Lines

Remdesivir Lopinavir Homorringtonine Emetine hydrochloride Ivermectin Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine Nelfinavir Indomethacin Merimepodib Scutellaria baicalensis Carmofur Arbidol

CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

Histopathologic Evaluation and Scoring of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Abstract INTRODUCTION

Importance of Histopathology Technique Principles Techniques and Types Technique for Immuno-histopathology, RNA scope, or immunofluorescent staining Scoring Methods Recent Case Studies of Coronavirus and its Types Virological Investigations Blood Cell Examination and Counts Pathological Characteristics of COVID-19 Lung Gastrointestinal (GI) tract Liver Kidney Skin Heart Brain Blood vessels and placenta Animal Models and Real Situation

CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

Key Proteins and Their Roles in COVID-19

Abstract INTRODUCTION

Classification Track of the SARS-CoV-2 Structural Biology of COVID-19 Proteins The Structural Proteins Spike Protein Envelope Protein

Membrane Protein

Nucleocapsid Protein Non-Structural Proteins (NSPs) NSP1 (Leader Protein) NSP2 NSP3 (Papain-like Protease) NSP4 (Contains Transmembrane Domain 2) and NSP5 (3C-like Proteinase) NSP6 (Putative Transmembrane Domain) NSP7, NSP8, and NSP9 NSP10, NSP11, and NSP12 (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) NSP13 (Helicase) NSP14 (3′ to 5′ Endonuclease, N7-Methyltransferase) NSP15 (endoRNAse) NSP16 (2′-O-Ribose-Methyltransferase) Accessory Proteins ORF3a Protein ORF6 Protein ORF7a and ORF7b Protein ORF8 Protein ORF10 Protein Pathogenesis in Real-Time Replication of COVID-19 Receptor Recognition by Spike Protein Mechanism of Membrane Fusion by Spike Protein Activators for Membrane Fusion by Spike Protein Evolution of Spike Proteins Invasion and Replication of SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Appearance in COVID-19 Infection Activation of Humoral and Cellular Immunity against Covid-19 Infection Cytokine Storm in COVID-19 Coronavirus Immune Evasion Factors Affecting SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis Host Factors on the Genetic Basis Viral Factors RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) Papain-like Protease (PLpro) Coronavirus Protease (3CLpro) Spike Protein (S Protein) Comparison of Different Coronaviruses Virology and Genome Epidemiology Key Protein Differences in Clinical Findings

CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

Differential Diagnosis of COVID-19

Abstract INTRODUCTION

Differential Diagnosis of COVID-19 Differential Etiology

COVID-19 and other Coronaviruses Adenovirus Influenza Virus Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) Parainfluenza Virus Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Rhinovirus (Common Cold) Bacterial Pneumonia

Streptococcus Pneumoniae Haemophilus Influenza Moraxella Catarrhalis Pneumonia Chlamydial Pneumonia

M. Pneumonia

Comparative Modes of Transmission and Epidemiology

COVID-19 and other Coronaviruses (SARS, MERS)

Adenovirus Influenza Virus Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) Parainfluenza Virus Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Rhinovirus (Common cold) Bacterial Pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumonia

Comparative Pathogenesis

COVID-19 and Other Coronaviruses (SARS, MERS)

Adenovirus Influenza Virus Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) Parainfluenza Virus Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Rhinovirus (Common Cold) Bacterial Pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumonia

Differential Signs and Symptoms

COVID-19 and other Coronaviruses (SARS, MERS) Adenovirus Influenza Virus Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) Parainfluenza Virus Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Rhinovirus (Common cold) Bacterial Pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumonia

Differential Diagnostic Approaches

Differential Response Therapy

Mathematical Modelling in the Prediction of COVID-19

Salient and Latest Models Applied

CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

Part II: Treatment Strategies for COVID-19 Different Antiviral Drugs against COVID-19 and Future Perspective

Abstract INTRODUCTION

Mechanisms of Different Antivirals Actions in COVID-19 Treatments Different Antiviral Drugs used in COVID-19 Treatment Broad-spectrum Antiviral Agents (BSAA)

Remdesivir Umifenovir (Arbidol) Favipiravir (T-705 or Avigan) Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Ribavirin Lopinavir-Ritonavir Baloxavir Marboxil Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Other Antiviral Agents

BSAA Combination Therapy Clinical Trials on Treatments for COVID-19

FUTURE PERSPECTIVE CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

Phytochemicals Effective against COVID-19 and Future Perspective

Abstract INTRODUCTION

Various Phytochemicals Activities against COVID-19

Allicin (garlic compounds) Glycyrrhizin Quercetin Flavonoids

Catechin

Curcumin

Miscellaneous Phytochemicals against COVID-19

Carvacrol, Oleanolic Acid and Ursolic Acid

Mechanism of Phytochemicals in Altering SARS-CoV-2 Infection a. Inhibition of Spike Proteins to Bind with Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) b. Inhibition of Viral Replication Plant Extracts and their Possible Anti-Viral Activities in COVID-19

FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN COVID-19 CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

Ultraviolet Radiation A (UVA): Modulates the Production of Nitric Oxide (NO) to Combat COVID-19

Abstract INTRODUCTION

Solar Light and Ultraviolet Radiation System Long term Environmental Exposure of Ambient Solar UVA Radiation and COVID-19 Coronavirus What is SARS-CoV-2? Mode of Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Prevention Strategies Adopted UVA Mediates Production of NO Effect of NO on SARS-CoV-2 NO: A Key Player in the Airways NO Blocks Virus Replication Inside Host Cells NO Reduces the Inflammatory Influx and Oxidative Stress

CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

Herbal Remedies Effective against COVID-19

Abstract INTRODUCTION

Symptomatic Comparison of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19 Medicinal Plants against Coronaviruses Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) against Coronaviruses TCM Prescription for COVID 19 TCM to Prevent COVID-19 Infection TCM to Treat the Mild Infection TCM to Treat Severe Infection Wild Plants against COVID-19 Indian Subcontinents Plants against COVID-19 Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Harsinghar (Nyctanthes Arbortristis) Giloy (Tinospora Cordifolia) Neem (Azadirachta indica) Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) AYUSH Recommended Medicinal Plants or Extracts against COVID-19 Ayurveda Medicines Unani Medicinal Plants for the Prevention and Management of COVID-19 Telemedicine and COVID-19 Types of Telemedicine 1-Communication Time 2- Communication mode 3-Persons engaged in teleconsultation 4-Consultation purpose Telemedicine During the Previous Outbreak of Diseases Telemedicine During the Pandemic of COVID-19

FUTURE PROSPECTIVE CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

Role of Blood Plasma Transfusion Against COVID-19

Abstract INTRODUCTION

Therapeutic Agents (Convalescent Plasma and Immune Globulin) Safety and Efficacy of CP for COVID-19 patients Pathways Use for Investigational COVID-19 CP Collection of COVID-19 Plasma and Eligibility to Donate Blood Plasma (Precautionary Measures) Eligibility of Donors Pre-screening of Donors Antibody Screening Blood Collection and Testing Dosing and Transfusion Patient Eligibility Labeling and Recordkeeping Adverse Effects of CP Therapy Optimal Dose and Clinical Benefits of CP Therapy

FUTURE PERSPECTIVE CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

Stem Cell Therapy for COVID-19

Abstract INTRODUCTION

Overview of Stem Cells Different Stem Cells Stem Cells and Immune System Responses During COVID-19 Mesenchymal Stem Cells in COVID-19 Synthetic Stem Cells for COVID-19 Stem Cells in Clinical and Preclinical Research Stage Serum Cytokine/Chemokine/Growth factors Up- and Down-Regulation During Stem Cell Therapy Role of ACE2-Mesenchymal Stem Cells for COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes of Stem Cells for COVID-19 FDA/WHO Approved Stem Cells Therapy for COVID-19

FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF HSC FOR COVID-19 CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

Computational Methods for COVID-19 Treatment

Abstract INTRODUCTION

Integrated Pipelines of COVID-19 Virtual Screening of COVID-19 Drug Libraries for COVID-19 Drug Repurposing Approach for COVID-19 Molecular Databases of COVID-19 Genomic Information of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Homology Modeling and Molecular Docking of COVID-19 Molecular Docking Protein Modeling Fold and Function Assignment System Protein Data Bank Pharmacophore Modeling Pharmacophore Fingerprinting Pharmacophore Model or Query Modeling Softwares Monte Carlo Method The Stochastic Global Optimization Procedure Pseudo-Brownian Positional/Torsional Protein-protein Docking Drug-target Interaction Molecular Dynamic Simulation Binding Affinity Binding Free Energy Calculation Method Validation

CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

Vaccine Development, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Group Immunity and Future Perspective for COVID-19

Abstract INTRODUCTION

Clinical-Phase Vaccine Candidates for COVID-19 Diversity of Technology Nucleic Acid (DNA and RNA) Virus-like Particle Peptide Live Attenuated Virus Viral Vector (replicating and non-replicating Recombinant Protein Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) Inactivated Virus Clinical Trials in Terms of Vaccine Development Preclinical Research Non-Specific Vaccine Group Immunity Herd Immunity and COVID-19 Advantages and Disadvantages of Herd Immunity

FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF VACCINE DEVELOPMENT CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

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