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Index
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface
Sources of Electronic Information
Contributors
Part 1: Microbial Biology
Chapter 1: Microbiology and medicine
An outline history of microbiology and infection
Sources and spread of infection
Chapter 2: Morphology and nature of micro-organisms
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Anatomy of the bacterial cell
The bacterial ‘life cycle’
The nature and composition of viruses
Chapter 3: Classification, identification and typing of micro-organisms
Taxonomy
Methods of classification
Classification in clinical practice
Identification of micro-organisms
Indirect identification methods
Typing of bacteria
Chapter 4: Bacterial growth, physiology and death
Bacterial growth
Media for bacterial growth
Bacterial physiology
Sterilization and disinfection
Chapter 5: Antimicrobial agents
Antibacterial agents
Antifungal agents
Antiviral agents
Antiparasitic agents
Antimicrobial sensitivity tests
Assay of antimicrobial drugs
Chapter 6: Bacterial genetics
Genetic organization and regulation of the bacterial cell
Mutation
Gene transfer
Plasmids
Transposons, integrons and genomic islands
Genetic mapping
Genetic basis of antibiotic resistance
Applications of molecular genetics
Chapter 7: Virus–cell interactions
The cytolytic or cytocidal growth cycle
Non-cytocidal productive infections
Abortive (non-productive) infections
Latency
Transformation
Part 2: Infection and Immunity
Chapter 8: Immunological principles: Antigens and antigen recognition
General properties of antigens
Antigenic determinants
Antigenic specificity
Immunoglobulins
Antigen recognition
Major histocompatibility complex
Chapter 9: Innate and acquired immunity
The immune system
Innate immunity
Features of innate immunity
Determinants of innate immunity
Mechanisms of innate immunity
Acquired immunity
Tissues involved in immune reactions
Development of the immune system
Lymphocyte trafficking
Clonal selection
Cellular activation
Humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
Generation of immune responses
Control of immune responses
Tolerance
Immunodeficiency
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmunity
Chapter 10: Immunity in viral infections
The response to viral infections
Immunopathology
Vaccines
Chapter 11: Parasitic infections: Pathogenesis and immunity
Pathogenic mechanisms
Immune defence mechanisms
Evasion mechanisms
Immunopathology
Vaccination
Chapter 12: Immunity in bacterial infections
Host defences
Evasion
Immunopathology
Chapter 13: Bacterial pathogenicity
Types of bacterial pathogen
Virulence determinants
Chapter 14: The natural history of infection
Meetings between human beings and micro-organisms
Stages of infection
Pathological patterns associated with infection
Virulence and infectivity
Part 3: Bacterial Pathogens and Associated Diseases
Chapter 15: Staphylococcus: Skin infections; osteomyelitis; bloodstream infection; food poisoning; foreign body infections; MRSA
Staphylococcus aureus
Coagulase-negative staphylococci
Chapter 16: Streptococcus and enterococcus: Pharyngitis; scarlet fever; skin and soft tissue infections; streptococcal toxic shock syndrome; pneumonia; meningitis; urinary tract infections; rheumatic fever; post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Classification
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus agalactiae
Other pyogenic streptococci
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Commensal streptococci
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and control
Chapter 17: Coryneform bacteria, listeria and erysipelothrix: Diphtheria; listeriosis; erysipeloid
Coryneform bacteria
Listeria
Chapter 18: Mycobacterium: Tuberculosis; leprosy
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
Mycobacterium leprae
Chapter 19: Environmental mycobacteria: Opportunist disease
Description
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology
Control
Chapter 20: Actinomyces, nocardia and tropheryma: Actinomycosis; nocardiasis; Whipple’s disease
Actinomyces
Nocardia
Tropheryma whippeli
Chapter 21: Bacillus: Anthrax; food poisoning
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Other bacillus species
Chapter 22: Clostridium: Gas gangrene; tetanus; food poisoning; pseudomembranous colitis
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium septicum
Clostridium novyi
Clostridium sporogenes
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium difficile
Chapter 23: Neisseria and moraxella: Meningitis; septicaemia; gonorrhoea; respiratory infections
Neisseria
Chapter 24: Salmonella: Food poisoning; enteric fever
Description
Pathogenesis
Clinical syndromes
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology and control
Chapter 25: Shigella: Bacillary dysentery
Description
Clinical features
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology
Control
Chapter 26: Escherichia: Urinary tract infection; travellers’ diarrhoea; haemorrhagic colitis; haemolytic uraemic syndrome
Description
Pathogenesis
Clinical syndromes
Other Escherichia species
Chapter 27: Klebsiella, enterobacter, proteus and other enterobacteria: Pneumonia; urinary tract infection; opportunist infection
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Cronobacter
Hafnia
Serratia
Proteus and related genera
Citrobacter
Edwardsiella
Other genera
Chapter 28: Pseudomonads and non-fermenters: Opportunist infection; cystic fibrosis; melioidosis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Burkholderia
Glucose non-fermenters
Chapter 29: Campylobacter and helicobacter: Enteritis; polyneuropathy; gastritis; peptic ulcer disease; gastric cancer
Campylobacter
Helicobacter
Chapter 30: Vibrio, mobiluncus, gardnerella and spirillum: Cholera; vaginosis; rat bite fever
Vibrio
Mobiluncus
Gardnerella
Spirillum minus
Chapter 31: Haemophilus: Respiratory infections; meningitis; chancroid
Description
Haemophilus influenzae
Other haemophili
Chapter 32: Bordetella: Whooping cough
Description
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology
Control
Chapter 33: Legionella: Legionnaires’ disease; Pontiac fever
Description
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology
Control
Chapter 34: Brucella, bartonella and streptobacillus: Brucellosis; Oroya fever; trench fever; cat scratch disease; bacillary angiomatosis; rat bite fever
Brucella
Bartonella
Streptobacillus moniliformis
Chapter 35: Yersinia, pasteurella and francisella: Plague; pseudotuberculosis; mesenteric adenitis; pasteurellosis; tularaemia
Yersinia
Pasteurella
Francisella
Chapter 36: Non-sporing anaerobes: Wound infection; periodontal disease; abscess; normal flora
Features of anaerobic infections
Laboratory diagnosis
Gram-negative bacilli
Gram-positive anaerobic cocci
Gram-negative anaerobic cocci
Non-sporing Gram-positive rods
Spiral-shaped motile organisms
Treatment
Chapter 37: Treponema and borrelia: Syphilis; yaws; relapsing fever; Lyme disease
Treponema
Borrelia
Chapter 38: Leptospira: Leptospirosis; Weil’s disease
Description
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology
Control
Chapter 39: Chlamydia: Genital and ocular infections; infertility; atypical pneumonia
Description
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology
Control and prevention
Chapter 40: Rickettsia, orientia, ehrlichia, anaplasma and coxiella: Typhus; spotted fevers; scrub typhus; ehrlichioses; Q fever
Rickettsia and Orientia
Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
Coxiella
Chapter 41: Mycoplasmas: Respiratory and genital tract infections
Description
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Mycoplasmas and cell cultures
Part 4: Viral Pathogens and Associated Diseases
Chapter 42: Adenoviruses: Respiratory disease; conjunctivitis; gut infections
Description
Replication
Clinical features
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology
Control
Adenovirus-associated viruses
Chapter 43: Herpesviruses: Herpes simplex; varicella and zoster; infectious mononucleosis; B cell lymphomas; cytomegalovirus disease; exanthem subitum; Kaposi’s sarcoma; herpes B
Herpes simplex virus
Varicella–zoster virus (VZV)
Epstein–Barr virus
Cytomegalovirus
Human herpesviruses 6 and 7
Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus)
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (B virus; herpesvirus simiae)
Chapter 44: Poxviruses: Smallpox; molluscum contagiosum; parapoxvirus infections
Description
Replication
Clinical features
Control of smallpox
Other human poxvirus infections
Vaccinia
Myxomatosis: an evolving disease
Chapter 45: Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses: Warts: warts and cancers; polyomavirus associated nephropathy; progressive multifocal leuco-encephalopathy
Polyomaviruses
Chapter 46: Hepadnaviruses: Hepatitis B virus infection; hepatitis delta virus infection
Hepatitis B virus
The delta agent (hepatitis D virus, HDV)
Chapter 47: Parvoviruses: B19 infection; erythema infectiosum
Description
Pathogenesis and clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis of B19 infection
Epidemiology
Management
Chapter 48: Picornaviruses: Meningitis; paralysis; rashes; intercostal myositis; myocarditis; infectious hepatitis; common cold
Enteroviruses
Parechoviruses
Hepatoviruses
Rhinoviruses
Chapter 49: Orthomyxoviruses: Influenza
Influenza A, B and C host range
The viruses
Epidemic and pandemic influenza
Cross species influenza A infection
Influenza C
Seasonal influenza A epidemics
Chapter 50: Paramyxoviruses: Respiratory infections; mumps; measles; Hendra/Nipah disease
Parainfluenza viruses
Mumps virus
Measles virus
Respiratory syncytial virus
Human metapneumovirus
Nipah and Hendra viruses
Chapter 51: Arboviruses: alphaviruses, flaviviruses and bunyaviruses: Encephalitis; yellow fever; dengue; haemorrhagic fever; miscellaneous tropical fevers; undifferentiated fever
Description
Replication
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology
Control
Chapter 52: Hepaciviruses and hepeviruses: Hepatitis C and E viruses; non-A, non-B hepatitis
Hepatitis C virus
Hepatitis E virus
Chapter 53: Arenaviruses and filoviruses: Viral haemorrhagic fevers
Arenaviruses
Filoviruses
Chapter 54: Reoviruses: Gastroenteritis
Classification
Replication
Association with clinical illness
Rotaviruses
Pathogenesis and immunity
Treatment
Control
Chapter 55: Retroviruses: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; HTLV-1
HIV infection
HTLV-I and II infection
Chapter 56: Caliciviruses and astroviruses: Diarrhoeal disease
Description
Pathogenesis and clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Epidemiology
Treatment
Chapter 57: Coronaviruses
Taxonomy
Properties
Replication
Pathogenesis
Transmission
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Laboratory diagnosis
Control
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 58: Rhabdoviruses
Virus structure and lifecycle
Epidemiology
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Control
Chapter 59: Togaviruses: Rubella
Description
Clinical features
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Control
Chapter 60: Prion diseases (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies): Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease; Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome; fatal familial insomnia; iatrogenic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease; kuru; variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease; bovine spongiform encephalopathy; scrapie
The transmissible agent: a prion?
Pathogenesis
Human prion diseases
Diagnosis
Neuropathology
Sporadic CJD
Familial prion diseases
Acquired prion diseases
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and other animal prion diseases
Scrapie
Part 5: Fungal Pathogens, Parasitic Infections and Medical Entomology
Chapter 61: Fungi: Superficial, subcutaneous and systemic mycoses
Fungal diseases of man
Superficial infections
Subcutaneous infections
Systemic mycoses
Chapter 62: Protozoa: Malaria; toxoplasmosis; cryptosporidiosis; amoebiasis; trypanosomiasis; leishmaniasis; giardiasis; trichomoniasis
Sporozoa
Amoebae
Flagellates
Other pathogenic protozoa
Chapter 63: Helminths: Intestinal worm infections; filariasis; schistosomiasis; hydatid disease
Nematodes
Trematodes
Cestodes
Chapter 64: Arthropods: Arthropod-borne diseases; ectoparasitic infections; allergy
Medical importance of arthropods
Insects
Arachnids
Part 6: Diagnosis, Treatment and Control of Infection
Chapter 65: Infective syndromes
Specific syndromes
Systemic and general syndromes
Chapter 66: Diagnostic procedures
Collection of specimens
Transport
Reception
Examination
Reports of results
Notification of infectious diseases
Chapter 67: Strategy of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Choice of treatment
Laboratory monitoring
Predictable sensitivity
Organisms of variable sensitivity
Antibiotic policies and the control of resistance
Prophylactic use of antibiotics
Host factors influencing response
Combinations of antibiotics
Antiviral therapy
Antifungal therapy
Chemotherapy of systemic infections
Chapter 68: Epidemiology and control of community infections
Epidemiology: definitions and principles
The spread of infection
Outbreaks of infection
Mathematical models
Association and causation of infection
Conclusion
Chapter 69: Hospital infection
Classification
Factors that influence infection
Contact with other patients and staff
Micro-organisms causing hospital infection
Routes of transmission
Prevention and control
Efficacy of infection control
Chapter 70: Immunization
Rationale of immunization
Passive immunization
Active immunization
Controlled studies of vaccines
Contraindications to the use of vaccines
Herd immunity
Immunization programmes
Immunization schedules
Notes on some vaccines in common use
Protecting the traveller
Unresolved problems
Instructions for online access
Index
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