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Index
Also of Interest
Titel
Über den Autor
Impressum
Preface
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 The chemical industry
1.1 Introduction
1.2 General characteristics of the chemical industry segments
1.3 Major raw materials
1.4 Production structure of the chemical industry
2 The structure of chemical and biochemical process systems
2.1 Structure of chemical and biochemical processes
2.2 Characteristics of production processes
2.2.1 Batch production technology
2.2.2 Continuous processes
2.3 Unit operations
2.3.1 Reactors
2.3.2 Recovery, purification, and fractionation technologies
2.3.2.1 Molecular separation
2.3.2.2 Mechanical separation
2.3.3 Product finishing operations
2.3.4 Other important process units
2.4 Process synthesis
3 Principles of chemical reaction engineering
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classification of reactions
3.3 Rate of chemical reactions
3.3.1 Effect of concentration
3.3.2 Effect of temperature
3.3.3 Chemical equilibria
3.4 Catalysis
3.4.1 Homogeneous catalysis
3.4.2 Heterogeneous catalysis
3.5 Conversion, selectivtity, and yield
3.5.1 The degree of conversion
3.5.2 Selectivity and yield
3.5.3 Multiple reactions
3.5.3.1 Parallel reactions
3.5.3.2 Reactions in series
3.6 Basic design equations for model reactors
3.6.1 Material balances
3.6.2 The ideal batch reactor
3.6.3 The continuous ideal stirred tank reactor (CISTR)
3.6.4 Ideal continuous tubular reactor
3.6.5 Cascade of continuous ideal stirred tanks reactors
3.7 Heat effects in model reactors
3.7.1 Energy balances
3.7.2 Characteristics of a continuous stirred tank reactor
3.7.3 Batch reactors
4 Chemical reactors and their industrial applications
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Classification of reactors
4.1.2 Influence of the heat of reaction on the reactor type
4.2 Stirred tank reactors
4.2.1 Description
4.2.2 Batch stirred tank reactors
4.2.3 Continuously-stirred tanks
4.2.4 Cascade of stirred tanks
4.3 Tubular reactors
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Gas-phase reactors
4.3.3 Liquid-phase reactors
4.4 Loop reactors
4.4.1 Continuous loop reactors
4.4.2 Buss loop reactor
4.5 Bubble columns
4.6 Fixed and moving bed reactors
4.6.1 Fixed bed reactors
4.6.2 Adiabatic fixed bed reactors
4.6.3 Fixed bed reactors with supply or removal of heat
4.6.4 Moving bed reactors
4.7 Fluidized bed reactors
4.7.1 The fluidization principle
4.7.2 Fluidization properties of typical bed solids
4.7.3 Applications
5 Biochemical reaction technology
5.1 Characteristics of biochemical processes
5.1.1 Fermentation
5.1.1.1 Fermentation products
5.1.1.2 Microorganisms
5.1.1.3 Requirements of fermenters
5.1.2 Enzymatic conversions
5.1.2.1 Industrial applications
5.1.2.2 Distinctive features of enzymes
5.1.2.3 Enzymatic catalysis
5.2 Biochemical reaction engineering
5.2.1 Principles
5.2.2 Kinetics of biochemical reactions
5.2.2.1 Microbiological processes
5.2.2.2 Enzyme catalyzed reactions
5.2.2.3 Environmental effects
5.2.2.4 Inhibition
5.2.3 Basic reactor operations
5.3 Industrial bioreactors
5.3.1 Classification
5.3.2 Bioreactors with mechanical mixing
5.3.3 Bioreactors with pneumatic mixing
5.3.3.1 Bubble-column reactors
5.3.3.2 Airlift reactors
5.3.4 Bioreactors for immobilized enzymes and cells
6 Evaporative separations
6.1 Evaporative separation
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Vapor-liquid equilibria
6.1.3 Separation by single-stage partial evaporation
6.2 Multistage distillation
6.2.1 Distillation cascades
6.2.2 Column distillation
6.2.3 Feasible distillation conditions
6.2.4 Basic design calculations
6.2.5 Energy requirements
6.2.6 Batch distillation
6.2.7 Continuous separation of multiple products
6.2.8 Enhanced distillation techniques
6.3 Distillation equipment
6.3.1 Basic functions
6.3.2 Tray columns
6.3.3 Packed columns
6.3.4 Criteria for column selection
6.4 Polymer devolatilization
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Basic mechanisms
6.4.3 Multistage operation and devolatilization aids
6.4.4 Devolatilization equipment
7 Extraction and leaching
7.1 Liquid-liquid extraction
7.1.1 Introduction
7.1.2 Liquid-liquid equilibria
7.1.3 Solvent selection
7.1.4 Extraction schemes
7.2 Industrial liquid-liquid extractors
7.2.1 Mixer-settlers
7.2.2 Mechanically agitated columns
7.2.3 Unagitated and pulsed columns
7.2.4 Centrifugal extractors
7.2.5 Selection of an extractor
7.3 Leaching
7.3.1 Mechanism and process of leaching
7.3.2 Solid-liquid extractors
7.3.2.1 Batch extractors
7.3.2.2 Continuous extractors
7.4 Supercritical extraction
7.4.1 Introduction
7.4.2 Properties of supercritical fluids
7.4.3 Processes and applications
8 Absorption and stripping
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The aim of absorption
8.3 General design approach
8.3.1 Gas solubilities
8.3.2 Minimum absorbent flow
8.3.3 Number of equilibrium stages
8.4 Basic characteristics of absorbers
8.5 Industrial contactors
8.5.1 Packed columns
8.5.2 Tray columns
8.5.3 Spray towers
8.5.4 Bubble columns
9 Adsorption and ion exchange
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Adsorption fundamentals
9.2.1 Industrial adsorbents
9.2.2 Adsorption equilibrium
9.2.3 Adsorption kinetics
9.2.4 Fixed-bed adsorption
9.3 Basic adsorption cycles
9.3.1 Temperature swing
9.3.2 Pressure swing
9.3.3 Inert and displacement purge cycles
9.4 Principles of ion exchange
9.4.1 Ion-exchange resins
9.4.2 Equilibria and selectivity
9.5 Ion-exchange processes
10 Solid-liquid separation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Gravity sedimentation
10.2.1 Sedimentation mechanisms
10.2.2 Rate of sedimentation
10.2.3 Design of continuous sedimentation tanks
10.2.4 Gravity sedimentation equipment
10.3 Centrifugal sedimentation
10.3.1 Particle velocity in a centrifugal field
10.3.2 Sedimenting centrifuges
10.3.3 Bowl centrifuge separation capability
10.3.4 Hydrocyclones
10.4 Filtration fundamentals
10.4.1 Flow through packed beds
10.4.2 Cake filtration
10.4.3 Constant pressure and constant rate filtration
10.5 Filtration equipment
10.5.1 Continuous large-scale vacuum filters
10.5.2 Batch vacuum filters
10.5.3 Pressure filters
10.6 Filter media
10.7 Centrifugal filtration
10.8 Deep-bed filtration
11 Particle removal from gases
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Separation mechanisms
11.2 Collecting efficiency
11.3 Gravitational separators
11.4 Cyclones
11.5 Electrostatic precipitation
11.5.1 Principles
11.5.2 Equipment and collecting efficiency
11.6 Particle interception mechanisms
11.7 Dry-impingement separators
11.7.1 Deep-bed filtration
11.7.2 Surface filters
11.7.3 Lamellar plate separators
11.8 Wet scrubbers
12 Membrane separations
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Principles
12.2.1 Membranes
12.2.2 Modules
12.2.3 Flux, permeability and selectivity
12.2.4 Concentration polarization and fouling
12.2.5 System design and cascades
12.3 Membrane filtration processes
12.3.1 Microfiltration
12.3.2 Ultrafiltration
12.3.3 Reverse osmosis and nanofittration
12.4 Solubility driven processes
12.4.1 Gas and vapor permeation
12.4.2 Pervaporation
12.5 Electrodialysis
13 Crystallization and precipitation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Fundamentals
13.2.1 Solid-liquid equilibria
13.2.2 Supersaturation and metastability
13.2.3 Nucleation
13.2.4 Crystal growth
13.2.5 Effects of impurities
13.3 Crystal characteristics
13.3.1 Morphology
13.3.2 Crystal size distribution
13.3.3 Size control
13.4 Crystallization from solutions
13.4.1 Basic operations
13.4.2 Cooling crystallizers
13.4.3 Evaporating and vacuum crystallizers
13.4.4 Continuous crystallizers
13.5 Crystallizer modeling and design
13.5.1 Basic yield calculations
13.5.2 Population balances
13.5.3 The well-mixed MSMPR crystallizer
13.6 Precipitation
13.7 Melt crystallization
14 Solids finishing technologies
14.1 Overview
14.2 Drying
14.2.1 Classification of drying operations
14.2.2 Drying mechanisms
14.2.3 Direct-heat dryers
14.2.4 Contact dryers
14.2.5 Other drying methods
14.3 Size reduction
14.3.1 Particle breakage
14.3.2 Methods and selection criteria for size reduction
14.3.3 Size-reduction equipment
14.4 Size enlargement
14.4.1 Agglomeration principles
14.4.2 Methods of size enlargement
14.4.3 Growth/tumble agglomeration
14.4.4 Pressure agglomeration
14.4.5 Other agglomeration techniques
14.5 Conveying
14.5.1 Transportation systems
14.5.2 Mechanical conveyors
14.5.3 Pneumatic conveying
15 Product technology
15.1 Cheese-coating technology
15.1.1 Cheese production
15.1.2 Coatings
15.1.3 Application techniques
15.2 Enzyme formulation
15.2.1 Introduction
15.2.2 Glucose isomerase immobilization
15.2.3 Detergent enzymes
15.2.4 Application research
15.3 Compounding
15.3.1 Introduction
15.3.2 Compound formulation
15.3.3 Additives
15.3.4 Polymer-mixing mechanisms
15.3.5 Compounding equipment
15.4 Polymer processing
15.4.1 Extrusion processes
15.4.2 Injection and blow molding
15.4.3 Melt and gel spinning
15.4.4 Film production techniques
15.4.5 Thermoforming
15.4.6 Foam extrusion
16 Development and engineering
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 General aspects of scaling up
16.1.2 Ways of scaling up
16.2 Development and scale-up in the bulk chemical industry
16.2.1 Basic course of process development
16.2.2 Laboratory and bench scale research
16.2.3 Pilot plant research and demonstration plants
16.2.4 Feasibility evaluation
16.3 Engineering and construction
16.3.1 Introduction
16.3.2 Conceptual engineering
16.3.3 Basic engineering
16.3.4 Detailed engineering, procurement, and construction
16.4 Development and scale-up of fine chemical processes
16.4.1 Differences between bulk and fine chemical industry
16.4.2 Fine chemical process development
16.4.3 Scale-up challenges in multipurpose plants
16.4.4 Future developments
17 Hydrodynamic aspects of scale-up
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Mixing and stirring
17.2.1 Basic principles
17.2.2 Liquid mixing equipment
17.2.2.1 Mechanically agitated vessels
17.2.2.2 Impeller types
17.2.2.3 Flow patterns
17.2.2.4 Static mixers
17.2.3 Single phase systems
17.2.4 Multiphase systems
17.2.4.1 Suspending solids
17.2.4.2 Immiscible liquids
17.2.4.3 Gases in liquids
17.2.5 Scale-up and scale-down procedures
17.3 Scale-up methodology for mixing processes
17.3.1 Dimensional, similarity, and regime analysis
17.3.2 Important dimensionless numbers for mixing processes
17.4 Computational fluid dynamics CFD)
17.4.1 Introduction
17.4.2 Basic principles
17.4.3 Applications
18 Process safety
18.1 Safety problems in chemical plants
18.2 Development, design, and construction of safe plants
18.2.1 Introduction
18.2.2 Safety assessment
18.2.3 Structure of safety studies
18.3 Identification of hazardous properties of substances
18.3.1 Pure components
18.3.2 Exothermic chemical reactions
18.4 Inherently safer plant design
18.4.1 The concept and its benefits
18.4.2 The road to friendlier plants
A Base chemicals
A.1 Ammonia
A.1.1 General description
A.1.2 Desulphurization
A.1.3 Primary and secondary reforming
A.1.4 Shift conversion
A.1.5 Carbon dioxide removal
A.1.6 Final purification
A.1.7 Ammonia syntheses and recovery
A.2 Inorganic acids
A.2.1 Nitric acid
A.2.2 Sulfuric acid
A.3 Ammonia-based products
A.3.1 Caprolactam
A.3.2 Acrylonitrile
A.3.3 Urea
A.3.4 Melamine
A.4 Naptha cracking
A.4.1 Basic principles
A.4.2 Hot section
A.4.3 Cold section
A.4.4 Coke formation
A.5 Oxidation processes
A.5.1 Toluene oxidation
A.5.2 Cyclohexane oxidation
A.5.3 n-butane oxidation
A.6 Fischer—Tropsch
A.6.1 Synthesis gas production
A.6.1.1 Coal gasification
A.6.1.2 Gas purification
A.6.2 Fischer—Tropsch synthesis
A.6.2.1 Principles
A.6.2.3 Advanced reactor designs
A.6.2.4 Product selectivities
B Polymer Manufacturing
B.1 Polyethylene
B.1.1 High-pressure process
B.1.2 Solution polymerization
B.1.3 Slurry process
B.1.4 Gas-phase process
B.2 Polypropylene
B.2.1 Gas-phase process
B.2.2 Slurry process
B.3 EPDM
B.4 Polyamides
B.4.1 Introduction
B.4.2 Nylon 6
B.4.3 Nylon 4,6
B.5 Saturated and unsaturated polyesters
B.5.1 Saturated polyesters
B.5.2 Unsaturated polyesters
B.5.3 Powder coatings
C Life science products
C.1 Benzaldehyde-based products
C.1.1 Amino acids
C.1.2 Cinnamon aldehyde and cinnamyl alcohol
C.1.3 Benzylalcohol
C.2 α-picoline
C.3 Aspartame
C.4 Penicillin
C.5 Synthetic antibiotics
C.5.1 Introduction
C.5.2 Cephalosporins
C.5.3 Amoxillins
C.6 Glyoxylic acid
C.7 Food additives
C.7.1 Quinine
C.7.2 Enzymes
References and further reading
General
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Appendices
Index
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