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Index
linguae & litterae
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Introducing new trends in Nordic linguistic research
1 A fresh start
2 The volume
3 The contributions
3.1 Language contact
3.2 Phonology
3.3 Morphosyntax
3.4 Syntax
3.5 Grammaticalization
4 The way ahead
References
Section 1: Language contact
Competing tendencies in Germanic pronominal and deictic systems: The most general principle will prevail
1 Introduction
2 Pronouns and language contact
3 Redundancy, polyfunctionality, and variation
4 Replacing personal pronouns by demonstratives in Germanic languages
4.1 The replacement of Old English personal pronouns by their Scandinavian equivalents
4.2 The use of double definiteness marking in Swedish and (modern) Norwegian
4.3 The retention of the t-article in Modern Faroese
4.4 The loss of Old Norse hinn, hin, hit as definite articles in mainland Scandinavian
5 Summary and conclusions
References
“Pitch accent” and prosodic structure in Scottish Gaelic: Reassessing the role of contact
1 Introduction
2 The syllabic analysis in Scottish Gaelic
2.1 Pitch contours
2.2 Rhyme palatalization and the analysis of epenthesis
2.3 Syncope
2.4 Glottal stop insertion
2.4.1 Glottal stop insertion is phonological
2.4.2 The glottal stop is a coda
2.5 Interim conclusion
3 Exceptional prosodic structure in Irish
4 Prosodic structure contrasts and pitch
4.1 North and West Germanic
4.2 Celtic
4.2.1 Bothoa Breton: The data
4.2.2 Bothoa Breton: The analysis
4.2.3 Bothoa Breton: The history
5 Reconsidering contact between Nordic and Gaelic
References
Implications of language contact: Evaluating the appropriateness of borrowings in written Icelandic
1 Introduction
2 Review of the literature
3 Methodology
4 Results and discussion
5 Conclusion
References
At the frontier: Sámi linguistics gets a boost from outside
1 Introduction
2 Substrate and Proto-Sámi
3 Sámi vs. Others
4 Pre-Sámi – Proto-Sámi
5 Sámi ethnogenesis
5.1 Sámi siida system
6 Sámi genetic profile
7 Caveat
8 Haplogroup Z
9 Sámi loans from Germanic: A problem?
10 Sámi mtDNA
11 Sámi Y Chromosomes
12 Conclusions
References
Section 2: Phonology
Two phonological rarities in Ingrian dialects
1 Introduction
1.1 On the phonological and morphonological typology of Finno-Sámi languages
1.2 Ingrian phonology and morphonology against the background of Finno-Sámi languages
1.3 Two typological rarities in Ingrian dialects
2 The Soikkola dialect: A ternary quantity contrast
2.1 Ternary quantity contrast in the Soikkola dialect
2.2 Positions of the ternary contrast
2.3 Existing terms for the quantitative consonantal classes
2.4 Typological data on the ternary contrast
2.5 The Soikkola ternary contrast against the typological background
3 The Lower Luga dialect: Reduced voiceless vowel phonemes
3.1 Contrast of full modal and reduced voiceless vowels in Southern Lower Luga varieties
3.2 Typological data on voiceless vowels
3.3 Lower Luga voiceless vowels against the typological background
4 Evolution of rare phonological contrasts
4.1 Evolution of the ternary contrast
4.1.1 Binarity restoring
4.1.2 A three-way length contrast to a suprasegmental contrast
4.2 Evolution of voiceless vowels
4.2.1 Evolution of Lower Luga voiceless vowels against the typological background
4.2.2 Voiceless vowels in the Siberian Ingrian-Finnish variety
5 Instability and maintenance of rare phonological contrasts
5.1 Instability of rare phonological contrasts
5.1.1 Instability of the ternary contrast
5.1.2 Instability of voiceless vowels
5.2 The causes for maintenance of rare contrasts
5.2.1 Morphological load of the ternary contrast
5.2.2 Morphological load of the vocalic voicing contrast
6 Ingrian phonological rarities in light of general prosodic development of the respective dialects
References
Analysing phonological variation in Faroese
1 Icelandic – Faroese – Norwegian
2 Defining variables and variants
3 Sociolinguistic and historical aspects
4 Methodological considerations and a pilot study
5 Conclusion
References
Section 3: Morphosyntax
Mari converb constructions – Interpretation and translation
1 The Mari language
2 Converb constructions
3 Interpretation and translation of converb constructions
4 Conclusions and prospects
Appendix: Inventory of modifiers
Glossing Abbreviations
References
Han and hon – Anaphoric pronouns in Early Scandinavia
1 Introduction
2 Proposals for the etymology of han
2.1 The kēnos etymology from a formal point of view
2.2 The etymology proposed by Kock from a formal point of view
2.3 Alternative etymologies?
3 Replacement of a common Proto-Germanic anaphoric pronoun?
3.1 Evidence of a common Proto-Germanic anaphoric pronoun?
3.2 The replacement hypothesis
3.3 A closer look at the Scandinavian suppletion pattern
4 Concluding remarks
References
From accusative to dative (via nominative): The case of fjölga ‘increase’ andfækka ‘decrease’ in Icelandic
1 Introduction
2 Fjölga and fækka as causative verbs
3 Fjölga and fækka as anticausative verbs
3.1 Fjölga and fækka with a nominative subject
3.2 Fjölga and fækka with an accusative subject
3.3 Fjölga and fækka with a dative subject
3.4 Conclusions
4 st-forms of fjölga and fækka and other verbs
4.1 Fjölgast and fækkast
4.2 Some other -k(k)a(st-)verbs
4.3 Fjölgast, fækkast and -na-+st-verbs
5 Fjölga(st) and fækka(st): Overview
6 Conclusion
References
Section 4: Syntax
A generative interpretation of Diderichsen’s positional grammar
1 Introduction
2 Multiply filled slots
3 Head adjunction
4 Various counterexamples
5 A new proposal
6 Remaining counterexamples and concluding remarks
References
Evidence for a syntactic Parameter at work in Övdalian
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Null wįð (‘we’) and ið (‘you’ plural) in Övdalian
4 High negations and obscure verb positions
5 Non-high adverbs and speaker-related lexical differences
6 Concluding discussion
References
Embedded word order in Heritage Scandinavian
1 Introduction
2 American Scandinavian recordings
2.1 American Norwegian
2.2 American Swedish
3 Word order in Norway and Sweden
4 Embedded word order in Heritage Scandinavian
4.1 Adverb–verb and verb–adverb order
4.2 Corpus data
5 Grammatical change and its possible explanations
5.1 Language contact and a change in Heritage grammar
5.2 Language attrition
5.3 Language acquisiton
6 Conclusion
References
Websites
Section 5: Grammaticalization
Through the spyglass of synchrony: Grammaticalization of the exterior space in the Eastern Circum-Baltic
1 Introduction: Spatial grams with the sense of ‚out, to the outdoors‘
2 Development of the spatial grams in the light of grammaticalization theory
3 The data and method
4 Mapping the gradience in a cross-linguistic sample
5 (Re)construction of a cline of grammaticalization
6 Conclusions
References
Conjunctive markers of polar questions in Estonian
1 Introduction
2 The formation of polar questions in Estonian
3 Where do polar questions come from?
4 Conjunctive coordination and its markers in Estonian
5 Markers of conjunctive coordination as question formers
5.1 Unmarked conjunctive coordination
5.1.1 Particle kas
5.1.2 Particle ega
5.1.3 Particles ja, ning
5.2 Adversative coordination
5.2.1 Particle aga
5.2.2 Particle ent
5.2.3 Particle kuid
6 Conclusions
References
Corpora
Index
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