Routledge Handbook of South Asian Politics by Brass, Paul R. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Contents Illustrations

List of figures List of tables

Abbreviations Contributors 1 Introduction

Part 1: Colonialism, nationalism, and Independence in South Asia: India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka Part II: Political change, political parties, and the issue of unitary vs federal forms of government

India Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka Nepal Federalism and center–state relations

Part III: The judiciary Part IV: Pluralism and national integration: language issues Part V: Crises of national unity

India Pakistan Sri Lanka

Part VI: Political economy

India Sri Lanka Pakistan Bangladesh

Part VII: Comparative chapters

Civil–military relations Corruption and criminalization Radical and violent political movements International politics of South Asia

Notes

Part I Colonialism, Nationalism, and Independence in South Asia

2 India and Pakistan

The colonial impact The differential impact of imperial rule The legacy of nationalist struggle The legacy of the Pakistan movement The legacy of partition Conclusion Notes

3 Sri Lanka’s independence

Introduction Towards independence: The democratic graft of 1931

The Donoughmore experience in self-rule

The nationalist movement Reform and state councils, 1931–36 Lineages of the colonial past: Soulbury constitution and continuities in political practices Hazards of instability: Strikes Elections 1947 Economy, bureaucracy, army Unfinished legacies: The citizenship issue Ethnic issues: Divide and rule? Dominion status: A flawed independence Conclusion Notes

Part II Political change, political parties, and the issue of unitary vs federal forms of government

4 Political change, political structure, and the Indian state since Independence

India’s parliamentary democracy Act one in the political drama of independent India: The Nehruvian state and the era of Congress dominance Act II: Congress dominance contested under the regimes of Indira and Rajiv Gandhi Act III: Towards a new political order The institutions and functioning of the Government of India

Parliament The prime minister and the cabinet President38 The bureaucracy42

Conclusion Notes

5 State-level politics, coalitions, and rapid system change in India

State-level parties Coalition politics The rise of the BJP and its impact on state politics

1947–1967 1967–1977 1977–1989 1989–2008

Karnataka: The BJP’s “southern beachhead”19 Coalition in Punjab The Counterexample of Kerala Uttar Pradesh and “ethnic parties” Conclusion Notes

6 Pakistan’s politics and its economy

Introduction Intertwining of politics and economics: The case of Pakistan

Themes to understand Pakistan’s development: state, society, and economy Changing social fabric “Muslimization” of Pakistani society and increase in Islamic radicalism Failure to develop formal political structures India’s perceived intentions and concerns about the survival of the state and the rise of the military as a political force Close relations with the United States Centralization of governance Pakistan’s current situation: how it might evolve with and without appropriate public policy choices

Notes

7 Party overinstitutionalization, contestation, and democratic degradation in Bangladesh1

Political parties and political history during the first two decades: 1971–19906 Party ideologies and practical differences Launching the democratic era

Flouting “the rules of the game” or following different rules?

A metastasizing pathology: The run-up to 2007 Discussion

The developmental paradox

Conclusion Postscript Notes

8 Politics and governance in post-independence Sri Lanka

Post-independence politics Parties and politics Devolution and state and local politics Conclusion Notes

9 Nepal

The dawn of democracy: The 1950s Restoring democracy, 1960–2002 Reinventing democracy after 2002 The transformation of armed conflict Establishment of a republic Inclusive democracy Conclusion: A comparison with recent developments in Bhutan Notes

10 The old and the new federalism in independent India

Introduction State powers under the old federalism Economic pre-conditions of the new federalism: From a planned to a market economy Political conditions of the new federalism: From a one-party dominant to a multiparty system State chief ministers push back: Reshaping federal consciousness Beyond the new federalism? The transformations of fiscal federalism Conclusion Notes

Part III The judiciary

11 India’s judiciary

Introduction The path to judicial power

Seizing the power of judicial review Clashes with the executive and parliament

Crisis of legitimacy Judicial independence and political influence The promise and perils of judicial interventions

Religious freedom and gender equality Social rights56

Judicial woes Conclusion Notes

12 Balancing act

Introduction Constitutions and courts Dockets and doctrines Questions of justice Notes

13 Confronting constitutional curtailments

Introduction Constructing the pillar: The 1972 constitution Attempts at demolition Reconstructing the basic structure

Anwar Hossain’s case Masdar Hossain’s case

Moving beyond Masdar: Questions of accountability Conclusion: Repairing the rebuilding Notes

14 Executive sovereignty

Introduction Three constitutions and judicial independence: Executive control Implications of executive sovereignty

Minority rights Religious freedom

Thirteenth Amendment Case Other cases Conclusion Notes

Part IV Pluralism and national integration

15 Politics of language in India

Framework Language differentiation and norm building Identity by mother tongue Ascendancy of English and the social divide Search for a language as a national symbol Postcolonial questions of language

Shift in multilingualism Multilingualism as the national symbol

Language of wider communication Language of the Federal Government Languages of the State Governments States based on language Emergence of dominant regional languages Challenge to the dominance of Hindi Change in the official language policy

Minority languages in states Constitutional safeguard for minority languages

Language of education

Medium of instruction in colleges Reversal of medium in schools

Empowering the oppressed with English Differential gains Notes

16 Language problems and politics in Pakistan

Introduction Review of literature Language policy in Pakistan

Language and ethnic politics Language and class conflict Effects of language policy on weaker languages of Pakistan

Conclusion Notes

Part V Crises of national unity

17 Crises of national unity in India

Introduction Understanding the crises of national unity

Crises of national unity as result of “external threat” Crises of national unity as result of regional factors Crises of national unity as result of national factors Inevitability of crises of national unity due to “wrongsizing” of India’s borders and because India is an “ethnic democracy” Crises of national unity after 9/11

Punjab, Kashmir, and the northeast

Punjab Jammu & Kashmir Northeastern states

Conclusion: Re-assessing crises of national unity Notes

18 Communal and caste politics and conflicts in India

Introduction Institutional foundations of caste politics in India Communal politics Conclusion Notes

19 Ethnic and Islamic militancy in Pakistan

Introduction Structural dynamics of the state

Centralization Militarization Punjabization Islamization

Ethnic violence Islamic militancy Conclusion Notes

20 Ethnic conflict and the civil war in Sri Lanka

Beginning of the civil war Trends in the Tamil armed struggle Negotiations and their outcomes A question of state Political economy of war Future of the conflict? Notes

Part VI Political economy

21 The political economy of development in India since Independence

Introduction Political economy of growth in India, 1950–80 Political economy of reform in India Causes and consequences of uneven growth Conclusion Notes

22 The political economy of agrarian change in India

Settling the agrarian question Practising land reforms: Gujarat

Social profile of the landless proletariat The failure of the Gandhian gospel

Opening up the countryside and modernizing the forces of production Widening divide between winners and losers Policies of exclusion Absence of collective action Pauperism A dangerous class? The retreat of the state and the urgent need to bring back public space Conclusion Notes

23 Economic development and sociopolitical change in Sri Lanka since Independence

Historical backdrop Economic development since the late 1970s Constitutional and political processes Human development Conclusion Notes

Part VII Comparative chapters

24 The militaries of South Asia

Introduction British roots India and civilian primacy Internal security and the rise of the paramilitaries The air force, navy, and nuclear forces The Pakistan army The Bangladesh experiment The Aspirants: Non-state armies Postscript Notes

25 Corruption and the criminalization of politics in South Asia

The study of corruption and its causes

Development of corruption in India Corruption in Pakistan Corruption in Bangladesh Causes of corruption in South Asia

Impact of the developmental state Criminalization of politics and the role of the state Culture of corruption: Patron–client relations and patronage Strategies for dealing with corruption

Obstacles to reform

Notes

26 Radical and violent political movements

Prelude to violence Intermission Return to violence Naxalbari and its ripples

The first phase: A decade of ups and downs The second phase: Continuity and change

The birth of the CPI (Maoist)

The present situation Indian state’s response Future of the CPI (Maoist) movement The options: Confrontation or negotiation?

Notes

27 International politics of South Asia

State formation and the end of empire Kashmir, Pakistan, and India

Kashmir Pakistan India

Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and the international system

Bangladesh Nepal Sri Lanka

Conclusions Postscript Notes

Glossary Bibliography Index

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