Attitudes and Attitude Change (Frontiers of Social Psychology) by Crano, William D. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

FRONTIERS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Contents About the Editors Contributors I Introduction

1 Attitudes and Attitude Change

ATTITUDES: NATURE AND MEASUREMENT

The Basics Measurement Then and Now Implicit Attitudes: A Closer Look

ATTITUDES: FORMATION AND ORIGINS

Attitude Formation Origins Affect: A Corrective to the Common Cold Cognition Approach

ATTITUDES: CHANGE AND RESISTANCE

Information Processing Approaches to Persuasion Attitude Functions in Persuasion Resistance to Persuasion

ATTITUDES: BEYOND EVALUATION

Attitude Strength Attitudinal Ambivalence

ATTITUDES: MUTUAL IMPACTS OF BELIEFS AND BEHAVIORS

Attitudes as Predictors of Behavior Behavior as a Predictor of Attitudes: The Cognitive Dissonance Approach

ATTITUDES: THE SOCIAL CONTEXT

Social Identity and Attitudes Persuasion from Majority and Minority Groups Normative Beliefs and Influence

REFERENCES

II Attitudes

2 Structure of Attitudes

ATTITUDE REPRESENTATION IN MEMORY

Explicit and Implicit Representations Internal Structure of Explicit and Implicit Attitudes Structural Relations between Implicit and Explicit Attitudes

ATTITUDINAL JUDGMENTS

Processes Underlying Judgments and Corresponding Structures

MODELS OF THE RELATION BETWEEN MEMORY REPRESENTATIONS AND JUDGMENTS REPRESENTATIONAL MODELS OF ATTITUDES

Memory as the Primary Basis for Judgments Models of Rigid Implicit Attitudes

MODELS EMPHASIZING ONLINE INFORMATION MODELS INTEGRATING MEMORY REPRESENTATIONS AND ONLINE INFORMATION

Social Judgment Theory Information Integration Theory The Activation and Comparison Model Models of Malleable Implicit Attitudes The Potentiated Recruitment Framework

FINAL COMMENTS AUTHORS’ NOTE NOTE REFERENCES

3 Attitude Measurement

DIRECT QUESTIONS: EXPLICIT SELF-REPORTS OF ATTITUDES

Respondents’ Tasks Question Comprehension Information Retrieval and Judgment Response Formatting Response Editing Implicit Measures of Attitudes Response Time Measures Low Tech Alternatives Context Effects on Implicit Measures

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION

Psychophysiological Measures Behavioral Observation

THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS: CONTEXT DEPENDENCY AND THE NATURE OF ATTITUDES REFERENCES

4 Implicit Attitudes 101

CONCEPTUALIZATION AND MEASUREMENT OF IMPLICIT ATTITUDES FOUNDATIONS OF IMPLICIT ATTITUDES

Experiences and Socialization Self-Related Attitude Objects Cultural Evaluations

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT ATTITUDES

Variability in the Correspondence between Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Self-Presentation Attitude Strength Additional Moderators

FLEXIBILITY OF IMPLICIT ATTITUDES

Accessibility Effects Impact of Stimuli Sets

IMPLICIT ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS

Implicit Attitudes Predict Behavioral Responses Spontaneous, Uncontrollable, or Nonconscious Behaviors Motivation and Opportunity for Control Discrepancies between Implicit and Explicit Attitudes

CONCLUSION REFERENCES

III Attitudes

5 Attitude Formation and Change through Association

ATTITUDE FORMATION AND CHANGE THROUGH ASSOCIATION: A CLOSER LOOK AT EC

EC and CC (Classical Conditioning):1 Similarities and Differences

APPLICATIONS OF EC

EC in Social Psychology EC and Balance Theory EC and Self EC in Advertising Forbidden Fantasies and Phobias: EC in Clinical Psychology

WHAT IS LEARNED? ADDRESSING THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING EC WITH THE US-REVALUATION PARADIGM DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH: PROCESSES, PREFERENCES AND INFERENCES NOTE REFERENCES

6 Origins of Attitudes

TRIPARTITE MODEL COGNITIVE ORIGINS AFFECTIVE ORIGINS BEHAVIORAL ORIGINS IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT ORIGINS EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS GENETIC ORIGINS ATTITUDE SOUP: COMBINATIONS OF ATTITUDE FORMATION PROCESSES “CAN” AND “DO” CONCLUSION REFERENCES

7 The Role of Affect in Attitudes and Attitude Change

BACKGROUND

The Primacy of Affect Affect and the Organization of Attitudes Early Evidence for Affective Influences on Attitude Valence

COGNITIVE APPROACHES LINKING AFFECT AND ATTITUDES

Affective Influences on Attitudes: The Memory Account Affective Influences on Attitudes: The Misattribution Explanation Affective Influences on Processing Strategies Integrative Theories: The Affect Infusion Model (AIM).

THE EVIDENCE FOR AFFECTIVE INFLUENCES ON ATTITUDES

Affect and Attitudes toward Others. Affect and Attitudes about the Self Affect and Intergroup Attitudes

AFFECT AND ATTITUDE CHANGE

Affect and Attitude Change through Persuasion Affect and the Production of Persuasive Messages Affect and Dissonance-Induced Attitude Change

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

IV Attitudes

8 Information Processing Approaches to Persuasion

PERSUASION AS INFORMATION PROCESSING: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES HOW MUCH THOUGHT? DUAL-PROCESSING MODELS

The Elaboration Likelihood Model The Heuristic–Systematic Model Concluding Remarks on Dual-Processing Accounts

THE UNIMODEL APPROACH: CONTINUOUS PARAMETERS OF EVALUATIVE JUDGMENT

Information Complexity, Length, and Ordinal Position The Concept of Evidence The Concept of Relevance Activation of Prior Beliefs Biased Processing

PERSUASION AS A SEQUENTIAL PROCESS

Relatedness of Early and Late Information

CONNECTIONIST MODELING OF INFORMATION PROCESSING IN PERSUASION: A THEORETICAL COMPLEMENT TO SYMBOLIC THEORIES

The Connectionist Approach Biased Processing in a Connectionist Network

REFERENCES

9 Attitude Functions in Persuasion

OF WHAT USE ARE OPINIONS?

A New Wave of Research on Attitude Function

IMPLICATIONS FOR PERSUASION

The Function Matching Hypothesis The Message Processing Hypothesis

EVIDENCE REGARDING THE FUNCTIONAL MATCHING EFFECT

Individual Difference Approaches Why Does Functional Matching Work?

EVIDENCE REGARDING DIFFERENT TYPES OF MESSAGE PROCESSING

Self-Affirmation A Final Thought: An Argument for a Hierarchical Perspective on Attitude Function

CONCLUSIONS AUTHOR NOTE REFERENCES

10 A New Framework for Resistance to Persuasion

A NEW DIRECTION IN RESISTANCE RESEARCH THE RESISTANCE APPRAISALS HYPOTHESIS

Positive Resistance Appraisals Negative Resistance Appraisals The Moderating Role of Elaboration

RESISTANCE APPRAISALS IN CLASSIC RESISTANCE PHENOMENA

Inoculation Theory The Sleeper Effect

RESISTANCE APPRAISALS IN ATTITUDE PERSISTENCE APPLYING RESISTANCE APPRAISALS TO OTHER DOMAINS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

V Attitudes

11 Attitude Strength

DEFINITION AND STRUCTURE OF ATTITUDE STRENGTH

Understanding Attitude Strength Labels Extremity Importance Accessibility Ambivalence Dimensionality of Attitude Strength Factor Analytic Studies

META-ATTITUDINAL VS. OPERATIVE MEASURES OF ATTITUDE STRENGTH

Origins and Consequences Studies

ATTITUDE STRENGTH AND RESPONSE EFFECTS

Response Effects Attitude Strength and Response Effects

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ATTITUDE STRENGTH

Awareness and Consistency Automatic Activation and Attitude Guidance Fluidity in Potentiated Recruitment

CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES

12 Attitudinal Ambivalence

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF ATTITUDINAL AMBIVALENCE

Conceptual Definitions of Ambivalence Operational Definitions of Ambivalence

ANTECEDENTS OF AMBIVALENCE

Top-Down Processes Bottom-Up Processes

CONSEQUENCES OF AMBIVALENCE

Ambivalence as a Dimension of Attitude Strength Ambivalence and Attitude Stability Ambivalence and Attitude Pliability The Impacts of Ambivalence on Information Processing Ambivalence and the Attitude–Behavior Relationship Other Work on Consequences of Ambivalence

FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH ON AMBIVALENCE

Felt versus Potential Ambivalence Other Measures of Ambivalence

REFERENCES

VI Attitudes

13 Attitudes and the Prediction of Behavior

THE COGNITIVE FOUNDATION OF ATTITUDES DEFINING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL OBJECT GLOBAL ATTITUDES AND THE PREDICTION OF BEHAVIOR

Racial Attitudes and Discriminatory Behavior: An Illustration Linking Global Attitudes to Behavior: The MODE Model

THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPATIBILITY

Behavioral Aggregation Predicting Specific Actions The Cognitive Foundation of Behavior Empirical Support for the TPB

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS NOTES REFERENCES

14 How Behavior Shapes Attitudes

COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY

The Magnitude of Dissonance Reducing Cognitive Dissonance

CLASSIC EXPERIMENTS ON COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

Justifying Untruths Justifying Difficult Decisions Justifying Effort Justifying a Failure to Act

INVESTIGATING THE MOTIVATIONAL ENGINE THAT DRIVES COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

The Role of Arousal The Role of Aversive Consequences The Role of the Self

NEW DIRECTIONS IN DISSONANCE RESEARCH

Using Dissonance to Motivate Prosocial Behavior The Role of Culture in Dissonance The Role of the Group in Dissonance

CODA: HOW BEHAVIOR SHAPES ATTITUDES REFERENCES

VII Attitudes

15 Social Identity and Attitudes

ATTITUDES AND THE SOCIAL CONTEXT SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY AND ATTITUDES

Prototypes and Normative Attitudes Depersonalization and Referent Informational Influence

DISCOVERING THE NORMATIVENESS OF ATTITUDES

Behavioral Averaging, Group Polarization, and Normative Attitudes Communication and Normative Attitudes

ATTITUDE CHANGE

Persuasion Dissonance Vicarious Dissonance Minority Influence The Third-Person Effect

ATTITUDES AND ACTION

Attitude–Behavior Relations Collective Action

SUMMARY AND CLOSING COMMENTS AUTHOR NOTES REFERENCES

16 Persuasion from Majority and Minority Groups

PHASE 1: EARLY RESEARCH ON MAJORITY INFLUENCE AND CONFORMITY (PRE-1970) PHASE 2: EARLY RESEARCH ON MINORITY INFLUENCE AND INNOVATION (LATE 1960S TO 1980) PHASE 3: COMPARING MAJORITY AND MINORITY INFLUENCE (MID-1970S TO 1990)

Conflict-Based Models Group-Identification Based Approaches

PHASE 4: THE COGNITIVE-RESPONSE ERA (MID-1980S TO THE PRESENT) CURRENT AND FUTURE RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS CONCLUDING REMARKS NOTE REFERENCES

17 Normative Beliefs as Agents of Influence

SOCIAL NORMS AND RELATED CONCEPTS NORMS AS LEVERS OF PERSUASION NORMATIVE BELIEFS ONLY RESULT FROM SOCIAL INTERACTION

Seeing Other People Act Guided Discussions Normative Feedback Normative Messages

NORMATIVE BELIEFS ONLY INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR WHEN THEY COME FROM A CLOSE REFERENT GROUP NORMATIVE BELIEFS ONLY INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR IN AMBIGUOUS SITUATIONS NORMATIVE BELIEFS ONLY INFLUENCE PUBLIC BEHAVIORS PEOPLE KNOW WHEN THEY HAVE BEEN INFLUENCED BY NORMATIVE INFORMATION THEORETICAL APPROACHES

The Focus Theory of Normative Conduct Norms as Standards Deviance Regulation Theory

UNRESOLVED QUESTIONS

The Desire to Be Different Others Do as I Do Dual Cognitive Processes? An Affective Pathway?

AUTHOR’S NOTE REFERENCES

Author Index Subject Index

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