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Index
PREFACE
1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 DEFINITION OF PROPAGATION
1.2 PROPAGATION AND SYSTEMS DESIGN
1.3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1.4 THE INFLUENCE OF SIGNAL FREQUENCY AND ENVIRONMENT
1.5 PROPAGATION MECHANISMS
1.6 SUMMARY
1.7 SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION
1.8 OVERVIEW OF TEXT
2: CHARACTERIZATION OF PROPAGATION MEDIA
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS, BOUNDARY CONDITIONS, AND CONTINUITY
2.3 CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS
2.4 DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS: MATERIAL POLARIZATION
2.5 MATERIAL PROPERTIES
2.6 MAGNETIC AND CONDUCTIVE BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS
3: PLANE WAVES
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 D’ALEMBERT’S SOLUTION
3.3 PURE TRAVELING WAVES
3.4 INFORMATION TRANSMISSION
3.5 SINUSOIDAL TIME DEPENDENCE IN AN IDEAL MEDIUM
3.6 PLANE WAVES IN LOSSY AND DISPERSIVE MEDIA
3.7 PHASE AND GROUP VELOCITY
3.8 WAVE POLARIZATION
4: ANTENNA AND NOISE CONCEPTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 ANTENNA CONCEPTS
4.3 BASIC PARAMETERS OF ANTENNAS
4.4 NOISE CONSIDERATIONS
5: DIRECT TRANSMISSION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 FRIIS TRANSMISSION FORMULA
5.3 ATMOSPHERIC GAS ATTENUATION EFFECTS
5.4 RAIN ATTENUATION
5.5 SCINTILLATIONS
APPENDIX 5.A LOOK ANGLES TO GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES
6: REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 REFLECTION FROM A PLANAR INTERFACE: NORMAL INCIDENCE
6.3 REFLECTION FROM A PLANAR INTERFACE: OBLIQUE INCIDENCE
6.4 TOTAL REFLECTION AND CRITICAL ANG
6.5 REFRACTION IN A STRATIFIED MEDIUM
6.6 REFRACTION OVER A SPHERICAL EARTH
6.7 REFRACTION IN THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE
6.8 DUCTING
6.9 RAY-TRACING METHODS
7: TERRAIN REFLECTION AND DIFFRACTION
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 PROPAGATION OVER A PLANE EARTH
7.3 FRESNEL ZONES
7.4 EARTH CURVATURE AND PATH PROFILE CONSTRUCTION
7.5 MICROWAVE LINK DESIGN
7.6 PATH LOSS ANALYSIS EXAMPLES
7.7 NUMERICAL METHODS FOR PATH LOSS ANALYSIS
7.8 CONCLUSION
8: EMPIRICAL PATH LOSS AND FADING MODELS
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 EMPIRICAL PATH LOSS MODELS
8.3 SIGNAL FADING
8.4 NARROWBAND FADING MITIGATION USING DIVERSITY SCHEMES
8.5 WIDEBAND CHANNELS
8.6 CONCLUSION
9: GROUNDWAVE PROPAGATION
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 PLANAR EARTH GROUNDWAVE PREDICTION
9.3 SPHERICAL EARTH GROUNDWAVE PREDICTION
9.4 METHODS FOR APPROXIMATE CALCULATIONS
9.5 A 1 MHz SAMPLE CALCULATION
9.6 A 10 MHz SAMPLE CALCULATION
9.7 ITU INFORMATION AND OTHER RESOURCES
9.8 SUMMARY
APPENDIX 9.A SPHERICAL EARTH GROUNDWAVE COMPUTATIONS
10: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IONOSPHERE
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 THE BAROMETRIC LAW
10.3 CHAPMAN’S THEORY
10.4 STRUCTURE OF THE IONOSPHERE
10.5 VARIABILITY OF THE IONOSPHERE
11: IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF AN IONIZED MEDIUM
11.3 PROPAGATION IN A MAGNETOIONIC MEDIUM
11.4 IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS
11.5 IONOSPHERIC SOUNDING
11.6 THE SECANT LAW
11.7 TRANSMISSION CURVES
11.8 BREIT AND TUVE’S THEOREM
11.9 MARTYN’S THEOREM ON EQUIVALENT VIRTUAL HEIGHTS
11.10 MUF, “SKIP” DISTANCE, AND IONOSPHERIC SIGNAL DISPERSION
11.11 EARTH CURVATURE EFFECTS AND RAY-TRACING TECHNIQUES
11.12 IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION PREDICTION TOOLS
11.13 IONOSPHERIC ABSORPTION
11.14 IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS ON EARTH-SPACE LINKS
12: OTHER PROPAGATION MECHANISMS AND APPLICATIONS
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 TROPOSPHERIC SCATTER
12.3 METEOR SCATTER
12.4 TROPOSPHERIC DELAY IN GLOBAL SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
12.5 PROPAGATION EFFECTS ON RADAR SYSTEMS
INDEX
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