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Index
Foreword Introduction Overview Oil, Water, Climate, and Population: An Interactive System of Immense Complexity Coupled Unsustainable Use Of Energy and Water Resources Role of Population and Economic Development in Oil and Water Use Effects of Energy Demand and Use on Global Warming Climate Change Can Exacerbate Water Scarcity Oil and Water Resource Issues Share Many Features Exhaustion of Easily Accessible Resources Realization of Finiteness of Resources and New Strategies Value of Efficiency Improvement Oil and Water Security Concerns Poor Management of Oil and Water Resources Aging Infrastructure and Magnitude of the Needed Investments Urgency and Window of Opportunity Major Differences in Oil and Water Resource Issues Strong Leadership Needed Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Global Warming, and Water Resources Introduction Carbon Dioxide Emissions Increasing Carbon Dioxide Concentration in the Atmosphere due to Human Activities Earth’s CO 2 Concentration and Temperature Understanding the Present by Looking at the Past Relationship between Past CO 2 Concentration and Temperature Earth Temperature Observations: Global Warming Temperature: Observations and Proxy Data Understanding Earth’s Temperature Maintenance and Change Earth Radiation Budget and Temperature Increased Greenhouse Effect Feedbacks Earth’s Climate Role of the Ocean on Climate Deep Ocean Circulation and Climate Main Climate Effects of Global Warming Snow, Ice Extent, Oceanic Heat Content, and Sea Level Impact on Water Cycle, Precipitation, El Niño, and Winds Future Carbon Dioxide Emissions Future Climate: Climate Models Predicted Impacts on Water Resources Conclusion Population, Environmental Impacts, and Climate Change Introduction Current Population Projections and Characteristics of Future Population Factors Influencing Population Predictions Fertility Mortality Migration Tools for Analyzing Demographic Change Demographic Transition Model Population Pyramid Uncertainty of Demographic Projections Geographic and Age Distribution of Population Population Concentration in Urban Areas Population Concentration in Coastal Regions An Aging Population Development, Global Energy Use, and Demography Population, Water, and Climate Change Population Growth, Resources Use, and Vulnerability to Climate Change Per Capita Emissions Trends Other Human Impacts on the Global Carbon Balance and Greenhouse Gases Integrating Population Considerations into Climate Change Solutions Population and Emissions Limitation Agreements “Climate Refugees” Conclusion Carbon Cycle and the Human Impact Introduction Carbon and the Carbon Cycle Carbon Exchanges Affecting Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration Exchange between Rocks and the Atmosphere Biotic Fluxes: Photosynthesis and Respiration Phytoplankton Photosynthesis Net Carbon Uptake: Carbon Sinks Land as a Carbon Sink The Ocean as a Carbon Sink Partitioning Carbon Sinks between Land and Ocean Examples of Natural and Anthropogenic Impacts on the Carbon Cycle Land-Use Change: Deforestation and Agricultural Practices CO 2 Fertilization and Nutrient Deposition Fires Fossil Fuel Burning and the Carbon Cycle Coupling Between the Carbon Cycle and Climate: Carbon-Climate Feedback Conclusion Peak Oil, Energy, Water, and Climate Introduction The Concept of Peak Oil Conventional and Unconventional Oil Reserves Why Production and Reserve Estimates Differ Consumption Estimating Peak Oil Oil Production, Distribution, and Use Energy Consumption Needed for Oil Production Water Used in Oil Production Oil Production and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Oil Transport and Water Pollution Potential Consequences of Peak Oil Peak Oil and Energy Policy Choices Peak Oil and Market Economies Peak Oil and Climate Conclusion Oil Consumption and CO 2 Emissions from Transportation Introduction Present and Future Global Oil Consumption Oil Consumption by the Transportation Sector CO 2 Emissions by the Transportation Sector Gasoline Consumption Standards Crude Oil and Gasoline Prices Private Car Ownership Trends Distillates and Oil Use by Other Transportation Vehicles Reducing CO 2 Emissions from Transportation Government Regulatory Actions Raising Fuel Economy Standards Establishing Environmental Regulations Increasing Fuel Taxes Establishing Tradable Fuel Economy Credits Offering Technology Incentives Reducing Traffic Congestion and Average Annual Mileage Driven Developing Rapid and Carbon-Light Mass Transit Systems The Case of Air Transportation Marine Transportation CO 2 Impacts and Related Emissions Costs The Role of the Public: Influence of Personal Behavior Conclusion Oil, Economy, Power, and Conflicts Introduction Oil Consumption, Economics, and Politics The Geopolitics of Oil Oil Prices and Financial Markets Petroleum-Rich Economies Oil Security China’s Geopolitical Outlook Regarding Oil Impact of Climate on Oil Production and Price Conclusion Energy Alternatives and Their Connection to Water and Climate Introduction Coal Natural Gas Nuclear Energy Wind Energy Solar Energy Hydrogen Cells Hydroelectric Power Biomass: Ethanol Geothermal Energy Conclusion The Water Cycle and Global Warming Introduction Water Cycle and the Water Budget Elements of the Water Cycle Evaporation, Condensation, and Precipitation Land Surface Hydrology Snow and Ice Water Cycle and Climate Water Vapor Greenhouse Effect Clouds and Climate Precipitation and Climate Evapotranspiration and Climate Snow/Ice and Climate Weathering Effect of Water and Climate Predicted Changes in the Water Cycle Predictive Abilities of Climate Models Changes in Water Vapor and Clouds Precipitation Evaporation Changes in the Land Water Budget Other Effects of Human Activities on the Water Cycle Conclusion Fresh Water Availability, Sanitation Deficit, and Water Usage: Connection to Energy and Global Warming Introduction Global Distribution of Fresh Water Availability Sanitation Deficit The Water-Sanitation Gap Lack of Sanitation: Poverty Link The Future of Sanitation Cities and Water Water Usage: Global Inequality and Irrigation Needs Global Inequality Irrigation Needs Future of Irrigation: Where Will the Water Come From? Ecosystem Needs Blue and Green Water Overview and Definition Water Returning to the Atmosphere, Green Water Needs, and Blue Water Waste Energy and Water Connection Energy Needs for Irrigation and Crops Water Delivery Energy for Water Supply, Sanitation, and Wastewater Treatment Water for Energy Generation Water Availability and Global Warming Overall Trends Managing Water in a Changing Climate Water Needs of Alternative Energy Sources Conclusion Rivers, Lakes, Aquifers, and Dams: Relation to Energy and Climate Introduction Surface Water Rivers and Streams Lakes Wetlands Groundwater Fresh Water Ecosystem Ecosystem Functions Human Pressures on Ecosystems Dams Major Functions of Dams Environmental Effects of Dams Dam Silting Dams and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Social Impacts Potential Effects of Global Warming on Dams, Rivers, and Lakes Conclusion Water Contamination, Energy, and Climate Introduction Water Pollution and Water Quality Water Contaminants Sources of Water Contamination Agriculture Fertilizer Contamination Irrigation-Induced Salinization and Waterlogging Livestock Pollution Accumulation of Agriculture Contaminants in Enclosed Basins Industrial Contamination Domestic Household Contamination Deposition from the Atmosphere Groundwater Contamination Infiltration Contamination Saltwater Intrusion Urban Water Contamination and Water Cycle Modification Water Resources Management and Waste Treatment Water Resources Management Wastewater Treatment Effects of Water Pollution on Health Changes in Precipitation Patterns and Water Contamination Conclusion Geopolitics of Water and the International Situation Introduction Water Rights and Water Regimes Definition of Water Rights Water Rights and Security Water Regimes Transboundary Waters Hydrological Interdependence Transboundary Water Governance Challenges International Water Rights Water Allocation International Water Laws Delimitation of International Boundaries Roots and Types of Water Conflicts Potential for Cooperation around Water Resources Water and Poverty Two-Way Relationship Public Finance, Access, and Price Conditions for Empowerment Women and Water Development and Environmental Protection: Water in the Middle UN Millennium Development Goals, Millennium Project and Water, and Others The World Bank and Water Nongovernmental Organizations World Water Forum Opposition to Large-Scale Water Initiatives Opposition to Huge Dams Privatization of Water and Water Systems Water Value, Price, and Cost Integrated Water Resource Management Water Security and Water as a Human Right Water Security Water as a Human Right Water Rights and Climate Change Conclusion Water Alternatives Introduction Water Saving Water Conservation and Efficiency Water Distribution Infrastructure Maintenance, Repair, and Replacement Water Productivity Increase: “More Crop per Drop” Raising Irrigation Water Efficiency and Productivity Rainwater Harvesting Water Diversions and Transfer Among Basins Technological Solutions Water Trading and the Concept of Virtual Water Water Trading Virtual Water Land-Use Change for Increased Rainfed Agriculture Desalination Desalination Process and Technology Desalinated Water Production Energy Needs of Desalination Cost of Desalinated Water Environmental Impacts and Health Risks Conclusion Global Climate Change: Observations, Modeling, and Predictions Introduction Present Observational Evidence of Climate Change Global Temperature Changes Changes in Temperature Extremes Stratospheric Cooling Polar Amplification of Anthropogenic Warming Changes in Hurricanes and Oceans Hurricanes Storage of Heat in the Oceans Ocean Salinity and Density in a Warmer Climate Changes in Sea Level Forcings, Radiative Forcing, and Climate Sensitivity Forcings Radiative Forcing Climate Sensitivity Future Climate Change Tools Predicted Changes under Various Scenarios Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Effects Climate Oscillations Monsoons Climate Inertia and Abrupt Climate Change Climate Inertia Abrupt Climate Change Conclusion Energy and Water Challenges and Solutions in a Changing Climate Framework: Commonality, Differences, and Connections Introduction Time Frame for Action Population Energy Water Climate The Scope of the Challenge Energy and Climate Water Electricity Production Clean Coal Natural Gas Solar and Wind Power Nuclear Power Improved Water Management Resource and Demand Management Addressing Urbanization Issues Water Treatment and Reuse Development of Indicators of Global Water Trends Common Characteristics of Solutions Efficiency and Conservation Energy Savings in the Building Sector Transport Sector Energy Savings Irrigation Water Savings Urban Water Savings Adaptation to Change Technology Breakthroughs and Research and Development (R&D) Programs Addressing Externalities Assigning a Cost to Emitting CO 2 Assigning a Cost to Water Respect for the Environment Reasonable Use of Resources Environmental Ethics Sustainability Addressing Needs of Future Generations Intergenerational Equity Climate Discounting Across Generation versus the Precautionary Principle Empowerment and Education in Support of Poverty Eradication Education and Adaptability to Change The Security Issue Conflict versus Cooperation Massive Infrastructure and Research & Development Investments Needed Leadership and Behavior Changes Final Thoughts References Index
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