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Index
The Discipline of Organizing
Foreword to the First Edition
Preface
Abstract
1. Foundations for Organizing Systems
1.1. The Discipline of Organizing
1.2. The “Organizing System” Concept
1.2.1. The Concept of “Resource”
1.2.2. The Concept of “Collection”
1.2.3. The Concept of “Intentional Arrangement”
1.2.3.1. The Concept of “Organizing Principle”
1.2.3.2. The Concept of “Agent”
1.2.4. The Concept of “Interactions”
1.3. Design Decisions in Organizing Systems
1.3.1. Organizing Systems in a “Design Space”
1.3.1.1. Conventional Ways to Classify Organizing Systems
1.3.1.2. A Multifaceted or Multidimensional View
1.3.2. What Is Being Organized?
1.3.3. Why Is It Being Organized?
1.3.4. How Much Is It Being Organized?
1.3.5. When Is It Being Organized?
1.3.6. How (or by Whom) Is It Organized?
1.4. Organizing This Book
2. Activities in Organizing Systems
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Selecting Resources
2.2.1. Selecting {and, or, vs.} Organizing
2.2.2. Selection Principles
2.2.3. Selection of Digital and Web-based Resources
2.3. Organizing Resources
2.3.1. Organizing Physical Resources
2.3.1.1. Organizing with Properties of Physical Resources
2.3.1.2. Organizing with Descriptions of Physical Resources
2.3.2. Organizing Digital Resources
2.3.2.1. Organizing Web-based Resources
2.3.2.2. “Information Architecture” and Organizing Systems
2.3.3. Organizing with Multiple Resource Properties
2.4. Designing Resource-based Interactions
2.4.1. Affordance and Capability
2.4.2. Interaction and Value Creation
2.4.2.1. Value Creation with Physical Resources
2.4.2.2. Value Creation with Digital Resources
2.4.3. Access Policies
2.5. Maintaining Resources
2.5.1. Motivations for Maintaining Resources
2.5.2. Preservation
2.5.2.1. Digitization and Preserving Resources
2.5.2.2. Preserving the Web
2.5.2.3. Preserving Resource Instances
2.5.2.4. Preserving Resource Types
2.5.2.5. Preserving Resource Collections
2.5.3. Curation
2.5.3.1. Institutional Curation
2.5.3.2. Individual Curation
2.5.3.3. Social and Web Curation
2.5.3.4. Computational Curation
2.5.4. Governance
2.5.4.1. Governance in Business Organizing Systems
2.5.4.2. Governance in Scientific Organizing Systems
2.6. Key Points in Chapter Two
3. Resources in Organizing Systems
3.1. Introduction
3.1.1. What Is a Resource?
3.1.1.1. Resources with Parts
3.1.1.2. Bibliographic Resources, Information Components, and “Smart Things” as Resources
3.1.2. Identity, Identifiers, and Names
3.2. Four Distinctions about Resources
3.2.1. Resource Domain
3.2.2. Resource Format
3.2.3. Resource Agency
3.2.3.1. Passive or Operand Resources
3.2.3.2. Active or Operant Resources
3.2.4. Resource Focus
3.2.5. Resource Format x Focus
3.2.5.1. Physical Description of a Primary Physical Resource
3.2.5.2. Digital Description of a Primary Physical Resource
3.2.5.3. Digital Description of a Primary Digital Resource
3.2.5.4. Physical Description of a Primary Digital Resource
3.3. Resource Identity
3.3.1. Identity and Physical Resources
3.3.2. Identity and Bibliographic Resources
3.3.3. Identity and Information Components
3.3.4. Identity and Active Resources
3.4. Naming Resources
3.4.1. What’s in a Name?
3.4.2. The Problems of Naming
3.4.2.1. The Vocabulary Problem
3.4.2.2. Homonymy, Polysemy, and False Cognates
3.4.2.3. Names with Undesirable Associations
3.4.2.4. Names that Assume Impermanent Attributes
3.4.2.5. The Semantic Gap
3.4.3. Choosing Good Names and Identifiers
3.4.3.1. Make Names Informative
3.4.3.2. Use Controlled Vocabularies
3.4.3.3. Allow Aliasing
3.4.3.4. Make Identifiers Unique or Qualified
3.4.3.5. Distinguish Identifying and Resolving
3.5. Resources over Time
3.5.1. Persistence
3.5.1.1. Persistent Identifiers
3.5.1.2. Persistent Resources
3.5.2. Effectivity
3.5.3. Authenticity
3.5.4. Provenance
3.6. Key Points in Chapter Three
4. Resource Description and Metadata
4.1. Introduction
4.2. An Overview of Resource Description
4.2.1. Naming {and, or, vs.} Describing
4.2.2. “Description” as an Inclusive Term
4.2.2.1. Bibliographic Descriptions
4.2.2.2. Metadata
4.2.2.3. Tagging of Web-based Resources
4.2.2.4. Resource Description Framework (RDF)
4.2.3. Frameworks for Resource Description
4.3. The Process of Describing Resources
4.3.1. Determining the Scope and Focus
4.3.1.1. Describing Instances or Describing Collections
4.3.1.2. Abstraction in Resource Description
4.3.1.3. Scope, Scale, and Resource Description
4.3.2. Determining the Purposes
4.3.2.1. Resource Description to Support Selection
4.3.2.2. Resource Description to Support Organizing
4.3.2.3. Resource Description to Support Interactions
4.3.2.4. Resource Description to Support Maintenance
4.3.3. Identifying Properties
4.3.3.1. Intrinsic Static Properties
4.3.3.2. Extrinsic Static Properties
4.3.3.3. Intrinsic Dynamic Properties
4.3.3.4. Extrinsic Dynamic Properties
4.3.4. Designing the Description Vocabulary
4.3.4.1. Principles of Good Description
4.3.4.2. Who Uses the Descriptions?
4.3.4.3. Controlled Vocabularies and Content Rules
4.3.4.4. Vocabulary Control as Dimensionality Reduction
4.3.5. Designing the Description Form
4.3.6. Creating Resource Descriptions
4.3.6.1. Resource Description by Professionals
4.3.6.2. Resource Description by Authors or Creators
4.3.6.3. Resource Description by Users
4.3.6.4. Computational and Automated Resource Description
4.3.7. Evaluating Resource Descriptions
4.3.7.1. Evaluating the Creation of Resource Descriptions
4.3.7.2. Evaluating the Use of Resource Descriptions
4.3.7.3. The Importance of Iterative Evaluation
4.4. Describing Non-text Resources
4.4.1. Describing Museum and Artistic Resources
4.4.2. Describing Images
4.4.3. Describing Music
4.4.4. Describing Video
4.4.5. Describing Resource Context
4.5. Key Points in Chapter Four
5. Describing Relationships and Structures
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Describing Relationships: An Overview
5.3. The Semantic Perspective
5.3.1. Types of Semantic Relationships
5.3.1.1. Inclusion
5.3.1.2. Attribution
5.3.1.3. Possession
5.3.2. Properties of Semantic Relationships
5.3.2.1. Symmetry
5.3.2.2. Transitivity
5.3.2.3. Equivalence
5.3.2.4. Inverse
5.3.3. Ontologies
5.4. The Lexical Perspective
5.4.1. Relationships among Word Meanings
5.4.1.1. Hyponymy and Hyperonymy
5.4.1.2. Metonymy
5.4.1.3. Synonymy
5.4.1.4. Polysemy
5.4.1.5. Antonymy
5.4.2. Thesauri
5.4.3. Relationships among Word Forms
5.4.3.1. Derivational Morphology
5.4.3.2. Inflectional Morphology
5.5. The Structural Perspective
5.5.1. Intentional, Implicit, and Explicit Structure
5.5.2. Structural Relationships within a Resource
5.5.3. Structural Relationships between Resources
5.5.3.1. Hypertext Links
5.5.3.2. Analyzing Link Structures
5.5.3.3. Bibliometrics, Shepardizing, and Social Network Analysis
5.6. The Architectural Perspective
5.6.1. Degree
5.6.2. Cardinality
5.6.3. Directionality
5.7. The Implementation Perspective
5.7.1. Choice of Implementation
5.7.2. Syntax and Grammar
5.7.3. Requirements for Implementation Syntax
5.8. Relationships in Organizing Systems
5.8.1. The Semantic Web and Linked Data
5.8.2. Bibliographic Organizing Systems
5.8.2.1. Tillett’s Taxonomy
5.8.2.2. Resource Description and Access (RDA)
5.8.2.3. RDA and the Semantic Web
5.8.3. Integration and Interoperability
5.9. Key Points in Chapter Five
6. Categorization: Describing Resource Classes and Types
6.1. Introduction
6.2. The What and Why of Categories
6.2.1. Cultural Categories
6.2.2. Individual Categories
6.2.3. Institutional Categories
6.2.4. A “Categorization Continuum”
6.3. Principles for Creating Categories
6.3.1. Enumeration
6.3.2. Single Properties
6.3.3. Multiple Properties
6.3.3.1. Multi-Level or Hierarchical Categories
6.3.3.2. Different Properties for Subsets of Resources
6.3.3.3. Necessary and Sufficient Properties
6.3.4. The Limits of Property-Based Categorization
6.3.5. Family Resemblance
6.3.6. Similarity
6.3.7. Theory-Based Categories
6.3.8. Goal-Derived Categories
6.4. Category Design Issues and Implications
6.4.1. Category Abstraction and Granularity
6.4.2. Basic or Natural Categories
6.4.3. The Recall / Precision Tradeoff
6.4.4. Category Audience and Purpose
6.5. Implementing Categories
6.5.1. Implementing Classical Categories
6.5.2. Implementing Categories That Do Not Conform to the Classical Theory
6.6. Key Points in Chapter Six
7. Classification: Assigning Resources to Categories
7.1. Introduction
7.1.1. Classification vs. Categorization
7.1.2. Classification vs. Tagging
7.1.3. Classification vs. Physical Arrangement
7.1.4. Classification Schemes
7.1.5. Classification and Standardization
7.1.5.1. Institutional Taxonomies
7.1.5.2. Institutional Semantics
7.1.5.3. Specifications vs. Standards
7.1.5.4. Mandated Classifications
7.2. Understanding Classification
7.2.1. Classification Is Purposeful
7.2.1.1. Classifications Are Reference Models
7.2.1.2. Classifications Support Interactions
7.2.2. Classification Is Principled
7.2.2.1. Principles Embodied in the Classification Scheme
7.2.2.2. Principles for Assigning Resources to Categories
7.2.2.3. Principles for Maintaining the Classification over Time
7.2.3. Classification Is Biased
7.3. Bibliographic Classification
7.3.1. The Dewey Decimal Classification
7.3.2. The Library of Congress Classification
7.3.3. The BISAC Classification
7.4. Faceted Classification
7.4.1. Foundations for Faceted Classification
7.4.2. Faceted Classification in Description
7.4.3. A Classification for Facets
7.4.4. Designing a Faceted Classification System
7.4.4.1. Design Process for Faceted Classification
7.4.4.2. Design Principles and Pragmatics
7.5. Classification by Activity Structure
7.6. Computational Classification
7.7. Key Points in Chapter Seven
8. The Forms of Resource Descriptions
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Structuring Descriptions
8.2.1. Kinds of Structures
8.2.1.1. Blobs
8.2.1.2. Sets
8.2.1.3. Lists
8.2.1.4. Dictionaries
8.2.1.5. Trees
8.2.1.6. Graphs
8.2.2. Comparing Metamodels: JSON, XML and RDF
8.2.2.1. JSON
8.2.2.2. XML Information Set
8.2.2.3. RDF
8.2.2.4. Choosing Your Constraints
8.2.3. Modeling within Constraints
8.2.3.1. Specifying Vocabularies and Schemas
8.2.3.2. Controlling Values
8.3. Writing Descriptions
8.3.1. Notations
8.3.2. Writing Systems
8.3.3. Syntax
8.4. Worlds of Description
8.4.1. The Document Processing World
8.4.2. The Web World
8.4.3. The Semantic Web World
8.5. Key Points in Chapter Eight
9. Interactions with Resources
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Determining Interactions
9.2.1. User Requirements
9.2.2. Socio-Political and Organizational Constraints
9.3. Reorganizing Resources for Interactions
9.3.1. Identifying and Describing Resources for Interactions
9.3.2. Transforming Resources for Interactions
9.3.2.1. Transforming Resources from Multiple or Legacy Organizing Systems
9.3.2.2. Modes of Transformation
9.3.2.3. Granularity and Abstraction
9.3.2.4. Accuracy of Transformations
9.4. Implementing Interactions
9.4.1. Interactions Based on Instance Properties
9.4.1.1. Boolean Retrieval
9.4.1.2. Tag / Annotate
9.4.2. Interactions Based on Collection Properties
9.4.2.1. Ranked Retrieval with Vector Space or Probabilistic Models
9.4.2.2. Synonym Expansion with Latent Semantic Indexing
9.4.2.3. Structure-Based Retrieval
9.4.2.4. Clustering / Classification
9.4.3. Interactions Based on Derived Properties
9.4.3.1. Popularity-Based Retrieval
9.4.3.2. Citation-Based Retrieval
9.4.3.3. Translation
9.4.4. Interactions Based on Combining Resources
9.4.4.1. Mash-Ups
9.4.4.2. Linked Data Retrieval and Resource Discovery
9.5. Evaluating Interactions
9.5.1. Efficiency
9.5.2. Effectiveness
9.5.2.1. Relevance
9.5.2.2. The Recall / Precision Tradeoff
9.5.3. Satisfaction
9.6. Key Points in Chapter Nine
10. The Organizing System Roadmap
10.1. Introduction
10.2. The Organizing System Lifecycle
10.3. Defining and Scoping the Organizing System Domain
10.3.1. Scope and Scale of the Collection
10.3.2. Number and Nature of Users
10.3.3. Expected Lifetime of the Resources and of the Organizing System
10.3.4. Physical or Technological Environment
10.3.5. Relationship to Other Organizing Systems
10.4. Identifying Requirements for an Organizing System
10.4.1. Requirements for Interactions in Organizing Systems
10.4.2. Requirements about the Nature and Extent of Resource Description
10.4.3. Requirements about Intentional Arrangement
10.4.4. Dealing with Conflicting Requirements
10.5. Designing and Implementing an Organizing System
10.5.1. Choosing Scope- and Scale-Appropriate Technology
10.5.2. Architectural Thinking
10.5.3. Distinguishing Access to Resources from Resource Control
10.5.4. Standardization and Legacy Considerations
10.6. Operating and Maintaining an Organizing System
10.6.1. Maintaining an Organizing System: Resource Perspective
10.6.2. Maintaining an Organizing System: Properties, Principles and Technology Perspective
10.7. Key Points in Chapter Ten
11. Case Studies
11.1. A Multi-generational Photo Collection
11.2. Knowledge Management for a Small Consulting Firm
11.3. Smarter Farming in Japan
11.4. Single-Source Textbook Publishing
11.5. Organizing a Kitchen
11.6. Netflix
11.7. Luxury Brand Store
11.8. Weekly Newspaper
11.9. The CODIS DNA Database
11.10. Ikea
11.11. The Antikythera Mechanism
11.12. My Vegetable Garden
11.13. IP Addressing in the Global Internet
11.14. Knitting Supplies
11.15. Making a Documentary Film
11.16. Open Knowledge Management for Chemical Hazard Assessment & Alternatives Analysis
11.17. Managing Information About Data Center Resources
11.18. Neuroscience Lab
11.19. Your Own Case Study Goes Here
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Glossary
Index
Colophon
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