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Index
Packet Guide to Routing and Switching
Dedication
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Preface
Audience
Contents of This Book
Conventions Used in This Book
Using Code Examples
Safari® Books Online
How to Contact Us
Content Updates
September 28, 2012
Acknowledgments
1. Routing and Switching Strategies
Switching: Forwarding and Filtering Traffic
Forwarding Based on MAC Addresses
Routing: Finding Paths
Routing Devices
Static Routes
Digging a Little Deeper—Common Mistakes
Default Routes
Dynamic Routes
Routing Protocols
Single versus multipath
Interior versus exterior
Flat versus hierarchical
Link state versus distance vector
Choosing or Installing a Route
Prefix length
Administrative distance
Metric
Routing Loops
Discard or Null Routing
IPv6
Reading
Summary
Review Questions
Review Answers
Lab Activities
Activity 1—Interconnected Switches and SATs
Activity 2—Static Routing Topology
Activity 3—Convert to Default Routes
Activity 4—Routing Loop
Activity 5—Null Route
2. Host Routing
The Decision Process
Case 1: Destination Is on the Same Network as the Source
Case 2: Destination Is on a Different Network than the Source
What If the Default Gateway Is Not Known?
Host Routing Tables
Addressing
Tracking the Packets
Case 1: Destination Is on the Same Network as the Source
Case 2: Destination Is on a Different Network than the Source
Reading
Summary
Review Questions
Review Answers
Lab Activities
Activity 1—Build the Topology Depicted in Figure 2-2
Activity 2—Host Routing Table
Activity 3—ARP Tables
Activity 4—Following the Traffic
Activity 5—Addressing
3. Spanning Tree and Rapid Spanning Tree
Why Are Loops Bad?
The Structure of Spanning Tree BPDUs
The Comparison Algorithm
Some Definitions
Spanning Tree Addressing
Port States
Spanning Tree Timers
Hello
Max age
Forward delay
The Operation of Spanning Tree
Step 1—Switch 1 Is Powered Up
Step 2—Switch 2 Is Powered Up
Step 3—Switch 3 Is Powered Up
Step 4—Creation of a Loop
Spanning Tree Messages
Problems with Spanning Tree
Switch to Switch: A Special Case
Cisco Improvements
Portfast
Uplinkfast
Backbonefast
VLANs and Spanning Tree
The Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
The Operation of RSTP
Alternate and backup blocked ports
Security
Reading
Summary
Review Questions
Review Answers
Lab Activities
Activity 1—Capture of a BPDU
Activity 2—BPDU Address Analysis
Activity 3—Looping the Switch Back to Itself
Activity 4—Looping Switches Together
Activity 5—Removing the Loop
4. VLANs and Trunking
Problem: Big Broadcast Domains
What Is a VLAN?
The Effect of VLANs
VLAN Ports Do Not Need to be Continuous
Types of VLANs
Case 1—DHCP
Case 2—No DHCP
Solution: Dynamic VLANs
VLANs Between Switches
What is a Trunk?
Trunking Protocol Standards
IEEE 802.1Q
Inter-switch link (ISL)
Pruning
VLAN Design Considerations
Security Considerations
Reading
Summary
Review Questions
Review Answers
Lab Activities
Activity 1—Setting Up a Local VLANs
Activity 2—VLANs and the SAT
Activity 3—What Can You See?
Activity 4—Basic Trunking
5. Routing Information Protocol
Version 1 Versus Version 2
Protocol Description
Structure
Basic Operation
Timers
Addressing
Advanced Operation
Split Horizon
Poisoning
Poison Reverse
Triggered Updates
Count to Infinity
How Do I Get Off of My Network?
RIP and Loops
Security
RIP and IPv6
Reading
Summary
Review Questions
Review Answers
Lab Activities
Activity 1—Build the Topology Depicted in Figure 5-28
Activity 2—Enable RIP on the Routers
Activity 3—Split Horizon
Activity 4—Loss of a Route
Activity 5—Timers
6. Open Shortest Path First
Protocol Description
Being Link State
Structure and Basic Operation
Hello
DB Description
Link state advertisement (LSA) header
Link State Request
Link State Update
Link State ACK
Timers
Advanced Operation
OSPF and IPv6
Reading
Summary
Review Questions
Review Answers
Lab Activities
Activity 1—Build the Topology Depicted in Figure 6-23
Activity 2—Enable OSPF on the Routers
Activity 3—Tracing the Packet Flow
Activity 4—Changing Network Conditions
Activity 5—A Loop
About the Author
Colophon
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Copyright
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