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Index
Cover
Half Title
Series
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface to the first edition
Preface to the third edition
Note to the fourth edition
Acknowledgements
1 Nouns
Gender
1.1 General exercise (1) 1
1.2 General exercise (2) 1
1.3 Masculine and feminine pairs 1/2
1.4 Words with two genders (1) 1
1.5 Words with two genders (2) 2/3
1.6 Words in –o and –a 1/2
1.7 Nouns ending in –ma 2/3
1.8 Nouns ending in –is 2/3
1.9 Words ending in –e 2
1.10 Gender of compound nouns 2/3
Number
1.11 Plural formation 1/2
1.12 Agreement of the verb 2
1.13 Spanish plural for English singular and vice versa 2
2 Articles
The form of the article
2.1 El or la, un, or una? 1
Uses of the article
2.2 The article with names of languages 1
2.3 The article with names of countries and towns 1/2
2.4 The article with days of the week 1/2
2.5 General exercise on the definite article 2
2.6 The indefinite article after a verb 2
2.7 Unos 2/3
Use and omission of the articles
2.8 Use and omission of the definite article 2
2.9 Use and omission of the indefinite article 2
2.10 Use and omission of the definite and indefinite article (1) 2/3
2.11 Use and omission of the definite and indefinite article (2) 3
3 Adjectives
Agreement
3.1 Basic agreement 1/2
3.2 More complex agreements 2/3
3.3 Colour adjectives 2/3
Formation of adjectives
3.4 Formation of the feminine 1/2
3.5 –ísimo forms 1
3.6 Adjectives pertaining to places 2
3.7 Adjectives formed from nouns (relational adjectives) 3
3.8 Translating ‘un–’ 3
Adjective position
3.9 Adjective position (1) 2/3
3.10 Adjective position (2) 2/3
3.11 Position of adjective with nouns connected by de 2
3.12 Adjective position: bueno, malo, grande, pequeño 3
3.13 Adjectives whose meaning varies according to position 3
4 Comparatives
Regular and irregular comparative forms
4.1 Comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs 1
4.2 Más grande/mayor, más pequeño/menor 2
Comparisons of inequality
4.3 Más/menos que or más/menos de? 1
Comparisons of quantity with clauses
4.4 Distinguishing where there is a comparison with a clause 2
4.5 Constructing comparisons of quantity with a clause 2/3
Superlative of adjectives and adverbs
4.6 Superlative of adjectives 1
4.7 Equivalence with English ‘most’ and ‘–est’ 3
Other comparative constructions
4.8 ‘The more … the more/the less … the less …’ 1
4.9 ‘More and more …, less and less …’ 2
Comparison of equality
4.10 Tan and tanto 1
Miscellaneous
4.11 General exercise (1) 2
4.12 General exercise (2) 2/3
5 Demonstratives
Agreement
5.1 Agreement 1
Usage
5.2 Equivalence with English 2
5.3 Demonstrative or article? 1/2
6 The neuter
6.1 Lo with adjectives or with adverbs 1
6.2 Translation of ‘how’ by lo 1/2
6.3 Translating lo + adjective/adverb 2
6.4 Lo as a neuter pronoun 1
6.5 Lo, lo que, lo de 2/3
6.6 Neuter demonstrative pronouns (esto, eso, aquello) 1
6.7 General exercise (1) 1
6.8 General exercise (2) 1/2
7 Possessives
7.1 Basic agreements 1
7.2 Use of the definite article in place of a possessive 1
7.3 Expression of the idea of possession 2/3
7.4 The definite article with the long possessive form 2
7.5 General exercise 2/3
8 Numbers
8.1 Numbers in full written (or spoken) form 2/3
8.2 Cardinal, ordinal, and collective numbers 3
8.3 Translating ordinal numbers 2/3
8.4 Cien or ciento? 2
8.5 Fractions 2
8.6 Advanced number expressions 2/3
9 Pronouns
Subject pronouns
9.1 Subject pronouns for emphasis and contrast 1/2
Second person forms
9.2 The voseo 3
9.3 Degrees of familiarity: tú and usted 3
Pronouns after prepositions
9.4 Pronouns after prepositions (1) 1
9.5 Pronouns after prepositions (2) 1/2
9.6 Pronouns after con 1
9.7 Reflexive pronouns with prepositions 2/3
Object pronouns
9.8 General exercise (1) 1
9.9 Order of object pronouns 1/2
9.10 Position with the imperative 1
9.11 Position with the gerund and past participles 1
9.12 Position of the pronoun in double verb constructions (1) 2/3
9.13 Position of the pronoun in double verb constructions (2) 3
9.14 Object pronouns used to denote personal involvement and possession 2/3
9.15 ‘Redundant’ or reduplicative object pronouns (1) 2
9.16 ‘Redundant’ or reduplicative object pronouns (2) 2
9.17 General exercise (2) 2
9.18 Le/les and se for le/les when followed by lo/la/los/las 1
9.19 The le/lo controversy 3
9.20 General exercise (3) 3
9.21 Use with certain verbs 3
10 Forms of verbs
10.1 Regular verbs 1/2
10.2 Spelling changes in verbs 1/2
10.3 Radical-changing verbs 1/2
10.4 Verb-form crossword (general exercise) 3
10.5 Irregular verbs: preterites 1
10.6 Irregular verbs: futures and conditionals 1
10.7 Irregular verbs: positive imperatives 1
10.8 The present subjunctive 1/2
10.9 The imperfect subjunctive 2
10.10 Voseo forms 3
10.11 General exercise on verb forms 2/3
11 Indicative usage
11.1 The present tense 2
11.2 Continuous and simple tenses (1) 2/3
11.3 Continuous and simple tenses (2) 3
11.4 The preterite and the imperfect (1) 1/2
11.5 The preterite and the imperfect (2) 1/2
11.6 The preterite and the imperfect (3) 2
11.7 Future tense (1) 2/3
11.8 Future tense (2) 2/3
11.9 Suppositional future 1/2
11.10 The conditional: use of the conditional for the future in the past 1/2
11.11 The conditional: use of the conditional in conditional contexts 1/2
11.12 Conditional for supposition about the past 2
11.13 Compound tenses (1) 1
11.14 Compound tenses (2) 2
11.15 The past tenses (1) 2
11.16 The past tenses (2) 2
11.17 The past tenses (3) 2
11.18 The past tenses (4) 2/3
11.19 The perfect tense in Latin America 3
11.20 The –ra verb form 3
12 The subjunctive
Possibility and probability
12.1 Expressions of possibility and probability 2
Influence
12.2 Verbs of influence (1) 2
12.3 Verbs of influence (2) 2
12.4 Subjunctive and infinitive 2
12.5 Infinitive and full clause 2/3
12.6 Verbs of permitting and forbidding 2
Emotional reactions and value judgements
12.7 Expressions indicating emotional reaction and value judgements 2
12.8 Sería … que . . . 2
12.9 Expressing doubt, fear, and hope 2
12.10 General exercises on statements, assumptions, and value judgements 3
Verbs of denying and negated verbs of stating, declaring, knowing, thinking, and understanding
12.11 Negative main clause + que 2/3
12.12 Indirect negative questions and negated imperatives 2/3
Subjunctive after noun phrases
12.13 Noun + de que 1/2
12.14 ‘The fact that …’ 2
Change of meaning with the subjunctive
12.15 Verbs with a double meaning (1) 3
12.16 Verbs with a double meaning (2) 3
Subjunctive after subordinators
12.17 Purpose, cause, manner, and result 2
12.18 Subjunctive and indicative with como 2/3
12.19 Como si 1/2
12.20 Time 2
12.21 Concession 2
Condition and exception
12.22 Subordinators other than si (1) 2
12.23 Subordinators other than si (2) 2/3
Relative clauses
12.24 The subjunctive in relative clauses (1) 3
12.25 The subjunctive in relative clauses (2) 3
12.26 Translating ‘however’, ‘whatever’, ‘whoever’, ‘whichever’, etc. 3
The subjunctive in main clauses
12.27 The subjunctive to express wishes 2/3
Miscellaneous
12.28 General exercise on the subjunctive (1) 1/2
12.29 General exercise on the subjunctive (2) 3
13 The imperative
The second person imperatives
13.1 The tú and vosotros imperatives (1) 1
13.2 The tú and vosotros imperatives (2) 1/2
13.3 Imperatives with object pronouns 2
13.4 Negative imperatives with object pronouns 1/2
13.5 The vos imperative 3
13.6 Latin American and peninsular usage 2
Imperatives in other persons
13.7 First person imperatives 2
13.8 Third person imperatives 2
13.9 The infinitive used as an imperative 1
14 Non-finite forms of the verb
Infinitive
14.1 Infinitive governed by a verb 2
14.2 Verbs followed by the infinitive 2
14.3 Verbs of perception 2
14.4 Infinitive after prepositions 2
14.5 Choice between infinitive and que + finite verb 2
14.6 Infinitive as a noun 1
14.7 Adjective + de + infinitive 2
Past participles
14.8 Forms (1) 1
14.9 Forms (2) 2/3
14.10 Verbal and adjectival past participles 3
14.11 Participle clauses 2/3
Forms in –nte
14.12 Forms 1/2
14.13 Use 3
14.14 Spanish –nte forms as the equivalent of English ‘–ing’ forms 2
The gerund
14.15 Forms 1
14.16 Adverbial use of the gerund 3
14.17 The gerund as a substitute for a relative clause verb 3
14.18 Verbs with the gerund (1) 2/3
14.19 Verbs with the gerund (2) 3
Translating English ‘–ing’
14.20 Translating English ‘–ing’ (1) 2
14.21 Translating English ‘–ing’ (2) 3
15 Auxiliary verbs – poder, saber, etc.
Poder and saber
15.1 Expressions of ability 1
15.2 Pudo, no pudo/podía, no podía? 2
15.3 The conditional of poder used for polite requests 2
15.4 The imperfect of poder used for reproaching 2
15.5 Poder used in speculations and suggestions 3
Deber, deber de, and tener que
15.6 Expressions of obligation 3
Haber que
15.7 Haber que and tener que 2
Querer
15.8 ‘To want to’ 2
Soler
15.9 ‘Usually’ 2
16 Personal a
16.1 Before nouns denoting human beings or animals 1
16.2 Personal a before pronouns 1
16.3 Before relative pronouns 2
16.4 General exercise on the use of personal a 2
17 Negative constructions
General
17.1 The syntax of negative sentences 1
17.2 General exercise 2
17.3 Translating English ‘no’ 2/3
Individual negative elements
17.4 Ninguno, nada, and nadie 1/2
17.5 ‘Redundant’ no 3
17.6 Nomás 3
18 Questions and exclamations
18.1 General exercise 1
18.2 Que and qué 1/2
18.3 Cuál and qué 1/2
18.4 ¡Qué – más/tan – ! 1
18.5 Translating ‘how’ 2/3
19 Conditional sentences
19.1 Open conditions 1
19.2 Remote conditions (1) 1
19.3 Remote conditions (2) 1/2
19.4 Unfulfilled conditions (1) 2
19.5 Unfulfilled conditions (2) 2/3
19.6 Remote and unfulfilled conditions (1) 2
19.7 Remote and unfulfilled conditions (2) 2
19.8 General exercise on conditional sentences 2/3
19.9 Other ways of expressing conditions (1) 2
19.10 Other ways of expressing conditions (2) 3
20 Pronominal verbs
The literal reflexive
20.1 Making reciprocal meaning clear 2
20.2 Translation of ‘–self’ 3
20.3 Errors in the use of the reflexive 1
Spanish pronominal verb corresponding to an English intransitive verb
20.4 Pronominal and non-pronominal forms of the same verb 3
Nuances of pronominal verbs
20.5 Optional and obligatory reflexive pronouns 3
20.6 Rendering pronominal nuances in English 3
20.7 Quedar and quedarse 3
‘Passive’ and ‘impersonal’ uses of the third person reflexive
20.8 Expression of an indefinite subject 3
20.9 Definite or indefinite subject? 3
Miscellaneous
20.10 Use of se 2/3
21 The expression of ‘becoming’
21.1 Verbs expressing the notion of ‘becoming’ (1) 2
21.2 Verbs expressing the notion of ‘becoming’ (2) 2
21.3 Special verbs meaning ‘becoming’ (1) 2
21.4 Special verbs meaning ‘becoming’ (2) 2/3
21.5 Translation of English ‘become’ 3
22 Passive
22.1 Passive with ser 1
22.2 Translation of the passive and impersonal se 1
22.3 Translation of the English passive 2/3
22.4 Avoiding the passive with ser 2/3
22.5 Ser/estar + past participle 2/3
22.6 Noting the frequency of passive constructions 3
22.7 Other impersonal constructions 2/3
22.8 The ‘passive’ meaning of the infinitive 2
23 Ser, estar, and haber
Basic uses
23.1 Ser and estar: general exercise 1/2
23.2 Haber and estar in contrast 1
23.3 Direct object pronouns with haber, ser, and estar 2
23.4 Sentences involving both ser and estar 2
More advanced uses of ser and estar
23.5 General exercise (1) 2
23.6 General exercise (2) 2/3
23.7 General exercise (3) 2/3
Ser and estar in specific contexts
23.8 Ser de and estar de 2
23.9 Ser and estar with adverbs like bien, mejor, mal 2
23.10 Ser and estar with expressions of location 2
23.11 Ser and estar with adjectives (1) 3
23.12 Ser and estar with adjectives (2): change of condition 2
24 Adverbs
General
24.1 Formation of adverbs in –mente from adjectives 1
24.2 Combining adverbs in –mente 2
24.3 Avoiding adverbs in –mente 2
Discrimination of adverbs
24.4 Aquí, ahí, allí, acá, allá 2/3
24.5 Aun and aún 2
24.6 Bajo, abajo, debajo 2/3
24.7 Luego and entonces 2/3
24.8 Detrás and atrás 2
Ya
24.9 Ya 2/3
Adverbial phrases
24.10 Adverbial phrases of manner 2/3
25 Expressions of time
25.1 Time phrases expressing duration (1) 1
25.2 Time phrases expressing duration (2) 2
25.3 ‘Since’ expressions 3
25.4 Desde, desde que, and desde hace 1
25.5 General exercise (1) 2
25.6 General exercise (2) 2/3
25.7 Translating ‘ago’ 2
25.8 En or dentro de? 1
25.9 Verbal constructions expressing notions of time 2
26 Conjunctions
26.1 Pero, sino, and si no 2
26.2 Sino and sino que 3
26.3 Y (e), o (u), ni 1
Que
26.4 Que, qué, or de qué? 2
26.5 Dequeísmo 2/3
Conjunctions of cause and consequence
26.6 Por qué, porque, or porqué? 1
26.7 Como, porque, así que 1
Conjunctions of consequence and result
26.8 General exercise 2/3
Concession
26.9 Aunque, a pesar de que, por … que 3
Condition and exception
26.10 Substitutes for si 3
Purpose and aim
26.11 Para que 2/3
Conjunctions of time
26.12 General exercise 3
27 Prepositions
a and en
27.1 General exercise 2
27.2 Idiomatic expressions with a and en 3
De and desde
27.3 Discriminating de and desde 2
Por and para
27.4 Discrimination of por and para: general 2
27.5 Place and time 2/3
27.6 Idiomatic expressions with por and para 3
27.7 Verbs followed by por or para 3
27.8 General exercise 3
Other prepositions
27.9 Ante and delante de 1
27.10 Bajo and debajo de 1
27.11 Tras 2
27.12 Choosing a preposition 2
Prepositional phrases
27.13 Prepositional phrases 2/3
Verbs with prepositions
27.14 Multiple choice exercise 1/2
28 Relative pronouns
28.1 Relative pronouns in Spanish and English 2
28.2 Relative pronouns 1
28.3 Relative clauses 1/2
28.4 Use after a preposition 2
28.5 Discrimination of lo que/cual, el que/cual, etc. 2
28.6 Cuyo 1
28.7 Donde, adonde, de donde, como, and cuando as relatives 1/2
29 Nominalizers and cleft sentences
Nominalizers
29.1 El de, etc. 1/2
29.2 Use of el de, el que, etc. 2
29.3 Use of lo de 2
Cleft sentences
29.4 The cleft sentence construction 2/3
29.5 Lo que or el que, etc. 2/3
29.6 ‘That’s why’ 2
29.7 Verb form agreement 2/3
30 Word order
30.1 Word order in sentences containing relative clauses 2
30.2 Word order in questions 2
30.3 Word order in exclamations 2
30.4 Word order with adverbs (1) 2
30.5 Word order with adverbs (2) 2
30.6 Word order in relative clauses 2
30.7 Set phrases 3
31 Affective suffixes
Diminutive suffixes
31.1 Forms 1
31.2 Real and apparent diminutives 3
Augmentative suffixes
31.3 Forms 1
31.4 –azo 3
31.5 Some recent augmentative forms 3
31.6 Real and apparent augmentatives 3
31.7 –azo and –udo 3
31.8 General exercise 1
32 Spelling and punctuation
32.1 Accents 1/2
32.2 Differences between words based on the written accent 2
32.3 Use of upper and lower case letters 2
32.4 Punctuation of direct speech 2/3
32.5 Question and exclamation marks 1/2
33 General exercises
33.1 Close test (1) 2
33.2 Close test (2) 2
33.3 Multiple choice (1) 2
33.4 Multiple choice (2) 2/3
33.5 Spot the mistakes (1) 2/3
33.6 Spot the mistakes (2) 3
Glossary of grammatical terms
Key to the exercises
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