PHP and MySQL® Web Development · 5th Edition by Welling, Luke -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

About This E-Book Title Page Copyright Page Contents at a Glance Table of Contents Lead Authors Contributing Authors We Want to Hear from You! Reader Services Accessing the Free Web Edition Introduction

Why You Should Read This Book What You Will Learn from This Book What Is PHP? What Is MySQL? Why Use PHP and MySQL? Some of PHP’s Strengths

Performance Scalability Database Integration Built-in Libraries Cost Ease of Learning PHP Object-Oriented Support Portability Flexibility of Development Approach Source Code Availability of Support and Documentation

Key Features of PHP 7 Some of MySQL’s Strengths

Performance Low Cost Ease of Use Portability Source Code Availability of Support

What Is New in MySQL (5.x)? How Is This Book Organized? Accessing the Free Web Edition Finally

I: Using PHP

1. PHP Crash Course

Before You Begin: Accessing PHP Creating a Sample Application: Bob’s Auto Parts

Creating the Order Form Processing the Form

Embedding PHP in HTML

PHP Tags PHP Statements Whitespace Comments

Adding Dynamic Content

Calling Functions Using the date() Function

Accessing Form Variables

Form Variables String Concatenation Variables and Literals

Understanding Identifiers Examining Variable Types

PHP’s Data Types Type Strength Type Casting Variable Variables

Declaring and Using Constants Understanding Variable Scope Using Operators

Arithmetic Operators String Operators Assignment Operators Comparison Operators Logical Operators Bitwise Operators Other Operators

Working Out the Form Totals Understanding Precedence and Associativity Using Variable Handling Functions

Testing and Setting Variable Types Testing Variable Status Reinterpreting Variables

Making Decisions with Conditionals

if Statements Code Blocks else Statements elseif Statements switch Statements Comparing the Different Conditionals

Repeating Actions Through Iteration

while Loops for and foreach Loops do...while Loops

Breaking Out of a Control Structure or Script Employing Alternative Control Structure Syntax Using declare Next

2. Storing and Retrieving Data

Saving Data for Later Storing and Retrieving Bob’s Orders Processing Files Opening a File

Choosing File Modes Using fopen() to Open a File Opening Files Through FTP or HTTP Addressing Problems Opening Files

Writing to a File

Parameters for fwrite() File Formats

Closing a File Reading from a File

Opening a File for Reading: fopen() Knowing When to Stop: feof() Reading a Line at a Time: fgets(), fgetss(), and fgetcsv() Reading the Whole File: readfile(), fpassthru(), file(), and file_get_contents() Reading a Character: fgetc() Reading an Arbitrary Length: fread()

Using Other File Functions

Checking Whether a File Is There: file_exists() Determining How Big a File Is: filesize() Deleting a File: unlink() Navigating Inside a File: rewind(), fseek(), and ftell()

Locking Files A Better Way: Databases

Problems with Using Flat Files How RDBMSs Solve These Problems

Further Reading Next

3. Using Arrays

What Is an Array? Numerically Indexed Arrays

Initializing Numerically Indexed Arrays Accessing Array Contents Using Loops to Access the Array

Arrays with Different Indices

Initializing an Array Accessing the Array Elements Using Loops

Array Operators Multidimensional Arrays Sorting Arrays

Using sort() Using asort() and ksort() to Sort Arrays Sorting in Reverse

Sorting Multidimensional Arrays

Using the array_multisort() function User-Defined Sorts Reverse User Sorts

Reordering Arrays

Using shuffle() Reversing an Array

Loading Arrays from Files Performing Other Array Manipulations

Navigating Within an Array: each(), current(), reset(), end(), next(), pos(), and prev() Applying Any Function to Each Element in an Array: array_walk() Counting Elements in an Array: count(), sizeof(), and array_count_values() Converting Arrays to Scalar Variables: extract()

Further Reading Next

4. String Manipulation and Regular Expressions

Creating a Sample Application: Smart Form Mail Formatting Strings

Trimming Strings: chop(), ltrim(), and trim() Formatting Strings for Output

Joining and Splitting Strings with String Functions

Using explode(), implode(), and join() Using strtok() Using substr()

Comparing Strings

Performing String Ordering: strcmp(), strcasecmp(), and strnatcmp() Testing String Length with strlen()

Matching and Replacing Substrings with String Functions

Finding Strings in Strings: strstr(), strchr(), strrchr(), and stristr() Finding the Position of a Substring: strpos() and strrpos() Replacing Substrings: str_replace() and substr_replace()

Introducing Regular Expressions

The Basics Delimiters Character Classes and Types Repetition Subexpressions Counted Subexpressions Anchoring to the Beginning or End of a String Branching Matching Literal Special Characters Reviewing Meta Characters Escape Sequences Backreferences Assertions Putting It All Together for the Smart Form

Finding Substrings with Regular Expressions Replacing Substrings with Regular Expressions Splitting Strings with Regular Expressions Further Reading Next

5. Reusing Code and Writing Functions

The Advantages of Reusing Code

Cost Reliability Consistency

Using require() and include()

Using require() to Include Code Using require() for Website Templates Using auto_prepend_file and auto_append_file

Using Functions in PHP

Calling Functions Calling an Undefined Function Understanding Case and Function Names

Defining Your Own Functions Examining Basic Function Structure

Naming Your Function

Using Parameters Understanding Scope Passing by Reference Versus Passing by Value Using the return Keyword

Returning Values from Functions

Implementing Recursion

Implementing Anonymous Functions (or Closures)

Further Reading Next

6. Object-Oriented PHP

Understanding Object-Oriented Concepts

Classes and Objects Polymorphism Inheritance

Creating Classes, Attributes, and Operations in PHP

Structure of a Class Constructors Destructors

Instantiating Classes Using Class Attributes Calling Class Operations Controlling Access with private and public Writing Accessor Functions Implementing Inheritance in PHP

Controlling Visibility Through Inheritance with private and protected Overriding Preventing Inheritance and Overriding with final Understanding Multiple Inheritance Implementing Interfaces

Using Traits Designing Classes Writing the Code for Your Class Understanding Advanced Object-Oriented Functionality in PHP

Using Per-Class Constants Implementing Static Methods Checking Class Type and Type Hinting Late Static Bindings Cloning Objects Using Abstract Classes Overloading Methods with __call() Using __autoload() Implementing Iterators and Iteration Generators Converting Your Classes to Strings Using the Reflection API Namespaces Using Subnamespaces Understanding the Global Namespace Importing and Aliasing Namespaces

7. Error and Exception Handling

Exception Handling Concepts The Exception Class User-Defined Exceptions Exceptions in Bob’s Auto Parts Exceptions and PHP’s Other Error Handling Mechanisms Further Reading Next

II: Using MySQL

8. Designing Your Web Database

Relational Database Concepts

Tables Columns Rows Values Keys Schemas Relationships

Designing Your Web Database

Think About the Real-World Objects You Are Modeling Avoid Storing Redundant Data Use Atomic Column Values Choose Sensible Keys Think About What You Want to Ask the Database Avoid Designs with Many Empty Attributes Summary of Table Types

Web Database Architecture Further Reading Next

9. Creating Your Web Database

Using the MySQL Monitor Logging In to MySQL Creating Databases and Users Setting Up Users and Privileges Introducing MySQL’s Privilege System

Principle of Least Privilege User Setup: The CREATE USER and GRANT Commands Types and Levels of Privileges The REVOKE Command Examples Using GRANT and REVOKE

Setting Up a User for the Web Using the Right Database Creating Database Tables

Understanding What the Other Keywords Mean Understanding the Column Types Looking at the Database with SHOW and DESCRIBE Creating Indexes

Understanding MySQL Identifiers Choosing Column Data Types

Numeric Types Date and Time Types String Types

Further Reading Next

10. Working with Your MySQL Database

What Is SQL? Inserting Data into the Database Retrieving Data from the Database

Retrieving Data with Specific Criteria Retrieving Data from Multiple Tables Retrieving Data in a Particular Order Grouping and Aggregating Data Choosing Which Rows to Return Using Subqueries

Updating Records in the Database Altering Tables After Creation Deleting Records from the Database Dropping Tables Dropping a Whole Database Further Reading Next

11. Accessing Your MySQL Database from the Web with PHP

How Web Database Architectures Work Querying a Database from the Web

Checking and Filtering Input Data Setting Up a Connection Choosing a Database to Use Querying the Database Using Prepared Statements Retrieving the Query Results Disconnecting from the Database

Putting New Information in the Database Using Other PHP-Database Interfaces

Using a Generic Database Interface: PDO

Further Reading Next

12. Advanced MySQL Administration

Understanding the Privilege System in Detail

The user Table The db Table The tables_priv, columns_priv, and procs priv Tables Access Control: How MySQL Uses the Grant Tables Updating Privileges: When Do Changes Take Effect?

Making Your MySQL Database Secure

MySQL from the Operating System’s Point of View Passwords User Privileges Web Issues

Getting More Information About Databases

Getting Information with SHOW Getting Information About Columns with DESCRIBE Understanding How Queries Work with EXPLAIN

Optimizing Your Database

Design Optimization Permissions Table Optimization Using Indexes Using Default Values Other Tips

Backing Up Your MySQL Database Restoring Your MySQL Database Implementing Replication

Setting Up the Master Performing the Initial Data Transfer Setting Up the Slave or Slaves

Further Reading Next

13. Advanced MySQL Programming

The LOAD DATA INFILE Statement Storage Engines Transactions

Understanding Transaction Definitions Using Transactions with InnoDB

Foreign Keys Stored Procedures

Basic Example Local Variables Cursors and Control Structures

Triggers Further Reading Next

III: Web Application Security

14. Web Application Security Risks

Identifying the Threats We Face

Access to Sensitive Data Modification of Data Loss or Destruction of Data Denial of Service Malicious Code Injection Compromised Server Repudiation

Understanding Who We’re Dealing With

Attackers and Crackers Unwitting Users of Infected Machines Disgruntled Employees Hardware Thieves Ourselves

15. Building a Secure Web Application

Strategies for Dealing with Security

Start with the Right Mindset Balancing Security and Usability Monitoring Security Our Basic Approach

Securing Your Code

Filtering User Input Escaping Output Code Organization What Goes in Your Code File System Considerations Code Stability and Bugs Executing Commands

Securing Your Web Server and PHP

Keep Software Up-to-Date Browse the php.ini file Web Server Configuration Shared Hosting of Web Applications

Database Server Security

Users and the Permissions System Sending Data to the Server Connecting to the Server Running the Server

Protecting the Network

Firewalls Use a DMZ Prepare for DoS and DDoS Attacks

Computer and Operating System Security

Keep the Operating System Up to Date Run Only What Is Necessary Physically Secure the Server

Disaster Planning Next

16. Implementing Authentication Methods with PHP

Identifying Visitors Implementing Access Control

Storing Passwords Securing Passwords Protecting Multiple Pages

Using Basic Authentication Using Basic Authentication in PHP Using Basic Authentication with Apache’s .htaccess Files Creating Your Own Custom Authentication Further Reading Next

IV: Advanced PHP Techniques

17. Interacting with the File System and the Server

Uploading Files

HTML for File Upload Writing the PHP to Deal with the File Session Upload Progress Avoiding Common Upload Problems

Using Directory Functions

Reading from Directories Getting Information About the Current Directory Creating and Deleting Directories

Interacting with the File System

Getting File Information Changing File Properties Creating, Deleting, and Moving Files

Using Program Execution Functions Interacting with the Environment: getenv() and putenv() Further Reading Next

18. Using Network and Protocol Functions

Examining Available Protocols Sending and Reading Email Using Data from Other Websites Using Network Lookup Functions Backing Up or Mirroring a File

Using FTP to Back Up or Mirror a File Uploading Files Avoiding Timeouts Using Other FTP Functions

Further Reading Next

19. Managing the Date and Time

Getting the Date and Time from PHP

Understanding Timezones Using the date() Function Dealing with Unix Timestamps Using the getdate() Function Validating Dates with checkdate() Formatting Timestamps

Converting Between PHP and MySQL Date Formats Calculating Dates in PHP Calculating Dates in MySQL Using Microseconds Using the Calendar Functions Further Reading Next

20. Internationalization and Localization

Localization Is More than Translation Understanding Character Sets

Security Implications of Character Sets Using Multibyte String Functions in PHP

Creating a Basic Localizable Page Structure Using gettext() in an Internationalized Application

Configuring Your System to Use gettext() Creating Translation Files Implementing Localized Content in PHP Using gettext()

Further Reading Next

21. Generating Images

Setting Up Image Support in PHP Understanding Image Formats

JPEG PNG GIF

Creating Images

Creating a Canvas Image Drawing or Printing Text on the Image Outputting the Final Graphic Cleaning Up

Using Automatically Generated Images in Other Pages Using Text and Fonts to Create Images

Setting Up the Base Canvas Fitting the Text onto the Button Positioning the Text Writing the Text onto the Button Finishing Up

Drawing Figures and Graphing Data Using Other Image Functions Next

22. Using Session Control in PHP

What Is Session Control? Understanding Basic Session Functionality

What Is a Cookie? Setting Cookies from PHP Using Cookies with Sessions Storing the Session ID

Implementing Simple Sessions

Starting a Session Registering Session Variables Using Session Variables Unsetting Variables and Destroying the Session

Creating a Simple Session Example Configuring Session Control Implementing Authentication with Session Control Next

23. Integrating JavaScript and PHP

Understanding AJAX A Brief Introduction to jQuery Using jQuery in Web Applications

Basic jQuery Techniques and Concepts Using jQuery Selectors Introduction to jQuery Events

Using jQuery and AJAX with PHP

The AJAX-Enabled Chat Script/Server The jQuery AJAX Methods The Chat Client/jQuery Application

Further Reading Next

24. Other Useful Features

Evaluating Strings: eval() Terminating Execution: die() and exit() Serializing Variables and Objects Getting Information About the PHP Environment

Finding Out What Extensions Are Loaded Identifying the Script Owner Finding Out When the Script Was Modified

Temporarily Altering the Runtime Environment Highlighting Source Code Using PHP on the Command Line Next

V: Building Practical PHP and MySQL Projects

25. Using PHP and MySQL for Large Projects

Applying Software Engineering to Web Development Planning and Running a Web Application Project Reusing Code Writing Maintainable Code

Coding Standards Breaking Up Code Using a Standard Directory Structure Documenting and Sharing In-House Functions

Implementing Version Control Choosing a Development Environment Documenting Your Projects Prototyping Separating Logic and Content Optimizing Code

Using Simple Optimizations

Testing Further Reading Next

26. Debugging and Logging

Programming Errors

Syntax Errors Runtime Errors Logic Errors

Variable Debugging Aid Error Reporting Levels Altering the Error Reporting Settings Triggering Your Own Errors Logging Errors Gracefully Logging Errors to a Log File Next

27. Building User Authentication and Personalization

Solution Components

User Identification and Personalization Storing Bookmarks Recommending Bookmarks

Solution Overview Implementing the Database Implementing the Basic Site Implementing User Authentication

Registering Users Logging In Logging Out Changing Passwords Resetting Forgotten Passwords

Implementing Bookmark Storage and Retrieval

Adding Bookmarks Displaying Bookmarks Deleting Bookmarks

Implementing Recommendations Considering Possible Extensions

VI: Appendix

A. Installing Apache, PHP, and MySQL

Installing Apache, PHP, and MySQL Under UNIX

Binary Installation Source Installation Basic Apache Configuration Modifications Is PHP Support Working? Is SSL Working?

Installing Apache, PHP, and MySQL for Windows and Mac OS X Using All-in-One Installation Packages

Testing Your Work

Installing PEAR Installing PHP with Other Web Servers

Index

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