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Index
Cover image Title page Table of Contents Copyright List of Boxes Preface to the Fourth Edition About the Editors Contributors I: Fundamental Neuroscience
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Neuroscience
A Brief History of Neuroscience The Terminology of Nervous Systems is Hierarchical, Distributed, Descriptive, and Historically Based Neurons and Glia Are Cellular Building Blocks of the Nervous System Cellular Organization of the Brain Organization of this Text This Book is Intended for a Broad Range of Scholars of the Neurosciences Clinical Issues in the Neurosciences The Genomic Inventory is a Giant Step Forward Neuroscience Today: a Communal Endeavor The Creation of Knowledge Responsible Conduct Summary References
Chapter 2. Basic Plan of the Nervous System
Introduction Evolution Highlights: General Organizing Principles Development Reveals Basic Vertebrate Parts The Basic Plan of Nervous System Connectivity Overview of the Adult Mammalian Nervous System References
II: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Chapter 3. Cellular Components of Nervous Tissue
Neurons Specific Examples of Different Neuronal Types Neuroglia Cerebral Vasculature References
Chapter 4. Subcellular Organization of the Nervous System: Organelles and Their Functions
Axons and Dendrites: Unique Structural Components of Neurons Protein Synthesis in Nervous Tissue Cytoskeletons of Neurons and Glial Cells Molecular Motors in the Nervous System Building and Maintaining Cells of the Nervous System References
Chapter 5. Membrane Potential and Action Potential
Membrane Potential Passive Electrical Properties of the Neuron Action Potential References
Chapter 6. Neurotransmitters
Several Modes of Neuronal Communication Exist Chemical Transmission Classical Neurotransmitters Nonclassical Neurotransmitters Peptide Transmitters Unconventional Transmitters The Expanding Synapse and Gliotransmission References
Chapter 7. Release of Neurotransmitters
Transmitter Release is Quantal Excitation–Secretion Coupling Molecular Mechanisms of the Nerve Terminal Quantal Analysis: Probing Synaptic Physiology Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity References
Chapter 8. Neurotransmitter Receptors
Ionotropic Receptors G-Protein Coupled Receptors References
Chapter 9. Intracellular Signaling
Signaling Through G-Protein-Linked Receptors Modulation of Neuronal Function by Protein Kinases and Phosphatases Intracellular Signaling Affects Nuclear Gene Expression References
Chapter 10. Postsynaptic Potentials and Synaptic Integration
Ionotropic Receptors: Mediators of Fast Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials Metabotropic Receptors: Mediators of Slow Synaptic Potentials Integration of Synaptic Potentials Synaptic Plasticity References
Chapter 11. Information Processing in Dendrites and Spines
Introduction Synaptic Integration in Passive Dendrites Synaptic Integration in Active Dendrites Structure and Function of Dendritic Spines Computations Performed by Dendrites Summary References
Chapter 12. Brain Energy Metabolism
Energy Metabolism of the Brain as a Whole Organ Tight Coupling of Neuronal Activity, Blood Flow, and Energy Metabolism Energy-Producing and Energy-Consuming Processes in the Brain Glutamate Metabolism: A Coordinated Shuttle Between Astrocytes and Neurons Brain Energy Metabolism at the Cellular Level The Astrocyte-Neuron Metabolic Unit References
III: Nervous System Development
Chapter 13. Neural Induction and Pattern Formation
Neural Induction Early Neural Patterning Regionalization of the Central Nervous System Conclusions References
Chapter 14. Cellular Determination
Introduction Neurogenesis The Proneural and Neurogenic Genes Transcriptional Hierarchies and Networks Asymmetric Cell Division and Cell Fate Neurons and Glia Sensory Neurons of the Peripheral Nervous System The Retina The Spinal Cord Motor Neurons The Cerebral Cortex Conclusions References
Chapter 15. Neurogenesis and Migration
Introduction Development of the Peripheral Nervous System Segmental Migration of Neural Crest Cells Cell Migration in the CNS References
Chapter 16. Growth Cones and Axon Pathfinding
Growth Cones are Actively Guided Guidance Cues for Developing Axons Guidance Cues and the Control of Cytoskeletal Dynamics Guidance at the Midline: Changing Responses to Multiple Cues Topographic Mapping References
Chapter 17. Synapse Formation
Development of the Neuromuscular Synapse Synapse Formation in the Central Nervous System References
Chapter 18. Programmed Cell Death and Neurotrophic Factors
Cell Death and the Neurotrophic Hypothesis The Origins of Programmed Cell Death and its Widespread Occurrence in the Developing Nervous System Functions of Neuronal Programmed Cell Death Modes of Cell Death in Developing Neurons The Mode of Neuronal Cell Death Reflects the Activation of Distinct Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms Nerve Growth Factor: the Prototype Target-Derived Neuronal Survival Factor The Neurotrophin Family Neurotrophin Receptors Secretion and Axonal Transport of Neurotrophins and Pro-Neurotrophins Signal Transduction Through TRK Receptors Multiple Cytokines and Growth Factors Implement Neurotrophic Activities Programmed Cell Death is Regulated by Interactions with Targets, Afferents, and Nonneuronal Cells The Role of Trophic Factors and Programmed Cell Death in Neuropathology References
Chapter 19. Synapse Elimination
Overview The Purpose of Synapse Elimination A Structural Analysis of Synapse Elimination at the Neuromuscular Junction A Role for Interaxonal Competition and Activity Is Synapse Elimination Strictly a Developmental Phenomenon? References
Chapter 20. Dendritic Development
Dynamics of Dendritic Arbor Development Transcriptional Control of Dendrite Development Extracellular Regulation of Dendritic Development Dendritic Development and Circuit Formation in Mammalian Retina Laminar Specificity in the Inner Plexiform Layer Activity-Dependent Dendritic Development The Synaptotrophic Model Of Dendrite Development Branch Retraction and Synapse Elimination Calcium-Dependent Mechanisms That Mediate Dendritic Growth Protein Synthesis Dependent Regulation of Dendrite Development Convergence And Divergence Conclusion References
Chapter 21. Early Experience and Sensitive Periods
Birdsong: Learned by Experience Sound Localization: Calibrated by Early Experience in the Owl Binocular Processing in the Mammalian Visual Cortex Depends on Early Experience A Sensitive Period for Shaping the Temperament of Rats Principles of Sensitive Period Learning References
IV: Sensory Systems
Chapter 22. Fundamentals of Sensory Systems
Sensation and Perception Receptors Peripheral Organization and Processing Central Pathways and Processing Sensory Cortex Summary References
Chapter 23. Chemical Senses: Taste and Olfaction
Taste Olfaction Different Odors Activate Different Combinations of Glomeruli Pheromone Detection References
Chapter 24. The Somatosensory System
Peripheral Mechanisms of Somatic Sensation Nociception CNS Components of Somatic Sensation Thalamic Mechanisms of Somatic Sensation The Path from Nociception to Pain Cortical Representation of Touch References
Chapter 25. Audition
External and Middle Ear The Cochlea The Auditory Nerve Central Nervous System References
Chapter 26. Vision
Overview Sensory Systems Detect Contrast or Change The Eye and the Retina The Retinogeniculocortical Pathway References
V: Motor Systems
Chapter 27. Fundamentals of Motor Systems
Basic Components of the Motor System Motor Programs Coordinate Basic Motor Patterns Roles of Different Parts of the Nervous System in the Control of Movement Conclusion Suggested Readings
Chapter 28. The Spinal and Peripheral Motor System
Locomotion is A Cycle Connecting the Spinal Cord to the Periphery Spinal Interneuron Networks Descending Control of Spinal Circuits Sensory Modulation References
Chapter 29. Control of Movement
The Medial Postural System The Lateral Voluntary System Summary References
Chapter 30. The Basal Ganglia
Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia Signaling in Basal Ganglia The Effect of Basal Ganglia Damage on Behavior Principles of Basal Ganglia Operation for Motor Control Basal Ganglia Participation in Nonmotor Functions References
Chapter 31. Cerebellum
Cerebellar Anatomy and Circuit Cellular and Synaptic Performance of the Cerebellar Circuit Cerebellar Function References
Chapter 32. Eye Movements
Eye Movements are Used to Stabilize Gaze or to Redirect Gaze The Mechanics of Moving the Eyes The Fundamental Circuits for Stabilizing Gaze The Commands for Redirecting Gaze are Formed in the Brainstem Gaze Movements are Controlled by the Midbrain and Forebrain The Control of Gaze Movements Involves Higher-Order Processes Conclusions References
VI: Regulatory Systems
Chapter 33. The Hypothalamus: An Overview of Regulatory Systems
Historical Perspective Hypothalamic Cytoarchitecture Functional Organization of the Hypothalamus Effector Systems of the Hypothalamus are Hormonal and Synaptic References
Chapter 34. Central Control of Autonomic Functions: Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Division: Organized to Mobilize the Body for Activity Parasympathetic Division: Organized for Energy Conservation The Enteric Division of the Ans: The Nerve Net Found in the Walls of Visceral Organs Ans Pharmacology: Transmitter and Receptor Coding Autonomic Coordination of Homeostasis Hierarchically Organized ANS Circuits in the CNS Perspective: Future of the Autonomic Nervous System References
Chapter 35. Neural Control of Respiratory and Cardiovascular Functions
Breathing Where are the Neurons Generating the Respiratory Pattern? Discharge Patterns of Respiratory Neurons Models for Respiratory Pattern Generation Mechanoreceptors in the Lungs Adjust Breathing Pattern and Initiate Protective Reflexes Cardiovascular Sensory Regulation of Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems Modulation and Plasticity of Respiratory Motor Output References
Chapter 36. Food Intake and Metabolism
Caloric Homeostasis Role of Caloric Homeostasis in Control of Food Intake Central Control of Food Intake Neuropeptides and the Control of Food Intake References
Chapter 37. Water and Salt Intake and Body Fluid Homeostasis
Body Fluid Physiology Osmotic Homeostasis Volume Homeostasis References
Chapter 38. Neuroendocrine Systems
The Hypothalamus is the Central Neuroendocrine Organ Hypothalamic Control of Anterior Pituitary Hormones and their Regulated Functions Hypothalamic Control of Posterior Pituitary Hormones and their Regulated Functions Hormones, the Brain, and Behavior References
Chapter 39. Circadian Timekeeping
Introduction Overview of the Mammalian Circadian Timing System A Hierarchy of Cell-Autonomous Circadian Oscillators The Molecular Basis for Circadian Oscillation is A Transcriptional Feedback Loop Circadian Photoreception in Mammals Circadian Output Mechanisms Diversity of Output Pathways Leading to Physiological Rhythms General Summary References
Chapter 40. The Neurobiology of Sleep and Dreaming
The Two States of Sleep: Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and Non–Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep Neural Control of the Sleep–Wake and REM/NREM Cycles Systems Neuroscience of Sleep and Dreaming Development and Phylogeny of Sleep Sleep Disorders The Purpose of Sleep References
Chapter 41. Reward, Motivation, and Addiction
Reward and Motivation Addiction References
VII: Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience
Chapter 42. Human Brain Evolution
Human Brain Evolution The Brains of Early Mammals Evolution of Primate Brains Conclusions References
Chapter 43. Cognitive Development and Aging
Brain Development Cognitive Development and Aging: A Life Span Perspective Cognitive Aging Pathological Processes in Cognitive Development and Aging Pathological Manifestations of Cognitive Aging: Dementia References Suggested Readings
Chapter 44. Visual Perception of Objects
The Problem of Object Recognition Substrates for Object Perception and Recognition: Early Evidence from Brain Damage Visual Pathways for Object Processing in Nonhuman Primates Neuronal Properties within the Object Recognition Pathway Functional Neuroimaging of Object Recognition Perception and Recognition of Specific Classes of Objects Overall Summary References
Chapter 45. Spatial Cognition
Neural Systems for Spatial Cognition Parietal Cortex Frontal Cortex Medial Temporal Lobe Spatial Cognition and Spatial Action References
Chapter 46. Attention
Introduction Definitions and Varieties of Attention Neglect Syndrome: A Deficit of Spatial Attention Attention Affects Neural Activity in the Human Visual Cortex in the Presence and Absence of Visual Stimulation Single Unit Recording Studies in Nonhuman Primates Provide Convergent Evidence for A Fronto-Parietal Attentional Control System Attention Increases Neuronal Responses and Boosts the Clarity of Signals Generated by Neurons in Parts of the Visual System Devoted to Processing Information about Objects Attention Modulates Neural Responses in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus The Visual Search Paradigm has been used to Study the Role of Attention in Selecting Relevant Stimuli from within A Cluttered Visual Environment Where is the Computational Bottleneck as Revealed by Search Tasks? Neuronal Receptive Fields are A Possible Neural Correlate of Limited Capacity Filtering of Unwanted Information in Humans Competition can be Biased by Nonspatial Feedback Conclusions References
Chapter 47. Learning and Memory: Basic Mechanisms
Paradigms have been Developed to Study Associative and Nonassociative Learning Invertebrate Studies: Key Insights from Aplysia into Basic Mechanisms of Learning Vertebrate Studies: Long-Term Potentiation Long-Term Depression How Does a Change in Synaptic Strength Store a Complex Memory? References
Chapter 48. Learning and Memory: Brain Systems
Introduction Behavior Supported by Multiple Memory Systems Conclusion References
Chapter 49. Language
Animal Communication Human Language Neural Organization for Language Conclusions References
Chapter 50. The Prefrontal Cortex and Executive Brain Functions
Introduction Anatomy and Organization of the Prefrontal Cortex Effects of Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex in Humans Neuroimaging Studies and PFC Effects of Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex in Monkeys Neurophysiology of the Prefrontal Cortex Theories of Prefrontal Cortex Function References
Chapter 51. The Neuroscience of Consciousness
What Phenomena does Consciousness Encompass? The Neurobiology of Free Will Consciousness in other Species Arousal and States of Consciousness The Neuronal Correlates of Consciousness The Neuronal Basis of Perceptual Illusions Perceptual Puzzles of Contemporary Interest Forward Versus Feedback Projections An Information-Theoretical Theory of Consciousness Conclusion References
Index
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