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Index
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Author Team
Acknowledgments
Read This Before You Begin
To the User
Lab Requirements
Chapter 1. Introducing TCP/IP
Chapter Introduction
What Is TCP/IP?
The Origins and History of TCP/IP
TCP/IP’s Design Goals
TCP/IP Chronology
Who “Owns” TCP/IP?
Standards Groups That Oversee TCP/IP
IPv4 and IPv6
TCP/IP Standards and RFCs
OSI Network Reference Model Overview
Breaking Networking into Layers
The ISO/OSI Network Reference Model Layers
How Protocol Layers Behave
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
TCP/IP Networking Model
TCP/IP Network Access Layer
TCP/IP Network Access Layer Protocols
TCP/IP Internet Layer Functions
TCP/IP Internet Layer Protocols
TCP/IP Transport Layer Functions
TCP/IP Transport Layer Protocols
TCP/IP Application Layer
TCP/IP Protocols, Services, Sockets, and Ports
TCP/IP Protocol Numbers
TCP/IP Port Numbers
TCP/IP Sockets
Data Encapsulation in TCP/IP
Protocol Analysis
Useful Roles for Protocol Analysis
Protocol Analyzer Elements
Promiscuous Mode Card and Driver
Packet Filters
Trace Buffer
Decodes
Alarms
Statistics
Placing a Protocol Analyzer on a Network
Hubbing Out
Port Redirection
Remote Monitoring
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Hands-On Projects
Case Projects
Chapter 2. IP Addressing and Related Topics
Chapter Introduction
IP Addressing Basics
IPv4 Addressing
IPv4 Address Classes
Network, Broadcast, Multicast, and Other Special IPv4 Addresses
Broadcast Packet Structures
Multicast Packet and Address Structures
IPv4 Networks and Subnet Masks
IPv4 Subnets and Supernets
Calculating Subnet Masks
IP Subnet Calculator
IP Calculator
Classless Inter-Domain Routing in IPv4
Public versus Private IPv4 Addresses
Managing Access to IPv4 Address Information
Obtaining Public IP Addresses
IPv4 Addressing Schemes
The Network Space
The Host Space
The End of the IPv4 Address Space
Introducing IPv6
Request for Comments Pages and Deprecation
IPv6 Addressing
Address Format and Notation
Network and Host Address Portions
Scope Identifier
Interface Identifiers
Native IPv6 Addresses in URLs
Address Types
Special Addresses
Multicast Addresses
Anycast Addresses
Unicast Addresses
Aggregatable Global Unicast Addresses
Link-Local and Site-Local Addresses
Address Allocations
NSAP Allocation
Unicast and Anycast Allocations
Multicast Allocations
IPv6 Addressing and Subnetting Considerations
The IPv4 to IPv6 Transition
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Hands-On Projects
Case Projects
Chapter 3. Basic IP Packet Structures: Headers and Payloads
Chapter Introduction
IP Packets and Packet Structures
IPv4 Header Fields and Functions
Version Field
Header Length Field
TOS Field Function: Differentiated Services and Congestion Control
Differentiated Services Field
Explicit Congestion Notification
Total Length Field
Identification Field
Flags Field
Fragment Offset Field
Time to Live Field
Protocol Field
Header Checksum Field
Source Address Field
Destination Address Field
Options Fields
Padding
IPv6 Header Fields and Functions
Version Field
Traffic Class Field
Flow Label Field
Payload Length Field
Next Header Field
Internet Group Management Protocol
Hop Limit Field
Source Address Field
Destination Address Field
IPv6 Extension Headers
Extension Header Ordering
Hop-by-Hop Options Extension Header
Destination Options Extension Header
Routing Extension Header
Fragment Extension Header
Authentication Extension Header
Encapsulating Security Payload Extension Header and Trailer
Jumbograms
Quality of Service
Router Alerts and Hop-by-Hop Options
IPv6 MTU and Packet Handling
Upper-Layer Checksums in IPv6
A Rationale for IPv6 Header Structures vis-à-vis IPv4
Comparing IPv4 and IPv6 Headers
A Summary of the IPv4 to IPv6 Transition
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Hands-On Projects
Case Projects
Chapter 4. Data Link and Network Layer Protocols in TCP/IP
Chapter Introduction
Data Link Protocols
Point-to-Point Protocol
Frame Types and Sizes
Ethernet Frame Types
Ethernet II Frame Structure
Ethernet 802.2 LLC Frame Structure
Hardware Addresses in the IP Environment
Address Resolution Protocol and Network Discovery Protocol
ARP Protocol Characteristics and Handling
ARP Packet Fields and Functions
Hardware Type Field
Protocol Type Field
Length of Hardware Address Field
Length of Protocol Address Field
Opcode Field
Sender’s Hardware Address Field
Sender’s Protocol Address Field
Target Hardware Address Field
Target Protocol Address Field
ARP Cache
Proxy ARP
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
NDP Protocol Characteristics and Handling
Understanding the Internet Protocol
Sending IP Datagrams
The Route Resolution Processes
Local or Remote Destination?
If Remote, Which Router?
How IPv4 and IPv6 Differ
Lifetime of an IP Datagram
Fragmentation and Reassembly
Service Delivery Options
Precedence
Type of Service
Understanding IP Routing
How Entries Are Placed in the Routing Table
Routing Protocols and Routed Protocols
Grouping Routing Protocols
Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Routing Loops
Loop-Avoidance Schemes
Link-State Routing Protocols
Routing Characteristics
Route Convergence
IPv4 Routing Mechanisms
Split Horizon
Poison Reverse
Time to Live
Multicast versus Broadcast Update Behavior
ICMP Router Advertisements
Black Holes
Areas, Autonomous Systems, and Border Routers
IPv6 Routing Considerations
IPv6 Routing Mechanisms
IPv6 Routing Table Entry Types
IPv6 Route Determination Process
How Strong and Weak Hosts Behave
The IPv6 Delivery Process, End to End
IPv6 Source Node
IPv6 Router
IPv6 Destination Node
Multicast Listener Discovery in IPv6
Understanding MLD and MLDv2
IPv6 Multicast Behaviors
MLD and MLDv2 Packet Structures and Messages
Routing Protocols
IPv4
RIP
RIPv1
RIPv2
Open Shortest Path First
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
Border Gateway Protocol
IPv6
RIPng for IPv6
OSPF for IPv6
EIGRP for IPv6
IS-IS for IPv6
MP-BGP
Managing Routing on an In-House Internetwork
Routing on and Off a Wide Area Network
Several Small Offices
Hub and Spoke
Multiprotocol
Mobile Users
Mobile IP
Local Area Mobility
Routing to and from the Internet
Securing Routers and Routing Behavior
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Hands-On Projects
Case Projects
Chapter 5. Internet Control Message Protocol
Chapter Introduction
ICMP Basics
Roles That ICMP Plays on IP Networks
ICMPv4
Overview of RFC 792
ICMPv4 Header
Constant ICMP Fields
Type Field
Code Field
Checksum Field
Types of ICMPv4 Messages
Destination Unreachable
Source Quench
Time Exceeded
Redirect
Parameter Problem
Echo Request and Echo Reply
Timestamp Request and Timestamp Reply
Router Advertisement and Router Solicitation
Address Mask Request and Address Mask Reply
Traceroute
The Variable ICMP Structures and Functions
Types 0 and 8: Echo Reply and Echo Request Packets
Type 3: Destination Unreachable Packets
Type 5: Redirect
Types 9 and 10: Router Advertisement and Router Solicitation
Type 11: Time Exceeded
Type 12: Parameter Problem
Types 13 and 14: Timestamp and Timestamp Reply
ICMPv6
Overview of ICMPv6
Types of ICMPv6 Messages
ICMPv6 Header
ICMPv6 Error Messages
Destination Unreachable Messages
Packet Too Big Messages
Time Exceeded Messages
Parameter Problem Messages
ICMPv6 Informational Messages
Echo Request and Echo Reply Messages
Router Advertisement and Router Solicitation Messages
Neighbor Solicitation and Neighbor Advertisement Messages
Redirect Messages
Router Renumbering Messages
A Short Comparison of ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 Messages
PMTU Discovery
Changes to PMTU
Testing and Troubleshooting Sequences for ICMP
Connectivity Testing with Ping
Path Discovery with Traceroute
Path Discovery with Pathping
PMTU Discovery with ICMP
Routing Sequences for ICMP
Router Discovery
Router Advertising
Redirection to a Better Router
Security Issues for ICMPv4
ICMP Redirect Attack
ICMP Router Discovery
Inverse Mapping
Firewalking
Security Issues for ICMPv6
Decoding ICMP Packets
ICMPv4
ICMPv6
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Hands-On Projects
Case Projects
Chapter 6. Neighbor Discovery in IPv6
Chapter Introduction
Understanding Neighbor Discovery
Comparing IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocols to IPv4 Protocols
Neighbor Discovery Message Formats
Router Solicitation
Router Advertisement
Neighbor Solicitation
Neighbor Advertisement
Redirect
Neighbor Discovery Option Formats
Source and Target Link-Layer Address Options
Prefix Information Option
Redirected Header Option
MTU Option
Advertisement Interval Option
Home Agent Information Option
Route Information Option
Conceptual Host Model
Storing Neighbor Data on a Host
Conceptual Sending Algorithm
Neighbor Discovery Process
Address Resolution
Neighbor Unreachability Detection
Duplicate Address Detection
Router Discovery
Redirect Messages
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Hands-On Projects
Case Projects
Chapter 7. IP Address Autoconfiguration
Chapter Introduction
Understanding Autoaddressing
Introducing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
How DHCP Works
Role of Leases
DHCP Software Elements
DHCP Lease Types
More About DHCP Leases
IPv4 Autoconfiguration
Automatic Private IP Addressing
DHCP
DHCP Address Discovery
Discover Packet
Offer Packet
Request Packet
Acknowledgment Packet
Address Renewal Process
Renewal Time (T1)
Rebinding Time (T2)
DHCP Address Release Process
DHCP Packet Structures
DHCP Fields
DHCP Options Fields
DHCP Option 53: Message Type
Broadcast and Unicast in DHCP
Communications With a DHCP Relay Agent
IPv6 Autoconfiguration
Types of IPv6 Autoconfiguration
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
Stateful Address Autoconfiguration
Combination of Stateless and Stateful Address Autoconfiguration
Functional States of an IPv6 Autoconfigured Address
Node Interface Identifiers
DHCPv6
DHCPv6 Messages
DHCPv6 Stateful Message Exchange
DHCPv6 Stateless Message Exchange
DHCPv6 Relay Message Exchange
IPv6 Autoconfiguration Process
Autoconfiguration in Microsoft Windows Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 DHCP Scopes
Setting up a Simple DHCP Server
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Hands-On Projects
Case Projects
Chapter 8. Name Resolution on IP Networks
Chapter Introduction
Understanding Name Resolution Fundamentals
Network Name Resolution Protocols
LLMNR
DNS
DNS Database Structure
The DNS Namespace
DNS Database Records
Delegating DNS Authority
Types of DNS Servers
Primary DNS Server
Secondary DNS Server
Caching Servers
How Domain Name Servers Work
Recursive Query
Iterative or Nonrecursive Queries
Importance of DNS Caching
DNS Configuration Files and Resource Record Formats
Start of Authority Record
Address and Canonical Name Records
Mapping Addresses to Names
Name Resolution in IPv6 Networks
DNS in IPv6
Source and Destination Address Selection
Source Address Selection Algorithm
Destination Address Selection Algorithm
Using Address Selection
Address Selection From End to End
Changing the Destination Address Scope Preference
Name Resolution Support in Windows Operating Systems
DNS Resolver
Client Side of DNS
DNS Server Service
DNS Dynamic Update
Source and Destination Address Selection
LLMNR Support
Working With Names
Peer Name Resolution Protocol
Troubleshooting Name Resolution Problems and Failures
Common Sources of Failure
Tools for Troubleshooting DNS Problems
Netstat
Nslookup
Nslookup Details
Using Nslookup
Nslookup and IPv6
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Hands-On Projects
Case Projects
Chapter 9. TCP/IP Transport Layer Protocols
Chapter Introduction
Understanding UDP and TCP
UDP With IPv4 and IPv6
TCP With IPv4 and IPv6
User Datagram Protocol
UDP Header Fields and Functions
Source Port Number Field
Well-Known Port Numbers (0 through 1023)
Registered Port Numbers (1024 through 49151)
Dynamic Port Numbers (49152 through 65535)
Destination Port Number Field
Length Field
Checksum Field
UDP Port Numbers and Processes
UDP and IPv6
Transmission Control Protocol
TCP and IPv4
TCP Start-up Connection Process
Handshake Packet #1
Handshake Packet #2
Handshake Packet #3
TCP Half-Open Connections
TCP Keep-Alive Process
TCP Connection Termination
TCP Connection States
TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Process
TCP Error-Detection and Error-Recovery Process
TCP Congestion Control
Slow Start/Congestion Avoidance
Fast Retransmit/Fast Recovery
TCP Sliding Window
TCP Header Fields and Functions
Source Port Number Field
Destination Port Number Field
Sequence Number Field
Acknowledgment Number Field
Header Length Field
Flags Field
Window Size Value Field
TCP Checksum Field
Urgent Pointer Field
TCP Options Field
TCP and IPv6
UDP, TCP, and IPv6 Extension Headers
Choosing Between TCP and UDP
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Hands-On Projects
Case Projects
Chapter 10. Transitioning From IPv4 to IPv6: Interoperation
Chapter Introduction
How Can IPv4 and IPv6 Interact?
Dual-Stack Approach
Tunneling through the IPv4 Cloud
IPv6 Rate of Adoption
Transitioning to IPv6: The Reality
Interoperability
Network Elements
Software
Transitioning to IPv6 from the Windows Perspective
Availability
What’s Next?
Hybrid IPv4/IPv6 Networks and Node Types
Basic Hybrid Network Model
Nested Hybrid Network Model
True Hybrid Network Model
IPv6 Transition Addresses
Transition Mechanisms
Dual Protocol Stacks for IPv4 and IPv6
Dual-IP-Layer Architecture
Dual-Stack Architecture
Dual Architecture and Tunneling
IPv6-Over-IPv4 Tunneling
DNS Infrastructure
Tunneling Configurations for Mingling IPv4 and IPv6
Router-to-Router
Host-to-Router and Router-to-Host
Host-to-Host
Types of Tunnels
ISATAP
Overview
ISATAP Components
Router Discovery for ISATAP Nodes
ISATAP Addressing and Routing
ISATAP Communications
Configuring an ISATAP Router
6to4
Overview
6to4 Components
6to4 Addressing and Routing
6to4 Communication
Using ISATAP and 6to4 Together
Teredo
Overview
Teredo Components
Teredo Addressing and Routing
Teredo Processes
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Hands-On Projects
Case Projects
Chapter 11. Deploying IPv6
Chapter Introduction
Understanding IPv6 Deployment
Planning an IPv6 Deployment
Success Criteria
Architectural Decisions
Interior Gateway Protocol
Exterior Gateway Protocol
External Connections
Router Hardware and Software Selection
Addressing Schemes
Stateful versus Stateless Autoconfiguration
Quality of Service
Security
Tools
Other Network Hardware
Migration and Transitioning Techniques
Tunneling
Translation
Dual Stack
Combining Techniques and a Phased Migration
Tasks
Inventory Computers and Network Infrastructure Elements
Inventory Applications
Acquire IPv6 Addresses
Work with Providers
Remediate Software and Servers
Create a Test Lab
Update Routers
Update Virtual Network Devices
Update DNS
Update to DHCPv6
Update Tools
Deploying and Using IPv6
Establish an IPv6 Test/Pilot Network
Start Migrating Applications
Upgrade IPv4-Only Hosts to IPv4/IPv6
Create a Tunneled IPv6 Environment Using 6to4
Create a Tunneled Environment Using ISATAP
Configuring an ISATAP Router
Configuring DNS
Configuring ISATAP on the Clients
Exploring Some Network Administration Tasks
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Hands-On Projects
Case Projects
Chapter 12. Securing TCP/IP Environments
Chapter Introduction
Understanding Network Security Basics
Principles of IP Security
Typical TCP/IP Attacks, Exploits, and Break-Ins
Key Terminology
Key Weaknesses in TCP/IP
Flexibility versus Security
Common Types of IP-Related Attacks
Which IP Services Are Most Vulnerable?
Holes, Back Doors, and Other Illicit Points of Entry
Phases of IP Attacks
Reconnaissance and Discovery Phases
Attack
Cover-Up
Common Attacks and Entry Points in More Detail
Viruses, Spyware, and Similar Threats
Denial of Service Attacks
Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
Buffer Overflows/Overruns
Spoofing
TCP Session Hijacking
Network Sniffing
Exploiting Mobile and Cloud-Based Vulnerabilities
Maintaining IP Security
Applying Security Patches and Fixes
Security Update Process
Knowing Which Ports to Block
Using IP Security (IPSec)
Protecting the Perimeter of the Network
Major Firewall Elements
Basics of Proxy Servers
Implementing Firewalls
Step-by-Step Firewall Planning and Implementing
Roles of IDS and IPS in IP Security
Honeypots and Honeynets
Offering Security Awareness Training
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Hands-On Projects
Case Projects.
Chapter 13. Troubleshooting TCP/IP
Chapter Introduction
Basic Connection Problems
Using Command-Line Utilities
Determining Basic Network Configuration on a Host
Using the Ping Command
Using the nslookup Command
Detecting Problems on a Route
Troubleshooting Limited Connectivity on a Windows Computer
Troubleshooting the Physical Layer
Troubleshooting DHCP
Troubleshooting Connection Problems With Wireshark
Troubleshooting ICMPv6 No Response
Troubleshooting an Unavailable Web Site
Troubleshooting Multiple Unavailable Web Sites
Troubleshooting Network Latency Problems
Analyzing Latency Due to TCP Packet Retransmissions
Checking Remote Login Security
Network Troubleshooting Tools
NetScanTools
Engineer’s Toolset
Nmap/Zenmap
OmniPeek Network Analyzer
Spiceworks
VisualRoute
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Hands-On Projects
Case Projects
Chapter 14. IPv6 Real-World Applications and Best Practices
Chapter Introduction
Implementing a Dual-Stack Environment
Basic Internet Protocol Operations Without IPv6
Dual-Stack Internet Protocol Operations
Implementing Dual-Stack Internet Protocol Operations
Sample Cisco Dual-Stack Configuration
Sample HPE Networking Dual-Stack Configuration
IPv6 Address Math
Nibble Boundary Guidelines
Non-Nibble Boundary
“Zero” as a Network or Node Address
How Some of the Major Manufacturers Interpret IPv6-Related RFCs
The Nuances in IPv6 Implementation Between Various Client, Server, and Infrastructure OSs
IPv6 Temporary Addresses and Timers
Client Operating System Behavior When Receiving Multiple Router Advertisements
Infrastructure Operating Systems
Variations Seen Over Recent Years
Some Open-Source Tools With an IPv6 Focus
IPv6 in Wireshark
Wireshark Coloring Rules
Wireshark Display Filters
Wireshark Configuration Profiles
Wireshark Packet Comments
Security Assessment and Troubleshooting Tools for IPv6
THC-IPv6
SI6 Networks’ IPv6 Toolkit
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Hands-On Projects
Case Projects
Appendix. Student and Instructor Online Resources
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