The Culture of India by Publishing, Britannica Educational -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Introduction Chapter 1: The Peoples of India and the Caste System

Selected Groups

Andamanese Badaga Bhil Bhutia Bodo Bohras Bundela Gond Ho Kadar Kharia Khasi Khoja Khond Koli Korku Kota Kuki Lepcha Magar Maratha Meithei Mina Mizo Munda Naga Oraon Pahari Sansi Santhal Savara Tamil Toda

Caste

Varnas Jatis

Cultural Milieu Family and Kinship Festivals and Holidays Cuisine Clothing Sports and Recreation Media and Publishing

Chapter 2: Indian Languages and Writing Systems

Indian Languages

Indo-Aryan (Indic)

General Characteristics Hindi Asamiya (Assamese) Bangla (Bengali) Dogri Gujarati Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Marathi Nepali Oriya Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Urdu

Dravidian

The History of the Dravidian Languages Dravidian Studies Kannada Malayalam Tamil Telugu

Other Languages and Lingua Francas

Munda Tibeto-Burman Indian English Hindustani

Indic Writing Systems

Kharosthi Brahmi Gupta Scripts Grantha Alphabet Devanagari

Chapter 3: Hinduism

The Term Hinduism General Nature of Hinduism The Five Tensile Strands

Doctrine Practice Society Story Devotion

Central Conceptions

Veda, Brahmans, and Issues of Religious Authority Doctrine of Atman-Brahman Karma, Samsara, and Moksha Dharma and the Three Paths Ashramas: The Four Stages of Life Practical Hinduism

Devotion Deities Worship Divination, Spirit Possession, and Healing Women’s Religious Practices Pilgrimage

Rituals, Social Practices, and Institutions

Temple Worship Shaiva Rites Vaishnava Rites

Sacred Times and Festivals

Diwali

Cultural Expressions: Visual Arts, Theatre, and Dance

Types of Symbols The Arts

Hinduism and the World Beyond

Hinduism and Islam Hinduism and Christianity Diasporic Hinduism

Chapter 4: Other Indigenous Indian Religions and Indian Philosophy

Religions Sikhism

History and Doctrine

The 10 Gurus The 18th and 19th Centuries The 20th Century to the Early 21st Century

Sikh Practice

The Worship Service The Rejection of Caste Rites and Festivals

Sects and Other Groups

Sects Other Groups

Conclusion

Jainism

History

Early History (7th Century BC–c. 5th Century AD) Early Medieval Developments (500–1100) Late Medieval–Early Modern Developments (1100–1800) Later Jain History

Important Figures of Jain Legend Doctrines of Jainism

Time and the Universe Jiva and Ajiva Karman Theories of Knowledge as Applied to Liberation Jain Ethics

Ritual Practices and Religious Institutions

Monks, Nuns, and Their Practices Religious Activity of the Laity Image Worship

Jainism and Other Religions

Buddhism

Buddha The Buddha’s Message

Suffering, Impermanence, and No-Self Karma The Four Noble Truths The Law of Dependent Origination The Eightfold Path Nirvana

Expansion of Buddhism Buddhism Under the Guptas and Palas The Demise of Buddhism in India Contemporary Revival

Indian Philosophy

Significance of Indian Philosophies in the History of Philosophy General Characteristics of Indian Philosophy

Common Concerns Forms of Argument and Presentation Roles of Sacred Texts, Mythology, and Theism

A General History of Development and Cultural Background

The Prelogical Period The Logical Period The Ultralogical Period

Chapter 5: Indian Visual Arts

General Characteristics of Indian Art

The Unity of Indian Art The Materials of Indian Art Indian and Foreign Art Indian Art and Religion The Artist and Patron The Appreciation of Indian Art

Indian Sculpture

Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2500–1800 BC) Maurya Period (c. 3rd Century BC) Second and First Centuries BC

Relief Sculpture of Northern and Central India Relief Sculpture of Andhradesha Relief Sculpture of Western India Relief Sculpture of Orissa Sculpture in the Round and Terra-Cotta

In the First to Fourth Centuries AD

Mathura Gandhara Andhradesha Terra-Cotta

Gupta Period (c. 4th–6th Centuries AD)

Mathura Sarnath Central India Maharashtra Other Regions Terra-Cotta

Medieval Indian Sculpture

North India Southern India Maharashtra and Karnataka

Indian Painting

Prehistoric and Protohistoric Periods Ancient Wall Painting Eastern Indian Style Western Indian Style Transition to the Mughal and Rajasthani Styles

Akbar Period (1556–1605) Jahāngīr Period (1605–27) Shāh Jahān Period (1628–58) Aurangzeb and the Later Mughals (1659–1806) Company School Deccani Style Rajasthani Style Pahari Style

Modern Period

Indian Decorative Arts

Pre-Islamic Period Islamic Period

Chapter 6: Indian Music

Folk, Classical, and Popular Music

Rural Areas

Classical Music

Nonclassical Music of the Cities

Antiquity

Vedic Chant

Compilation of Hymns Chant Intonation

The Classical Period

Qualities of the Scales Mode, or Jati

Medieval Period

Precursors of the Medieval System Further Development of the Grama-Ragas

The Islamic Period

Impact on Musical Genres and Aesthetics Theoretical Developments

The Modern Period

Rhythmic Organization

South India North India

Musical Forms and Instruments

South India North India Tabla

Interaction with Western Music

Chapter 7: Indian Performing Arts

Indian Dance

Classical Dance

The Dance-Drama Techniques and Types of Classical Dance The Bharata Natyam School The Kathakali School The Kathak School The Manipuri School The Kuchipudi School The Odissi Tradition Other Classical Dance Forms

Folk Dance

Bhangra

Modern Indian Dance Dance-Training Centres

Indian Theatre

Classical Theatre Folk Theatre Modern Theatre

Dance and Theatre in Kashmir

Chapter 8: Indian Architecture

Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2500–1800 BC) The Maurya Period (c. 321–185 BC) Early Indian Architecture (2nd Century BC–3rd Century AD) The Gupta Period (4th–6th Centuries AD) Medieval Temple Architecture

North Indian Style

Orissa Central India Ellora Caves Rajasthan Gujarat Karnataka Kashmir

South Indian Style

Tamil Nadu (7th–18th Century) Karnataka Maharashtra, Andhradesha, and Kerala

Islamic Architecture of the Delhi and Provincial Sultanates Islamic Architecture of the Mughal Style European Traditions and the Modern Period

Conclusion Glossary For Further Reading Index

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