Mastering Modern World History by Lowe, Norman -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title page Copyright Contents List of figures List of maps List of tables List of illustrations Acknowledgements Preface to the fifth edition Part I: War and International Relations

1. The world in 1914: outbreak of the First World War

1.1 Prologue 1.2 The world in 1914 1.3 Events leading up to the outbreak of war 1.4 What caused the war, and who was to blame? Further reading Questions

2. The First World War and its aftermath

Summary of events 2.1 1914 2.2 1915 2.3 1916 2.4 The war at sea 2.5 1917 2.6 The Central Powers defeated 2.7 The problems of making a peace settlement 2.8 The Treaty of Versailles with Germany 2.9 The peace treaties with Austria-Hungary 2.10. The settlement with Turkey and Bulgaria 2.11. Verdict on the peace settlement Further reading Questions

3. The League of Nations

Summary of events 3.1 What were the origins of the League? 3.2 How was the League organised? 3.3 The successes of the League 3.4 Why did the League fail to preserve peace? Further reading Questions

4. International relations, 1919–33

Summary of events 4.1 What attempts were made to improve international relations, and how successful were they? 4.2 How did France try to deal with the problem of Germany between 1919 and 1933? 4.3 How did relations between the USSR and Britain, Germany and France develop between 1919 and 1933? 4.4 The ‘successor’ states 4.5 United States foreign policy, 1919–33 Further reading Questions

5. International relations, 1933–39

Summary of events 5.1 Relations between Japan and China 5.2 Mussolini’s foreign policy 5.3 What were Hitler’s aims in foreign policyand how successful had he been by the end of 1938? 5.4 What is meant by the term ‘appeasement’? How could such a policy be justified, and what part did it play in international affairs between 1935 and 1939? 5.5 Munich to the outbreak of war: September1938 to September 1939 5.6 Why did war break out? Were Hitler or the appeasers to blame? Further reading Questions

6. The Second World War, 1939–45

Summary of events 6.1 Opening moves: September 1939 to December 1940 6.2 The Axis offensive widens: 1941 to the summer of 1942 6.3 The offensives held in check: summer 1942 to summer 1943 6.4 What part was played in the war by Allied naval forces? 6.5 What contribution did air power make to the defeat of the Axis? 6.6 The Axis powers defeated: July 1943 to August 1945 6.7 Why did the Axis powers lose the war? 6.8 The Holocaust 6.9 What were the effects of the war? Further reading Questions

7. The Cold War: problems of international relations after the Second World War

Summary of events 7.1 What caused the Cold War? 7.2 How did the Cold War develop between 1945 and 1953? 7.3 To what extent was there a thaw after 1953 7.4 The nuclear arms race and the Cuban missiles crisis (1962) Further reading Questions

8. The spread of communism outside Europe and its effects on international relations

Summary of events 8.1 The war in Korea and its effects on international relations 8.2 Cuba: why did Castro come to power and how were Cuba’s foreign relations affected? 8.3 The wars in Vietnam, 1946–54 and 1961–75 8.4 Chile under Salvador Allende 1970–3 8.5 More United States interventions 8.6 Detente: international relations from the1970s to the 1990s 8.7 The collapse of communism in eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War: international relations transformed Further reading Questions

9. The United Nations Organization

Summary of events 9.1 The structure of the United Nations Organization 9.2 How different is the United Nations from the League of Nations? 9.3 How successful has the UN been as a peacekeeping organization? 9.4 UN peacekeeping since the end of the Cold War 9.5 What other work is the UN responsible for? 9.6 Verdict on the United Nations Organization 9.7. What about the future of the UN? Further reading Questions

10. The Two Europes, East and West since 1945

Summary of events 10.1 The states of western Europe 10.2 The growth of unity in western Europe 10.3 The early days of the European Community 10.4 The European Community from 1972 to Maastricht (1991) 10.5 Communist unity in eastern Europe 10.6 Why and how did communism collapse in eastern Europe? 10.7 Civil war in Yugoslavia 10.8 Europe since Maastricht 10.9 The European Union in Crisis Further reading Questions

11. Conflict in the Middle East

Summary of events 11.1 Arab unity and interference from the outside world 11.2 The creation of Israel and the Arab-Israeli war 1948–9 11.3 The Suez War of 1956 11.4 The Six Day War of 1967 11.5 The Yom Kippur War of 1973 11.6 Camp David and the Egyptian-Israeli peace, 1978–9 11.7 Peace between Israel and the PLO 11.8 Conflict in the Lebanon 11.9 The Iran-Iraq War, 1980–8 11.10 The Gulf War, 1990–1 11.11 Israelis and Palestinians fight again Further reading Questions

12. The new world order and the war against global terrorism

Summary of events 12.1 The new world order 12.2 The rise of global terrorism 12.3 11 September 2001 and the ‘war on terrorism’ 12.4 The downfall of Saddam Hussein 12.5 The continuing war in Afghanistan 12.6 The problem of Iran 12.7 The Arab Spring Further reading Questions

Part II: The Rise of Fascism and Governments of the Right

13. Italy 1918–45: the first appearance of fascism

Summary of events 13.1 Why was Mussolini able to come to power? 13.2 What did the term ‘fascism’ stand for? 13.3 Mussolini tries to introduce the fascist state 13.4 What benefits did fascism bring for the Italian people? 13.5 Opposition and downfall Further reading Questions

14. Germany 1918–45: the Weimar Republic and Hitler

Summary of events 14.1 Why did the Weimar Republic collapse? 14.2 What did National Socialism stand for? 14.3 Hitler consolidates his power 14.4 How was Hitler able to stay in power? 14.5 Nazism and Fascism 14.6 How successful was Hitler in domestic affairs? Further reading Questions

15. Japan and Spain

Summary of events 15.1 Japan before the Second World War 15.2 Japan recovers 15.3 Spain Further reading Questions

Part III: Communism – Rise and Decline

16. Russia and the revolutions, 1900–24

Summary of events 16.1 After 1905: were the 1917 revolutions inevitable? 16.2 The two revolutions: March and November 1917 16.3 How successfully did Lenin and the Bolsheviks deal with their problems (1917–24)? 16.4 Lenin – evil genius? Further reading Questions

17. The USSR and Stalin, 1924–53

Summary of events 17.1 How did Stalin get to supreme power? 17.2 How successful was Stalin in solving the USSR’s economic problems? 17.3 Politics and the Purges 17.4 Everyday life and culture under Stalin 17.5 Stalin’s final years, 1945–53 Further reading Questions

18. Continuing communism, collapse and aftermath, 1953 to the present

Summary of events 18.1 The Khrushchev era, 1953–64 18.2 The USSR stagnates, 1964–86 18.3 Gorbachev and the end of communist rule 18.4 The aftermath of communism: Yeltsin, Putin and Medvedev Further reading Questions

19. China 1900–49

Summary of events 19.1 Revolution and the warlord era 19.2 The Kuomintang, Dr Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek 19.3 Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party 19.4 The communist victory, 1949 Further reading Questions

20. China since 1949: the communists in control

Summary of events 20.1 How successful was Mao in dealing with China’s problems? 20.2 Life after Mao 20.3 Tiananmen Square, 1989 and the crisis of communism 20.4 The changing face of communism in China Further reading Questions

21. Communism in Korea and South East Asia

Summary of events 21.1 North Korea 21.2 Vietnam 21.3 Cambodia/Kampuchea 21.4 Laos Further reading Questions

Part IV: The United States of America

22. The USA before the Second World War

Summary of events 22.1 The American system of government 22.2 Into the melting pot: the era of immigration 22.3 The USA becomes economic leader of the world 22.4 Socialists, trade unions and the impact of war and the Russian revolutions 22.5 Racial discrimination and the Civil Rights Movement 22.6 The Great Depression arrives: October 1929 22.7 Roosevelt and the New Deal Further reading Questions

23. The USA since 1945

Summary of events 23.1 Poverty and social policies 23.2 Racial problems and the Civil Rights Movement 23.3 Anti-communism and Senator McCarthy 23.4 Nixon and Watergate 23.5 The Carter–Reagan–Bush era, 1977–93 23.6 Bill Clinton, George W. Bush and Barack Obama Further reading Questions

Part V: Decolonization and After

24. The end of the European Empires

Summary of events 24.1 Why did the European powers giveup their Empires? 24.2 Indian independence and partition 24.3 The West Indies, Malaya and Cyprus 24.4 The British leave Africa 24.5 The end of the French Empire 24.6 Holland, Belgium, Spain, Portugal and Italy 24.7 Verdict on decolonization Further reading Questions

25. Problems in Africa

Summary of events 25.1 Problems common to the African states 25.2 Democracy, dictatorship and military government in Ghana 25.3 Civil wars and corruption in Nigeria 25.4 Poverty in Tanzania 25.5 The Congo/Zaire 25.6 Angola: a Cold War tragedy 25.7 Genocide in Burundi and Rwanda 25.8 Apartheid and black majority rule in South Africa 25.9 Socialism and civil war in Ethiopia 25.10. Liberia – a unique experiment 25.11. Stability and chaos in Sierra Leone 25.12. Zimbabwe under Robert Mugabe 25.13. Confusion and civil war in Somalia 25.14. The Sudan 25.15. Africa and its problems in the twenty-first century Further reading Questions

26. Latin America

Summary of events 26.1 The era of US domination 26.2 South America: Brazil and Venezuela 26.3 Mexico, Guatemala and Nicaragua 26.4 The challenge to US domination Further reading Questions

Part VI: Global Problems

27. The changing world economy since 1900

Summary of events 27.1 Changes in the world economy in the twentieth century 27.2 The Third World and the North–South divide 27.3 The split in the Third World economy 27.4 The world economy and its effects on the environment 27.5 Global warming 27.6 The world economy at the turn of the millennium 27.7 Capitalism in crisis 27.8 The world economies in 2012 Further reading Questions

28. The world’s population

Summary of events 28.1 The increasing world population since 1900 28.2 Consequences of the population explosion 28.3 Attempts at population control 28.4 The population increase and Islamism 28.5 The HIV/Aids epidemic Further reading Questions

Index

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