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Index
Preface
Acknowledgments
Members of the Scholars Commission
Scholars Commission on The Jefferson-Hemings Matter, Report 12 April 2001
Summary
Report of the Scholars Commission on the Jefferson-Hemings Matter
Introduction
Background to the Controversy
The Scholars Commission
Assessing the Evidence
Assessing the Arguments
Conclusions
Minority Report
Individual Views of Scholars Commission Members
Individual Views of Professor Robert F. Turner joined by Professor Alf J. Mapp, Jr., Professor David N. Mayer, Professor Forrest McDonald, and Professor Thomas Traut
Introduction - The Sally Hemings Scandal and the Origins of the Scholars Commission
Professor Gordon-Reed and "Transcription Errors"
Feeding Frenzy
About the Scholars Commission
1 - Understanding the DNA Evidence Linking Eston Hemings to Thomas Jefferson's Cousins
The Clinton Impeachment Factor
The DNA Tests
Conclusions
2 - The Enigmatic Sally Hemings: So Few Facts, So Much Fantasy and Speculation
Sally's Birth and Arrival at Monticello
Abigail Adams' Observations about Sally Hemings
Sally Hemings in Paris
Sally Hemings at Monticello
Thomas Jefferson's Known Statements about Sally Hemings
Sally Hemings' Known Statements about Thomas Jefferson
Sally Hemings' Children
Substituting Speculation for Scholarship
Was Sally Hemings Monogamous?
Sally Hemings' Life after Thomas Jefferson's Death
Sally's Alleged Child "Thenia"
3 - James Thomson Callender and the Origins of the 1802 Jefferson-Hemings Scandal
4 - Madison Hemings' 1873 "Memoir" in the Pike County Republican
Madison Could Not Have Known Whether Key Parts of His Story Were True
The Words of the Story Are Likely Those of an Anti-Jefferson Editor
Madison Was the Only Member of His Family to Claim that Thomas Jefferson Was Their Father
Portions of Madison's Story Are Inconsistent with Known Facts
Other Parts of the Story Are Very Difficult to Believe
The Gordon-Reed Alterations to the Wetmore Article
The Statement Attributed to Israel Jefferson
Conclusions
Addendum: The Ellis Revelations
5 - Thomas Jefferson's Visitation Patterns to Monticello and Their Correlation with Sally Hemings' Conceptions
"Junk Science"
The One-Father Assumption
Stacking the Deck
Cause and Effect
Where Was Sally?
Cause or Catalyst?
Monticello Was "Shut Up" When Jefferson Was Away
Old Age and Fecundity
6 - "Extraordinary Privileges" for Sally Hemings and Her Children
The Real Explanation for "Special Treatment"
7 - The Physical Resemblance of Some of Sally Hemings' Children to Thomas Jefferson
Known Children of Sally Hemings
8 - Reassessing the Oral Tradition of Sally Hemings' Descendants
The Eston Hemings Family Oral Tradition Asserted Thomas Jefferson Was Not Eston's Father
Shortcomings of Oral Traditions
Thomas Jefferson's "Other" Black Children
Other Monticello Slave Accounts Make No Reference to the Alleged Jefferson-Hemings Affair
9 - Miscellaneous Arguments Said to Support Thomas Jefferson's Paternity of Sally Hemings' Children
"Psychohistory" and Jefferson's Use of the Term Mulatto
Opinions of Jefferson's Friends and Neighbors
Verdict of the American People
Why Jefferson Never Publicly Denied the Callender Charges
Ohio Census, Rumors, and Newspaper Allegations
Thomas Jefferson as Music Teacher to His Slaves
Did Jefferson "Train" Sally's Children to Marry Whites?
The Alleged "Closeness" of Sally's Children
The Absence of Letters and References to Sally and the Great Coverup
Using the Absence of Information as Evidence
Does the Fact that Sally Hemings Apparently Did Not Bear Children by Other Slaves Imply Thomas Jefferson's Misconduct?
French Law Governing Slaves
10 - Revisionist Arguments Reconsidered: Evidence Too Quickly Dismissed?
The Testimony of Edmund Bacon
The Accounts of Thomas Jefferson's Relatives
The Assessment of Sally Hemings by Abigail Adams and Andrew Ramsay
The Mysterious Thomas Hemings
Other Possible Fathers
The Issue of the Timing of Sally's Conceptions
11 - The "Silent Dogs" and Other Issues Ignored by Most Revisionist Scholars
The Missing Evidence that Ought to Exist
Problems with Some Implicit Assumptions of Revisionist Scholars
Would Thomas Jefferson Have Entrusted His Reputation to the Discretion of Sally Hemings?
Was Sally Hemings Thomas Jefferson's "Type"?
Why Did Sally Not Confirm the Relationship after Jefferson's Death?
Why Did None of Sally's Children Confirm the Relationship During the Four Decades after Jefferson's Death?
With One Problematic Exception, Other Monticello Slaves Did Not Confirm the Allegation
To Accept This Story, We Must Dismiss the Oral Tradition of Eston Hemings' Family and Accept Instead the Unsupported Allegations of Vile Racists Like James Callender and Thomas Gibbons
Why Did Thomas Jefferson Not Free Sally in His Will?
Individual Views of Professor Jean M. Yarborough, joined by Professor Charles Kessler and Professor Harvey C. Mansfield
12 - Individual Views of Jean M. Yarborough, Charles Kessler, and Harvey C. Mansfield
Individual Views of Professor Lance Banning
13 - Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: Case Closed?
Individual Views of Professor Robert H. Ferrell
14 - Individual Views of Professor Robert H. Ferrell
Individual Views of Professor David N. Mayer
15 - The Thomas Jefferson-Sally Hemings Myth and the Politicization of American History
Introduction
Evolution of the Myth
Myth vs. History: Oral Tradition as Unreliable Evidence
Broader Context of the Myth Today: The Assault on Standards
The Flawed Case for the Jefferson-Hemings Story
The Implausibility of the Story
Denials by Jefferson Himself and Virtually All His Contemporaries
Jefferson's Character
Conclusion
Individual Views of Professor Forrest McDonald
16 - Individual Views of Professor Forrest McDonald
Individual Views of Professor Thomas Traut
17 - Does the DNA Analysis Establish Thomas Jefferson's Paternity of Sally Hemings' Children?
Background on DNA Analysis
Strategy of the DNA Analysis
Results of the DNA Analysis by Foster et al .
Interpretation of the DNA Analysis by Foster et al .
Conclusion
Notes
Statement of Playwright Karyn Traut
18 - Thomas Jefferson: Brother's Keeper
A Playwright's Progress
Additional Sources
Minority Views of - Professor Paul A. Rahe
19 - Minority Views of Professor Paul A. Rahe
Editor's Postscript: - Reactions to the Scholars Commission Report
20 - Editor's Postscript: Reactions to the Scholars Commission Report
The Press Conference
The Monticello Association Vote
The Thomas Jefferson Foundation (Monticello)
Reaction of Scholars
Multiculturalism and Thought Reform in America
Conclusion
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