Gurry on Breach of Confidence by Aplin, Tanya -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover

GURRY ON BREACH OF CONFIDENCE

Title Page Copyright Page Foreword Preface Contents Table of Cases

E v Channel Four Television Nottingham University v Fishel [2001]

Table of UK Legislation Table of UK Statutory Instruments Tables of Legislation from Other Jurisdictions Tables of European Legislation Table of International Treaties and Conventions List of Abbreviations List of Abbreviations in References I PRELIMINARY MATTERS

1. The Importance of Confidence A. Brief Overview B. The Roles of Confidence C. The Importance of Confidentiality D. Terminology 2. Historical Development of the Law of Confidentiality A. Introduction B. The Traditional Story of Equitable Intervention C. Law and Practice Prior to the Mid-Nineteenth Century D. The Significance of Prince Albert v Strange E. The Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century F. Post-War Development of the Modern Action 3. Justifications for Breach of Confidence and Protection of Trade Secrets A. The Need to Justify Legal Intervention B. Seven Potential Justifications C. Conclusion

II THE JURISDICTIONAL BASIS OF THE ACTION

4. Jurisdictional Basis of Confidence A. Introduction B. Contract C. Equity D. Property E. Tort

III CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION

5. The Attributes of Confidentiality A. The Requirement of Confidentiality B. Mode of Expression C. Characteristics of Confidentiality 6. Categories of Confidential Information A. Introduction B. Trade Secrets C. Artistic and Literary Information D. Government Secrets E. Personal Information

IV THE OBLIGATION OF CONFIDENCE

7. General Principles A. Introduction B. Disclosure by Confider to Confidant C. Accidental Acquisition D. Surreptitious Acquisition E. Third Party Liability F. Private/Personal Information 8. Standing, Ownership, and Exploitation A. Introduction B. ‘Ownership’ of Confidential Information C. Voluntary Assignment (Inter Vivos) D. Insolvency E. Enforceability Post-Death F. Licensing G. Personal Information 9. Common Classes of Obligation A. Consultants and Contractors B. Proposed Business Arrangements C. Licensing D. Bankers E. Ministers of Religion F. Doctors and Other Health Professionals G. Lawyers H. Other Professional Categories I. Marital/Civil Partner and Intimate Relationships J. Fiduciaries K. Litigation L. Arbitration

V EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS

10. Introduction A. Employment as a Special Category B. Employment and Post-Employment 11. Obligations During Employment A. Express Obligations of Employee B. Implied Obligations of Employee C. Limits to Express and Implied Obligations D. Garden Leave E. The Employer’s Obligations 12. Post-Employment Obligations A. Express Obligations B. The Restraint of Trade Doctrine

C. Implied Obligations

VI CONFIDENTIALITY AND THE STATE

13. Obligation Arising from Disclosure to the State and its Agencies A. Breach of Confidence B. Data Protection C. Other Statutory Restrictions on Disclosure

D. Obligations on the State to Disclose Information E. Disclosures Made to European Authorities F. Assessment

VII DURATION AND BREACH OF OBLIGATION

14. Duration A. Introduction B. Release of Confidentiality Obligations by Express or Implied Consent C. Duration of Confidentiality Obligations—The Springboard Doctrine D. Death of the Person to Whom the Obligation is Owed E. Release and Waiver in Relation to Misuse of Private Information F. Private Information that has become Public G. Duration of Obligations under Various Statutes and EU Law 15. Breach A. Introduction B. Misuse of Private Information

VIII DEFENCES

16. The Public Interest A. Introduction B. The Public Interest Defence to the Action for Breach of Confidence C. Defences to Claims for Misuse of Private Information

IX REMEDIES

17. The Available Remedies A. International and Regional Obligations B. The Relationship between Remedies C. The Maxims of Equity 18. Injunctions A. Introduction B. The Jurisdiction to Grant Injunctions C. Information in the Public Domain D. Interim Injunctions: Basic Principles E. Final Injunctions F. Special Forms of Injunction and Order 19. Damages and Compensation A. Introduction B. Common Law Damages C. Lord Cairns’ Act D. Equitable Compensation E. Assessment of Damages (Equitable Compensation) F. Status of Information after Damages Paid G. Aggravated Damages H. Exemplary Damages I. Compensation under the Human Rights Act 1998 J. Data Protection K. Privacy of Photographs under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 20. Accounts of Profits and Disgorgement Remedies A. Introduction B. Account of Profits C. Constructive Trusts 21. Delivery Up, Destruction, Publication, and Declarations A. Delivery Up B. Publication of the Judgment C. Declarations

X INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS

22. Breach of Confidence in Public International Law A. Introduction B. Paris Convention C. TRIPS D. ACTA E. Private Information F. Resolution 509 (1968) G. Resolution 428 (1970) H. Resolution 1165 (1998) 23. Breach of Confidence in Private International Law A. Introduction B. Jurisdiction C. Applicable Law D. Conclusion

Index

duration of obligations 14.01–14.93 legal professional privilege public locations, taken in 16.71–16.79

Footnotes

1 Law Commission Working Paper 1 See paras 12.07–12.08. 1 See G Jones, ‘Restitution 1 Saltman Engineering Co Ltd 1 Douglas v Hello! 1 See eg Seager v 1 [1969] 1 QB 349. 1 International Entertainment v Lewis 1 Whitehill v Bradford [1952] 1 Item Software (UK) Ltd 1 See paras 11.18–11.20, 11.21–11.28. 1 For an historical survey, 1 In Ackroyds (London) Ltd 1 If a defendant is 1 See eg OBG Ltd 1 See Part II. 1 Cream Holdings v Bangerjee 1 See Vestergaard Frandsen A/S 1 See CT Flower, Introduction 1 For a recent statement 1 The Convention Establishing the 1 For discussion see G