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Index
Cover Page Cultural Anthropology Preface Features About the Authors Cultural Anthropology Part I Introduction to Anthropology
Chapter 1 What Is Anthropology?
Learning Objectives What Is Anthropology? The Scope of Anthropology The Holistic Approach Anthropological Curiosity Fields of Anthropology
Biological Anthropology Cultural Anthropology
Archaeology Anthropological Linguistics Ethnology (Cultural Anthropology)
Applied (Practicing) Anthropology
Specialization The Relevance of Anthropology Summary and Review
What Is Anthropology? The Scope of Anthropology The Holistic Approach Anthropological Curiosity Fields of Anthropology Specialization The Relevance of Anthropology
Think on it
chapter 2 Culture and Culture Change
Learning Objectives Defining Culture
Culture Is Commonly Shared Culture Is Learned Controversies About the Concept of Culture
Cultural Constraints Attitudes That Hinder the Study of Cultures Cultural Relativism
Human Rights and Relativism
Describing a Culture Culture Is Patterned
Culture Is Imperfectly Patterned How and Why Cultures Change
Discovery and Invention Unconscious Invention Intentional Innovation Who Adopts Innovations? Costs and Benefits
Diffusion
Patterns of Diffusion The Selective Nature of Diffusion
Acculturation
Revolution Culture Change and Adaptation Globalization: Problems and Opportunities Ethnogenesis: The Emergence of New Cultures Cultural Diversity in the Future Summary and Review
Defining Culture Cultural Constraints Attitudes That Hinder the Study of Cultures Cultural Relativism Describing a Culture Culture Is Patterned How and Why Cultures Change Culture Change and Adaptation Globalization: Problems and Opportunities Ethnogenesis: The Emergence of New Cultures Cultural Diversity in the Future
Think on it
chapter 3 Culture and the Individual
Learning Objectives The Universality of Psychological Development
Research on Emotional Development Research on Cognitive Development
The Anthropology of Childhood
Explaining Variation in Childhood and Beyond
Parents’ Belief Systems Adaptational Explanations Possible Genetic and Physiological Influences
Cross-Cultural Variation in Childrearing
Parental Responsiveness to Infants and Baby-Holding Parent–Child Play Parental Acceptance and Rejection of Children Compliance or Assertiveness Attitudes Toward Aggression Task Assignment Children’s Settings
Schooling
Psychological Variation in Adulthood
Concepts of the Selfb
Perceptual Style: Field Independence or Dependence
Expression of Aggression
Psychological Explanations of Cultural Variation Individuals as Agents of Cultural Change Summary and Review
The Universality of Psychological Development The Anthropology of Childhood Cross-Cultural Variation in Childrearing Psychological Variation in Adulthood Psychological Explanations of Cultural Variation Individuals as Agents of Cultural Change
Think on it
Chapter 4 Understanding and Explaining Culture
Learning Objectives Explanations
Associations or Relationships Theories
Why Theories Cannot Be Proved Overview of Theoretical Approaches
Evolutionary and Ecological Approaches Advantages and Disadvantages of Theoretical Orientations
Evidence: Testing Explanations
Operationalization and Measurement Sampling Statistical Evaluation
Types of Research in Cultural Anthropology
Ethnography
Ethnography as Source Material Ethnographer Disagreements Ethics in Fieldwork
Within-Culture Comparisons Regional Controlled Comparisons Cross-Cultural Research Historical Research
Summary and Review
Explanations Why Theories Cannot Be Proved Overview of Theoretical Approaches Evidence: Testing Explanations Types of Research in Cultural Anthropology
Think on it
Chapter 5 Communication and Language
Learning Objectives Communication
Nonverbal Human Communication Nonhuman Communication
The Origins of Language
Pidgin and Creole Languages Children’s Acquisition of Language
Descriptive Linguistics
Phonology Morphology Syntax
Historical Linguistics
Language Families and Culture History
The Processes of Linguistic Divergence Relationships Between Language and Culture
Cultural Influences on Language
Basic Words for Colors, Plants, and Animals Grammar
Linguistic Influences on Culture: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The Ethnography of Speaking
Social Status and Speech Gender Differences in Speech Multilingualism and Code-Switching
Writing and Literacy Summary and Review
Communication The Origins of Language Descriptive Linguistics Historical Linguistics The Processes of Linguistic Divergence Relationships Between Language and Culture The Ethnography of Speaking Writing and Literacy
Think on it
Part II Cultural Variation
Chapter 6 Getting Food
Learning Objectives Foraging
The Inupiaq of the North American Arctic General Features of Foragers Complex Foragers
Food Production
Horticulture
The Yanomamö The Samoans General Features of Horticulturalists
Intensive Agriculture
Rural Greece
Rural Vietnam: The Mekong Delta General Features of Intensive Agricultural Societies The Commercialization and Mechanization of Agriculture “Market Foraging” in Industrial Societies
Pastoralism
The Basseri The Saami General Features of Pastoralism
Environmental Restraints on Food-Getting The Origin of Food Production The Spread and Intensification of Food Production
Summary and Review
Foraging Food Production Environmental Restraints on Food-Getting The Origins of Food Production
The Spread and Intensification of Food Production Think on it
Chapter 7 Economic Systems
Learning Objectives The Allocation of Resources
Natural Resources: Land
Foragers Horticulturalists Pastoralists Intensive Agriculturalists Colonialism, the State, and Land Rights
Technology
The Conversion of Resources
Types of Economic Production
Domestic Industrial Tributary Post-industrial
Incentives for Labor
The Profit Motive? Chayanov’s Rule Social Rewards of Sharing Achievement
Forced and Required Labor
Taxation Corvée
Division of Labor
By Gender and Age Beyond Gender and Age
The Organization of Labor Making Decisions About Work
The Distribution of Goods and Services
Reciprocity
Generalized Reciprocity Balanced Reciprocity The Kula Ring Kinship Distance and Type of Reciprocity Reciprocity as a Leveling Device
Redistribution Market or Commercial Exchange
Kinds of Money Degrees of Commercialization Why Do Money and Market Exchange Develop? Possible Leveling Devices in Commercial Economies
The Worldwide Trend Toward Commercialization
Migratory Labor Nonagricultural Commercial Production Supplementary Cash Crops Introduction of Commercial and Industrial Agriculture
Summary and Review
The Allocation of Resources The Conversion of Resources The Distribution of Goods and Services The Worldwide Trend Toward Commercialization
Think on it
CHAPTER 8 Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism
Learning Objectives Variation in Degree of Social Inequality Egalitarian Societies Rank Societies Class Societies
Open Class Systems
Degree of Openness Degree of Inequality
Recognition of Class Caste Systems Slavery
Racism and Inequality
Race as a Construct in Biology Race as a Social Category
Ethnicity and Inequality The Emergence of Stratification Summary and Review
Variation in Degree of Social Inequality Egalitarian Societies Rank Societies Class Societies Racism and Inequality Ethnicity and Inequality The Emergence of Stratification
Think on it
CHAPTER 9 Sex and Gender
Learning Objectives Gender Concepts Physique and Physiology Gender Roles
Who Does What Work?
Strength Theory Compatibility-with-Child-Care Theory Economy-of-Effort Theory Expendability Theory Theoretical Weaknesses Changing Labor and Gender Roles
Relative Contributions to Work: Who Works More?
Overall Work Subsistence Work
Political Leadership and Warfare The Relative Status of Women Personality Differences
Aggression Dependence Sociability and Passivity Sexuality
Cultural Regulations of Sexuality: Permissiveness Versus Restrictiveness
Premarital Sex Sex in Marriage Extramarital Sex Homosexuality
Reasons for Sexual Restrictiveness
Summary and Review
Gender Concepts Physique and Physiology Gender Roles Relative Contributions to Work: Who Works More? Political Leadership and Warfare The Relative Status of Women Personality Differences Sexuality Think on it
Chapter 10 Marriage and the Family
Learning Objectives Marriage
The Na and Nayar Exceptions Same-Sex Marriages
Why is Marriage Nearly Universal?
Gender Division of Labor Prolonged Infant Dependency Sexual Competition A Look at Other Mammals and Birds
How does One Marry?
Marking the Onset of Marriage Economic Aspects of Marriage
Bride Price Bride Service Exchange of Females Gift Exchange Dowry Indirect Dowry
Restrictions on Marriage: The Universal Incest Taboo
Childhood-Familiarity Theory Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Family-Disruption Theory Cooperation Theory Inbreeding Theory
Whom should One Marry?
Arranged Marriages Exogamy and Endogamy Cousin Marriages Levirate and Sororate
How Many does One Marry?
Polygyny
Sororal and Nonsoral Polygyny Why Is Polygyny a Common Practice?
Polyandry
The Family
Adoption Variation in Family Form Extended-Family Households
Possible Reasons for Extended-Family Households Summary and Review
Marriage Why Is Marriage Nearly Universal? How Does One Marry? Restrictions on Marriage: The Universal Incest Taboo Whom Should One Marry? How Many Does One Marry? The Family Possible Reasons for Extended-Family Households
Think on it
Chapter 11 Marital Residence and Kinship
Learning Objectives Patterns of Marital Residence The Structure of Kinship Variation in Unilineal Descent Systems
Patrilineal Organization Matrilineal Organization
Functions of Unilineal Descent Groups
Regulating Marriage Economic Functions Political Functions Religious Functions
Ambilineal Systems Explaining Variation in Residence
Neolocal Residence Matrilocal Versus Patrilocal Residence Bilocal Residence Avunculocal Residence
The Emergence of Unilineal Systems Explaining Ambilineal and Bilateral Systems Kinship Terminology
Inuit, or Eskimo System Omaha System Crow System Iroquois System Sudanese System Hawaiian System
Summary and Review
Patterns of Marital Residence The Structure of Kinship Variation in Unilineal Descent Systems Functions of Unilineal Descent Groups Ambilineal Systems Explaining Variation in Residence The Emergence of Unilineal Systems Explaining Ambilineal and Bilateral Systems Kinship Terminology
Think on it
Chapter 12 Associations and Interest Groups
Learning Objectives Characteristics of Associations Nonvoluntary Associations
Age-Sets
Karimojong Age-Sets Shavante Age-Sets How Do Male Age-sets and Separate Dwellings Affect the Status of Women?
Unisex Associations
Mae Enga Bachelor Associations Poro and Sande Ijaw Women’s Associations Why Do Age-sets Exist?
Voluntary Associations
Military Associations Regional Associations Ethnic Associations Rotating Credit Associations Multiethnic Associations Other Interest Groups
Why Do Voluntary Associations Exist?
Summary and Review
Characteristics of Associations Nonvoluntary Associations Voluntary Associations
Think on it
Chapter13 Political Life: Social Order and Disorder
Learning Objectives Variation in Types of Political Organization
Band Organization Tribal Organization
Kinship Bonds Age-Set Systems
Chiefdom Organization State Organization Nation-State, Nationalism, and Political Identity Factors Associated with Variation in Political Organization
The Spread of State Societies Variation in Political Process
Getting to Be a Leader
“Big Men” “Big Women”
Political Participation
Resolution of Conflict
Peaceful Resolution of Conflict
Avoidance Community Action Negotiation and Mediation Ritual Reconciliation—Apology Oaths and Ordeals Adjudication, Courts, and Codified Law
Violent Resolution of Conflict
Individual Violence Feuding Raiding Large-Scale Confrontations
Explaining Warfare Political and Social Change
Summary and Review
Variation in Types of Political Organization The Spread of State Societies Variation in Political Process Resolution of Conflict
Think on it
Chapter 14 Religion and Magic
Learning Objectives The Universality of Religion
The Need to Understand Reversion to Childhood Feelings Anxiety and Uncertainty The Need for Community Need for Cooperation
Variation in Religious Beliefs
Types of Supernatural Forces and Beings
Supernatural Forces Supernatural Beings
The Character of Supernatural Beings Structure or Hierarchy of Supernatural Beings Intervention of the Gods in Human Affairs Life After Death
Variation in Religious Practices
Ways to Interact with the Supernatural Magic
Sorcery and Witchcraft
Types of Practitioners
The Shaman Sorcerers and Witches Mediums Priests Practitioners and Social Complexity
Religion and Adaptation Religious Change
Religious Conversion
Christianity on Tikopia Explaining Conversion
Revitalization
The Seneca and the Religion of Handsome Lake Cargo Cults Fundamentalism
Summary and Review
The Universality of Religion Variation in Religious Beliefs Variation in Religious Practices Religion and Adaptation Religious Change
Think on it
Chapter 15 The Arts
Learning Objectives Body Decoration and Adornment Explaining Variation in the Arts
Visual Art Music Folklore
Viewing the Art of Other Cultures Artistic Change, Culture Contact, and Global Trade
“Tourist” Art and “Fine” Art
Summary and Review
Body Decoration and Adornment Explaining Variation in the Arts Viewing the Art of Other Cultures Artistic Change, Culture Contact, and Global Trade
Think on it
Part III Using Anthropology
Chapter 16 Practicing and Applying Anthropology
Learning Objectives Ethics of Applied Anthropology Evaluating the Effects of Planned Change Difficulties in Instituting Planned Change
Anthropologists as Advocates and Collaborators
Environmental Anthropology Business and Organizational Anthropology Cultural Resource Management Museum Anthropology Forensic Anthropology Summary and Review
Ethics of Applied Anthropology Evaluating the Effects of Planned Change Difficulties in Instituting Planned Change Environmental Anthropology Business and Organizational Anthropology Cultural Resource Management Museum Anthropology Forensic Anthropology
Think on it
Chapter 17 Health and Illness
Learning Objectives Cultural Understandings of Health and Illness
Concepts of Balance or Equilibrium Supernatural Forces The Biomedical Paradigm
Treatment of Illness
Medical Practitioners
The Shaman Physicians
Political and Economic Influences on Health Health Conditions and Diseases
AIDS Mental and Emotional Disorders
Susto Depression
Undernutrition
Summary and Review
Cultural Understandings of Health and Illness Treatment of Illness Political and Economic Influences on Health Health Conditions and Diseases
Think on it
Chapter 18 Global Problems
Learning Objectives Natural Events, Disasters, and Famine Inadequate Housing and Homelessness Family Violence and Abuse
Violence Against Children Violence Against Wives Reducing the Risk
Crime War Terrorism Making the World Better Summary and Review
Natural Disasters and Famine Inadequate Housing and Homelessness Family Violence and Abuse Crime War Terrorism Making the World Better
Think on it
Glossary Notes Bibliography Index maps The First Hominids The Emergence of Modern Humans The Spread of Modern Humans The Spread of Agriculture The First Civilizations Trade, Crops, and the Spread of Disease, 500–1500 a.d.
The spread of bubonic plague The diffusion of staple crops
Trading in Human Lives
Slaves in the New World The Atlantic slave trade Other slave trades
The Industrial Revolution and the Spread of Technology
The Impact of the Industrial Revolution
Western Imperialism
The scramble for Africa Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Migration in the 19th Century
Migration in the 19th century
Biological Exchanges European Expansion in the 16th Century
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