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Index
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Reviewers
Part I: Physical Activity and Health
1 The Health Benefits of Physical Activity
INTRODUCTION
Domains of Physical Activity
Physical Activity Recommendations
Prevalence of Physical Activity
Health Equity and Health Disparities
Benefits of Physical Activity and Chronic Disease
Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality
Physical Activity and Chronic Diseases
Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease
Physical Activity and Stroke
Physical Activity and Cancer
Physical Activity and Diabetes
Physical Activity and Obesity
Physical Activity and Disabilities, Aging, Functional Independence, and Activities of Daily Living
2 The Health Consequences of Physical Inactivity and Sedentary Behavior
INTRODUCTION
Physical Inactivity
Definition of Inactivity and Current U.S. Guidelines for Physical Activity
Deconditioning
Prevalence of Inactivity
Exercise is Medicine
Sedentary Behavior
Definition and Measurement
Health Effects of Sedentary Behavior
Sedentary Behavior and Overall Mortality
Sedentary Behavior and Cardiovascular Disease
Sedentary Behavior and Obesity
Sedentary Behavior and Diabetes/Metabolic Disease
Sedentary Behavior and Cancer
Sedentary Behavior and Bone Mineral Density
Sedentary Behavior and Physical Function in Older Adults
Sedentary Behavior Goals and Guidelines
Part II: Preparticipation Screening, Fitness Assessment, and Interpretation
3 Preparticipation Screening
INTRODUCTION
Preparticipation Health Screening
American College of Sports Medicine Preparticipation Screening Algorithm
Self-Guided Methods
Risk Stratification for Those in Cardiac Rehabilitation and/or Medical Fitness Facilities
Pre-exercise Evaluation
Informed Consent
Medical History and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Assessment
Physical Examination/Laboratory Testing
Blood Pressure
Patient Preparation
Protocol Selection
4 Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessment
INTRODUCTION
Measuring Cardiorespiratory Fitness and the Maximal Oxygen Uptake
Maximal Oxygen Uptake (Absolute and Relative)
Maximal Oxygen Consumption: Net and Gross Rates
Open-Circuit Spirometry
Exercise Tests to Estimate
Contraindications to Exercise Testing
Maximal versus Submaximal Exercise Testing
Guidelines for Exercise Testing
General Guidelines
Pretest Instructions for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessment
Cardiorespiratory Test Sequence and Measurements
Position and Technique
Rating of Perceived Exertion
Test Termination Criteria
Procedures and Protocols for Maximal, Submaximal, and Field Exercise Tests
Modes of Testing
Field Tests
Motor-Driven Treadmills
Mechanically Braked Cycle Ergometers
Step Testing
Maximal Exercise Testing
Maximal Treadmill Exercise Protocols
Maximal Cycle Ergometer Exercise Protocols
Submaximal Exercise Testing
Assumptions and Sources of Error in Submaximal Prediction of Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Submaximal Single-Stage Treadmill Protocols
Submaximal Cycle Ergometer Protocols
Submaximal Bench Stepping Protocols
Additional Submaximal Exercise Tests
Field Tests for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Tests
Criterion-Referenced Standards versus Normative Data
Interpretation of Results from Submaximal Exercise Testing
5 Muscle Strength Assessment
INTRODUCTION
Dynamic Strength (Isotonic)
Muscular Endurance Strength
Isometric (Static) Strength–Handgrip Strength
Rate of Force Development
Isokinetic Strength Assessment
Functional Strength Assessments
Functional Movement Screen
Strength Evaluation
6 Body Composition Assessment
INTRODUCTION
Rationale for Body Composition Assessment
Body Composition Models
Methodologies in Body Composition Assessment
Height, Body Mass, and Body Mass Index
Height
Body Mass
Body Mass Index
Circumferences
Waist Circumference
Hip Circumference
Waist-to-Hip Ratio
Hydrodensitometry
Skinfold Measurement
Taking the Measurements
Potential Disadvantages
Bioelectrical Impedance
Potential Disadvantages
Air Displacement Plethysmography
Potential Disadvantages
Ultrasound
Potential Disadvantages
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
Advantages and Potential Disadvantages
Body Composition Assessment in Children and Adolescents
Body Fat Prediction Equation Selection
Interpretation of Body Fat Percentage Estimates
Measurement Error Considerations
7 Flexibility and Functional Movement Assessments
INTRODUCTION
Flexibility
Sit-and-Reach Test
Individual Joint Measurements
Goniometer
Inclinometer
Functional Movement Assessments
The Functional Movement Screen
Contraindications to Range of Motion and Functional Assessment
Part III: Exercise Prescription
8 General Principles of Exercise Prescription
INTRODUCTION
Exercise Prescription for All
Current FITT-VP Recommendations from the American College of Sports Medicine
Aerobic Frequency
Aerobic Intensity
Writing the Aerobic Exercise Intensity
Exercise Intensity Prescription Calculation Examples from Heart Rate
Aerobic Time (Duration)
Aerobic Type (Mode)
Aerobic Volume
Aerobic Progression
Resistance Components
Flexibility Components
Neuromotor Components
Setting Up a Program
Process
Screening/Evaluation
Developing the Individualized Exercise Program
9 Special Considerations across the Lifespan: Pregnancy, Children and Youth, and Older Adults
INTRODUCTION
PREGNANCY
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
Physical Activity and Exercise during Pregnancy
Types of Prescribed Exercises for Pregnancy
Special Considerations for Exercise and Pregnancy
CHILDREN AND YOUTH
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
Special Considerations and Physical Activity Recommendations for Children and Youth
OLDER ADULTS
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
Special Considerations for Exercise and Older Adults
Part IV: Exercise Testing and Prescription for Special Populations
10 Special Considerations for Cardiovascular Disease: Chronic Stable Angina and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
INTRODUCTION
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology of Angina Pectoris
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
11 Special Considerations for Cardiovascular Diseases: Ventricular Assist Devices and Heart Transplantation
INTRODUCTION
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Left Ventricular Assist Devices
Heart Transplantation
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Graft Dysfunction
Rejection
Hyperacute Rejection
Acute Cellular Rejection
Acute Humoral Rejection
Chronic (Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy) Rejection
Medications
Immunosuppressants
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)
Common Nonrejection Medical Problems
Infection and Malignancy
Hypertension
Obesity
Dyslipidemia
Diabetes
Chronic Renal Insufficiency
Osteoporosis
Depression
Psychological Factors
Graded Exercise Testing Considerations: Pretransplant
Graded Exercise Testing Considerations: Posttransplant
Heart Rate and Exercise
Blood, Intracardiac, and Vascular Pressures
Left Ventricular Function
Exercise Cardiac Output
Pulmonary Function and Arterial Oxygenation
Oxygen Extraction by Exercising Skeletal Muscle
Oxygen Uptake Kinetics, Peak Exercise
Resistance Exercise
Effect of Exercise Training on Immune Function and Longevity
Early Mobilization and Inpatient Exercise Training
Outpatient Exercise Training
12 Special Considerations for Cardiovascular Disease: Heart Failure
INTRODUCTION
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
13 Special Considerations for Cardiovascular Disease: Valvular Heart Disease and Peripheral Artery Disease
INTRODUCTION
VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression
PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
14 Special Considerations for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
INTRODUCTION
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
Hypoglycemia and Exercise
Hyperglycemia and Exercise
15 Special Considerations for Metabolic Syndrome, Hypertension, and Dyslipidemia
INTRODUCTION
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Metabolic Syndrome
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
Metabolic Syndrome
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
16 Special Considerations for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
INTRODUCTION
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
17 Special Considerations for Asthma and Interstitial Lung Disease
INTRODUCTION
ASTHMA
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Symptom Monitoring and Asthma Action Plan Use
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
Asthma Exercise Summary
INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
Pulmonary Function Results
Oxygen Assessment and Titration
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
Exercise and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Oxygen Assessment and Prescription in Interstitial Lung Disease
18 Special Considerations for Weight Management
INTRODUCTION
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
19 Special Considerations for Chronic Pain
INTRODUCTION
CHRONIC NONSPECIFIC LOW BACK PAIN
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
FIBROMYALGIA
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Preparticipation Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
20 Special Considerations for Cancer
INTRODUCTION
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Overview of Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
Special Considerations and Contraindications to Exercise
21 Special Considerations for Bone Health and Osteoporosis
INTRODUCTION
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Etiology of Osteoporosis
Characteristics of Bone Strength
Bone Quantity
Bone Quality
Bone Structure
Risks for and Prevention of Fracture
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
Loading Characteristics
Guidelines for Exercise Prescription
22 Special Considerations for Psychological Health
INTRODUCTION
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations for Depression and Anxiety
Evidence for the Effects of Exercise on Depression
Evidence for the Effects of Exercise on Anxiety
Mechanisms of the Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Effects of Exercise
23 Special Considerations for Physical and Intellectual Disabilities
INTRODUCTION
SPINAL CORD INJURY
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Testing
Body Composition Testing
Muscular Strength and Endurance Testing
Flexibility Testing
Neuromotor Testing
Exercise Prescription and Progression Considerations
Muscular Strength and Endurance Training
Flexibility Training
Neuromotor Training
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS
Description, Prevalence, and Etiology
Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical History, and Physical Examination
Exercise Testing Considerations
Exercise Prescription and Progression Consideration
Glossary
Index
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