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Index
Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Epigraph Contents Preface to the New Edition Introduction Acknowledgments c. 13.7 Billion BCE: Big Bang c. 13.7 Billion BCE: Recombination Era c. 13.5 Billion BCE: First Stars c. 13.3 Billion BCE: Milky Way c. 5 Billion BCE: Solar Nebula c. 4.6 Billion BCE: Violent Proto-Sun c. 4.6 Billion BCE: Birth of the Sun c. 4.5 Billion BCE: Mercury c. 4.5 Billion BCE: Venus c. 4.5 Billion BCE: Earth c. 4.5 Billion BCE: Mars c. 4.5 Billion BCE: Main Asteroid Belt c. 4.5 Billion BCE: Jupiter c. 4.5 Billion BCE: Saturn c. 4.5 Billion BCE: Uranus c. 4.5 Billion BCE: Neptune c. 4.5 Billion BCE: Pluto and the Kuiper Belt c. 4.5 Billion BCE: Birth of the Moon c. 4.1 Billion BCE: Late Heavy Bombardment c. 3.8 Billion BCE: Life on Earth 550 Million BCE: Cambrian Explosion 65 Million BCE: Dinosaur-Killing Impact 200,000 BCE: Homo Sapiens c. 50,000 BCE: Arizona Impact c. 5000 BCE: Birth of Cosmology c. 3000 BCE: Ancient Observatories c. 2500 BCE: Egyptian Astronomy c. 2100 BCE: Astronomy in China c. 500 BCE: Earth Is Round! c. 400 BCE: Greek Geocentrism c. 400 BCE: Western Astrology c. 280 BCE: Sun-Centered Cosmos c. 250 BCE: Eratosthenes Measures the Earth c. 150 BCE: Stellar Magnitude c. 100 BCE: First Computer 45 BCE: Julian Calendar c. 150: Ptolemy’s Almagest 185: Chinese Observe “Guest Star” c. 500: Aryabhatiya c. 700: Finding Easter c. 825: Early Islamic Astronomy c. 964: Andromeda Sighted c. 1000: Experimental Astrophysics c. 1000: Mayan Astronomy 1054: “Daytime Star” Observed c. 1230: De Sphaera c. 1260: Large Medieval Observatories c. 1500: Early Calculus 1543: Copernicus’s De Revolutionibus 1572: Brahe’s “Nova Stella” 1582: Gregorian Calendar 1596: Mira Variables 1600: Bruno’s On the Infinite Universe and Worlds c. 1608: First Astronomical Telescopes 1610: Galileo’s Starry Messenger 1610: Io 1610: Europa 1610: Ganymede 1610: Callisto 1610: Orion Nebula “Discovered” 1619: Three Laws of Planetary Motion 1639: Venus Transits the Sun 1650: Mizar-Alcor Sextuple System 1655: Titan 1659: Saturn Has Rings 1665: Great Red Spot 1665: Globular Clusters 1671–1672: Iapetus and Rhea 1676: Speed of Light 1682: Halley’s Comet 1684: Tethys and Dione 1684: Zodiacal Light 1686: Origin of Tides 1687: Newton’s Laws of Gravity and Motion 1718: Proper Motion of Stars 1757: Celestial Navigation 1764: Planetary Nebulae 1771: Messier Catalog 1772: Lagrange Points 1781: Discovery of Uranus 1787: Titania and Oberon 1789: Enceladus 1789: Mimas 1794: Meteorites Come from Space 1795: Encke’s Comet 1801: Ceres 1807: Vesta 1814: Birth of Spectroscopy 1838: Stellar Parallax 1839: First Astrophotographs 1846: Discovery of Neptune 1846: Triton 1847: Miss Mitchell’s Comet 1848: Doppler Shift of Light 1848: Hyperion 1851: Foucault’s Pendulum 1851: Ariel and Umbriel 1857: Kirkwood Gaps 1859: Solar Flares 1859: Search for Vulcan 1862: White Dwarfs 1866: Source of the Leonid Meteors 1868: Helium 1877: Deimos 1877: Phobos 1887: End of the Ether 1893: Star Color = Star Temperature 1895: Milky Way Dark Lanes 1896: Greenhouse Effect 1896: Radioactivity 1899: Phoebe 1900: Quantum Mechanics 1901: Pickering’s “Harvard Computers” 1904: Himalia 1905: Einstein’s “Miracle Year” 1906: Jupiter’s Trojan Asteroids 1906: Mars and Its Canals 1908: Tunguska Explosion 1908: Cepheid Variables and Standard Candles 1910: Main Sequence 1918: Size of the Milky Way 1920: “Centaur” Asteroids 1924: Eddington’s Mass-Luminosity Relation 1926: Liquid-Fueled Rocketry 1927: The Milky Way Rotates 1929: Hubble’s Law 1930: Discovery of Pluto 1931: Radio Astronomy 1932: The Öpik-Oort Cloud 1933: Neutron Stars 1933: Dark Matter 1936: Elliptical Galaxies 1939: Nuclear Fusion 1945: Geosynchronous Satellites 1948: Miranda 1955: Jupiter’s Magnetic Field 1956: Neutrino Astronomy 1957: Sputnik 1 1958: Earth’s Radiation Belts 1958: Nasa and the Deep Space Network 1959: Far Side of the Moon 1959: Spiral Galaxies 1960: Seti 1961: First Humans in Space 1963: Arecibo Radio Telescope 1963: Quasars 1964: Cosmic Microwave Background 1965: Black Holes 1965: Hawking’s “Extreme Physics” 1966: Venera 3 Reaches Venus 1967: Pulsars 1967: Study of Extremophiles 1969: First on the Moon 1969: Second on the Moon 1969: Astronomy Goes Digital 1970: Organic Molecules in Murchison Meteorite 1970: Venera 7 Lands on Venus 1970: Lunar Robotic Sample Return 1971: Fra Mauro Formation 1971: First Mars Orbiters 1971: Roving on the Moon 1972: Lunar Highlands 1972: Last on the Moon 1973: Gamma-Ray Bursts 1973: Pioneer 10 at Jupiter 1976: Vikings on Mars 1977: Voyager “Grand Tour” Begins 1977: Uranian Rings Discovered 1978: Charon 1979: Active Volcanoes on Io 1979: Jovian Rings 1979: An Ocean on Europa? 1979: Gravitational Lensing 1979: Pioneer 11 at Saturn 1980: Cosmos: A Personal Voyage 1980, 1981: Voyager Saturn Encounters 1981: Space Shuttle 1982: Rings Around Neptune 1984: Circumstellar Disks 1986: Voyager 2 at Uranus 1987: Supernova 1987 A 1988: Light Pollution 1989: Voyager 2 at Neptune 1989: Walls of Galaxies 1990: Hubble Space Telescope 1990: Venus Mapped by Magellan 1992: Mapping the Cosmic Microwave Background 1992: First Extrasolar Planets 1992: Kuiper Belt Objects 1992: Asteroids Can Have Moons 1993: Giant Telescopes 1994: Comet SL-9 Slams into Jupiter 1994: Brown Dwarfs 1995: Planets Around Other Suns 1995: Galileo Orbits Jupiter 1996: Life on Mars? 1997: “Great Comet” Hale-Bopp 1997 253: Mathilde 1997: First Rover on Mars 1997: Mars Global Surveyor 1998: International Space Station 1998: Dark Energy 1999: Torino Impact Hazard Scale 1999: Chandra X-ray Observatory 2000: An Ocean on Ganymede? 2000: Near at Eros 2001: Solar Neutrino Problem 2001: Age of the Universe 2001: Genesis Catches Solar Wind 2003: Spitzer Space Telescope 2004: Spirit and Opportunity on Mars 2004–2017: Cassini Explores Saturn 2004: Stardust Encounters Wild-2 2005: Deep Impact: Tempel-1 2005: Huygens Lands on Titan 2005: Hayabusa at Itokawa 2006: Demotion of Pluto 2007: Habitable Super Earths? 2009: Kepler Mission 2010: Sofia 2010: Rosetta Flies by 21 Lutetia 2010: Comet Hartley-2 2011: Messenger at Mercury 2011: Dawn at Vesta 2011: ALMA 2012: Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity Rover 2013: Chelyabinsk Fireball 2015: LightSail-1 2015: Dawn at Ceres 2015: Pluto Revealed! 2016: Juno at Jupiter 2016: ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 2016: Gravitational Waves 2017: North American Solar Eclipse 2017: Planets around Trappist-1 2018: InSight to Mars 2019: James Webb Space Telescope 2020: Start of Mars Sample Return ~2022: Europa Clipper 2022: Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer ~2025?: Wfirst 2029: Apophis Near Miss ~2035 –2050: First Humans on Mars? ~2050?: Breakthrough Starshot ~100 Million: Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy Collision ~1 Billion: Earth’s Oceans Evaporate ~3–5 Billion: Collision with Andromeda ~5–7 Billion: End of the Sun ~1014: Last of the Stars The End of Time: How Will the Universe End? Notes and Further Reading Photo Credits
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