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Index
Preface CHAPTER 1 An Introduction to Child Development
Reasons to Learn About Child Development
Raising Children Choosing Social Policies BOX 1.1 A Closer Look: The Romanian Adoption Study Understanding Human Nature Review
Historical Foundations of the Study of Child Development
Early Philosophers’ Views of Children’s Development Social Reform Movements Darwin’s Theory of Evolution The Beginnings of Research-Based Theories of Child Development Review
Enduring Themes in Child Development
1. Nature and Nurture: How Do Nature and Nurture Together Shape Development? 2. The Active Child: How Do Children Shape Their Own Development? 3. Continuity/Discontinuity: In What Ways Is Development Continuous, and in What Ways Is It Discontinuous? 4. Mechanisms of Change: How Does Change Occur? 5. The Sociocultural Context: How Does the Sociocultural Context Influence Development? 6. Individual Differences: How Do Children Become So Different from One Another? 7. Research and Children’s Welfare: How Can Research Promote Children’s Well-Being? BOX 1.2 Individual Differences: Can Children Learn to Be More Intelligent? Review
Methods for Studying Child Development
The Scientific Method Contexts for Gathering Data About Children Correlation and Causation Research Designs for Examining Children’s Development Ethical Issues in Child-Development Research Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 2 Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period
Prenatal Development
BOX 2.1 A Closer Look: Beng Beginnings Conception Developmental Processes BOX 2.2 Individual Differences: The First—and Last—Sex Differences Early Development An Illustrated Summary of Prenatal Development Fetal Behavior Fetal Experience Fetal Learning BOX 2.3 A Closer Look: Nonhuman Animal Models of Prenatal Development Review
Hazards to Prenatal Development
Teratogens BOX 2.4 Applications: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Maternal Factors Review
The Birth Experience
Diversity of Childbirth Practices Review
The Newborn Infant
State of Arousal Negative Outcomes at Birth Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 3 Biology and Behavior
Nature and Nurture
Genetic and Environmental Forces BOX 3.1 Applications: Genetic Transmission of Disorders BOX 3.2 Applications: Genetic Testing Review
Behavior Genetics
Behavior Genetics Research Designs Heritability Environmental Effects Review
Brain Development
Structures of the Brain Developmental Processes BOX 3.3 A Closer Look: Mapping the Mind The Importance of Experience Brain Damage and Recovery Review
The Body: Physical Growth and Development
Growth and Maturation Nutritional Behavior BOX 3.4 A Closer Look: Poverty and Health Disparities Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 4 Theories of Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Theory
View of Children’s Nature Central Developmental Issues Piaget’s Legacy BOX 4.1 Applications: Educational Applications of Piaget’s Theory Review
Information-Processing Theories
View of Children’s Nature Central Developmental Issues BOX 4.2 Applications: Educational Applications of Information-Processing Theories Review
Core-Knowledge Theories
View of Children’s Nature Central Developmental Issue: Nativism Versus Constructivism BOX 4.3 Applications: Educational Applications of Core-Knowledge Theories Review
Sociocultural Theories
View of Children’s Nature Central Developmental Issues BOX 4.4 Applications: Educational Applications of Sociocultural Theories Review
Dynamic-Systems Theories
View of Children’s Nature Central Developmental Issues Review BOX 4.5 Applications: Educational Applications of Dynamic-Systems Theories
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 5 Seeing, Thinking, and Doing in Infancy
Perception
Vision BOX 5.1 A Closer Look: Infants’ Face Perception Auditory Perception BOX 5.2 A Closer Look: Picture Perception Taste and Smell Touch Intermodal Perception Review
Motor Development
Reflexes Motor Milestones Modern Views of Motor Development BOX 5.3 A Closer Look: “The Case of the Disappearing Reflex” The Expanding World of the Infant BOX 5.4 A Closer Look: “Gangway—I’m Coming Down” Review
Learning
Habituation Perceptual Learning Statistical Learning Classical Conditioning Instrumental Conditioning Observational Learning/Imitation Rational Learning Active Learning Review
Cognition
Object Knowledge Physical Knowledge Social Knowledge Looking Ahead Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 6 Development of Language and Symbol Use
Language Development
The Components of Language What Is Required for Language? BOX 6.1 Applications: Two Languages Are Better Than One Review
The Process of Language Acquisition
Speech Perception Word Segmentation Preparation for Production First Words BOX 6.2 Individual Differences: Language Development and Socioeconomic Status BOX 6.3 Applications: iBabies: Technology and Language Learning Putting Words Together Conversational Skills Later Development Review
Theoretical Issues in Language Development
Chomsky and the Nativist View Ongoing Debates in Language Development BOX 6.4 A Closer Look: “I Just Can’t Talk Without My Hands”: What Gestures Tell Us About Language BOX 6.5 Individual Differences: Developmental Language Disorders Review
Nonlinguistic Symbols and Development
Using Symbols as Information Drawing and Writing Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 7 Conceptual Development
Understanding Who or What
Dividing Objects into Categories Knowledge of Other People and Oneself BOX 7.1 Individual Differences: Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Knowledge of Living Things BOX 7.2 Individual Differences: Imaginary Companions Review
Understanding Why, Where, When, and How Many
Causality BOX 7.3 A Closer Look: Magical Thinking and Fantasy Space BOX 7.4 Individual Differences: Development of Spatial Concepts in Blind and Visually Impaired People Time Number Relations Among Understanding of Space, Time, and Number Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 8 Intelligence and Academic Achievement
What Is Intelligence?
Intelligence as a Single Trait Intelligence as a Few Basic Abilities Intelligence as Numerous Cognitive Processes A Proposed Resolution Review
Measuring Intelligence
The Contents of Intelligence Tests The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Continuity of IQ Scores Review
IQ Scores as Predictors of Important Outcomes
BOX 8.1 Individual Differences: Gifted Children Other Predictors of Success Review
Genes, Environment, and the Development of Intelligence
Qualities of the Child Influence of the Immediate Environment Influence of Society BOX 8.2 Applications: A Highly Successful Early Intervention: The Carolina Abecedarian Project Review
Alternative Perspectives on Intelligence
Gardner’s Theory Sternberg’s Theory Review
Acquisition of Academic Skills: Reading, Writing, and Mathematics
Reading BOX 8.3 Individual Differences: Dyslexia Writing Mathematics BOX 8.4 Applications: Mathematics Disabilities Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 9 Theories of Social Development
Psychoanalytic Theories
View of Children’s Development Central Developmental Issues Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Current Perspectives Review
Learning Theories
View of Children’s Development Central Developmental Issues Watson’s Behaviorism Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Social-Learning Theory Current Perspectives Review BOX 9.1 A Closer Look: Bandura and Bobo
Theories of Social Cognition
View of Children’s Development Central Developmental Issues Selman’s Stage Theory of Role Taking Dodge’s Information-Processing Theory of Social Problem Solving Dweck’s Theory of Self-Attributions and Achievement Motivation Current Perspectives BOX 9.2 A Closer Look: Developmental Social Neuroscience Review
Ecological Theories of Development
View of Children’s Development Central Developmental Issues Ethological and Evolutionary Theories The Bioecological Model BOX 9.3 Individual Differences: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder BOX 9.4 Applications: Preventing Child Abuse Current Perspectives Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 10 Emotional Development
The Development of Emotions
Theories on the Nature and Emergence of Emotion The Emergence of Emotions BOX 10.1 A Closer Look: Basic Emotional Expressions in Infants Review
Understanding Emotions
Identifying the Emotions of Others BOX 10.2 A Closer Look: Emotional Intelligence Understanding the Causes and Dynamics of Emotion Understanding Real and False Emotions Review
Emotion Regulation
The Development of Emotion Regulation The Relation of Emotion Regulation to Social Competence and Adjustment Review
Temperament
Measuring Temperament Determinants of Temperament The Role of Temperament in Social Skills and Maladjustment Review
The Role of Family in Emotional Development
Quality of Parent–Child Relationships Parents’ Socialization of Children’s Emotional Responses Review
Mental Health, Stress, and Internalizing Mental Disorders
Stress BOX 10.3 Applications: Toxic Stress and Adverse Childhood Experiences Internalizing Mental Disorders BOX 10.4 Individual Differences: Gender Differences in Adolescent Depression Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 11 Attachment to Others and Development of the Self
The Caregiver–Child Attachment Relationship
Attachment Theory Measurement of Attachment Security BOX 11.1 A Closer Look: Does Childcare Interfere with Attachment? Cultural Variations in Attachment Styles Sources of Individual Differences in Attachment Styles BOX 11.2 Applications: Interventions to Improve Attachment Attachment and Social-Emotional Development Review
The Self
Self-Concept BOX 11.3 Individual Differences: Development of Self-Awareness Among Children with Autism Self-Esteem BOX 11.4 A Closer Look: Is Too Much Praise Bad for Self-Esteem? Identity Sexual Identity Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 12 The Family
Family Structure
Changes in Family Structure in the United States BOX 12.1 Individual Differences: Teenagers as Parents Same-Sex Parents Divorced Parents Stepparents Review
Family Dynamics
Parenting BOX 12.2 Applications: Should Parents Spank Their Children? Differences in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Interactions with Their Children The Child’s Influence on Parenting Sibling Relationships Review
The Socioeconomic Context
Cultural Contexts Economic Contexts BOX 12.3 A Closer Look: Homelessness Parents’ Work Contexts Childcare Contexts BOX 12.4 Applications: Family-Leave Policies Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 13 Peer Relationships
Friendships
Children’s Choice of Friends BOX 13.1 Individual Differences: Culture and Children’s Peer Experience Early Peer Interactions and Friendships Developmental Changes in Friendship The Role of Technology in Friendships Effects of Friendships on Psychological Functioning and Behavior BOX 13.2 A Closer Look: Cyberbullying Review
Peer Interactions
Cliques and Social Networks in Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence Cliques and Social Networks in Adolescence Negative Influences of Cliques and Social Networks Bullying and Victimization Romantic Relationships with Peers Review
Status in the Peer Group
Measurement of Peer Status Characteristics Associated with Sociometric Status BOX 13.3 Applications: Fostering Children’s Peer Acceptance Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences in Factors Related to Peer Status Review BOX 13.4 A Closer Look: Parents’ Strategies for Shaping Peer Relationships
The Role of Parents in Children’s Peer Relationships
Relations Between Attachment and Competence with Peers Quality of Ongoing Parent–Child Interactions and Peer Relationships Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 14 Moral Development
Moral Judgment
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Judgment Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning Prosocial-Moral Judgment The Development of Conscience Domains of Social Judgment Review
Prosocial Behavior
The Development of Prosocial Behavior The Origins of Individual Differences in Prosocial Behavior BOX 14.1 A Closer Look: Cultural Contributions to Children’s Prosocial and Antisocial Tendencies Review
Antisocial Behavior
The Development of Aggression and Other Antisocial Behaviors BOX 14.2 Applications: School-Based Interventions for Promoting Prosocial Behavior BOX 14.3 A Closer Look: Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder Characteristics of Aggressive and Antisocial Behavior of Children and Adolescents The Origins of Aggression and Antisocial Behavior Biology and Socialization: Their Joint Influence on Children’s Antisocial Behavior BOX 14.4 Applications: Positive Youth Development and Service Learning Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 15 Gender Development
Theoretical Approaches to Gender Development
Biological Influences BOX 15.1 A Closer Look: Gender Identity: More than Socialization? Cognitive and Motivational Influences Cultural Influences BOX 15.2 Applications: Where are SpongeSally SquarePants and Curious Jane? Review
Milestones in Gender Development
Infancy and Toddlerhood Preschool Years Middle Childhood Adolescence Review
Comparing Girls and Boys
Physical Growth: Prenatal Development Through Adolescence Cognitive Abilities and Academic Achievement Interpersonal Goals and Communication BOX 15.3 A Closer Look: Gender and Children’s Communication Styles Aggressive Behavior BOX 15.4 Applications: Sexual Harassment and Dating Violence Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 16 Conclusions
Theme 1: Nature and Nurture: All Interactions, All the Time
Nature and Nurture Begin Interacting Before Birth Infants’ Nature Elicits Nurture Timing Matters Nature Does Not Reveal Itself All at Once Everything Influences Everything
Theme 2: Children Play Active Roles in Their Own Development
Self-Initiated Activity Active Interpretation of Experience Self-Regulation Eliciting Reactions from Other People
Theme 3: Development Is Both Continuous and Discontinuous
Continuity/Discontinuity of Individual Differences Continuity/Discontinuity of Overall Development: The Question of Stages
Theme 4: Mechanisms of Developmental Change
Biological Change Mechanisms Behavioral Change Mechanisms Cognitive Change Mechanisms Change Mechanisms Work Together
Theme 5: The Sociocultural Context Shapes Development
Growing Up in Societies with Different Practices and Values Growing Up in Different Times and Places Growing Up in Different Circumstances Within a Society
Theme 6: Individual Differences
Breadth of Individual Differences at a Given Time Stability Over Time Predicting Future Individual Differences on Other Dimensions Determinants of Individual Differences
Theme 7: Child-Development Research Can Improve Children’s Lives
Implications for Parenting Implications for Education Implications for Helping Children at Risk Improving Social Policy
Glossary References Name Index Subject Index
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