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Index
Preface
CHAPTER 1 An Introduction to Child Development
Reasons to Learn About Child Development
Raising Children
Choosing Social Policies
BOX 1.1 A Closer Look: The Romanian Adoption Study
Understanding Human Nature
Review
Historical Foundations of the Study of Child Development
Early Philosophers’ Views of Children’s Development
Social Reform Movements
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
The Beginnings of Research-Based Theories of Child Development
Review
Enduring Themes in Child Development
1. Nature and Nurture: How Do Nature and Nurture Together Shape Development?
2. The Active Child: How Do Children Shape Their Own Development?
3. Continuity/Discontinuity: In What Ways Is Development Continuous, and in What Ways Is It Discontinuous?
4. Mechanisms of Change: How Does Change Occur?
5. The Sociocultural Context: How Does the Sociocultural Context Influence Development?
6. Individual Differences: How Do Children Become So Different from One Another?
7. Research and Children’s Welfare: How Can Research Promote Children’s Well-Being?
BOX 1.2 Individual Differences: Can Children Learn to Be More Intelligent?
Review
Methods for Studying Child Development
The Scientific Method
Contexts for Gathering Data About Children
Correlation and Causation
Research Designs for Examining Children’s Development
Ethical Issues in Child-Development Research
Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 2 Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period
Prenatal Development
BOX 2.1 A Closer Look: Beng Beginnings
Conception
Developmental Processes
BOX 2.2 Individual Differences: The First—and Last—Sex Differences
Early Development
An Illustrated Summary of Prenatal Development
Fetal Behavior
Fetal Experience
Fetal Learning
BOX 2.3 A Closer Look: Nonhuman Animal Models of Prenatal Development
Review
Hazards to Prenatal Development
Teratogens
BOX 2.4 Applications: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Maternal Factors
Review
The Birth Experience
Diversity of Childbirth Practices
Review
The Newborn Infant
State of Arousal
Negative Outcomes at Birth
Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 3 Biology and Behavior
Nature and Nurture
Genetic and Environmental Forces
BOX 3.1 Applications: Genetic Transmission of Disorders
BOX 3.2 Applications: Genetic Testing
Review
Behavior Genetics
Behavior Genetics Research Designs
Heritability
Environmental Effects
Review
Brain Development
Structures of the Brain
Developmental Processes
BOX 3.3 A Closer Look: Mapping the Mind
The Importance of Experience
Brain Damage and Recovery
Review
The Body: Physical Growth and Development
Growth and Maturation
Nutritional Behavior
BOX 3.4 A Closer Look: Poverty and Health Disparities
Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 4 Theories of Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Theory
View of Children’s Nature
Central Developmental Issues
Piaget’s Legacy
BOX 4.1 Applications: Educational Applications of Piaget’s Theory
Review
Information-Processing Theories
View of Children’s Nature
Central Developmental Issues
BOX 4.2 Applications: Educational Applications of Information-Processing Theories
Review
Core-Knowledge Theories
View of Children’s Nature
Central Developmental Issue: Nativism Versus Constructivism
BOX 4.3 Applications: Educational Applications of Core-Knowledge Theories
Review
Sociocultural Theories
View of Children’s Nature
Central Developmental Issues
BOX 4.4 Applications: Educational Applications of Sociocultural Theories
Review
Dynamic-Systems Theories
View of Children’s Nature
Central Developmental Issues
Review
BOX 4.5 Applications: Educational Applications of Dynamic-Systems Theories
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 5 Seeing, Thinking, and Doing in Infancy
Perception
Vision
BOX 5.1 A Closer Look: Infants’ Face Perception
Auditory Perception
BOX 5.2 A Closer Look: Picture Perception
Taste and Smell
Touch
Intermodal Perception
Review
Motor Development
Reflexes
Motor Milestones
Modern Views of Motor Development
BOX 5.3 A Closer Look: “The Case of the Disappearing Reflex”
The Expanding World of the Infant
BOX 5.4 A Closer Look: “Gangway—I’m Coming Down”
Review
Learning
Habituation
Perceptual Learning
Statistical Learning
Classical Conditioning
Instrumental Conditioning
Observational Learning/Imitation
Rational Learning
Active Learning
Review
Cognition
Object Knowledge
Physical Knowledge
Social Knowledge
Looking Ahead
Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 6 Development of Language and Symbol Use
Language Development
The Components of Language
What Is Required for Language?
BOX 6.1 Applications: Two Languages Are Better Than One
Review
The Process of Language Acquisition
Speech Perception
Word Segmentation
Preparation for Production
First Words
BOX 6.2 Individual Differences: Language Development and Socioeconomic Status
BOX 6.3 Applications: iBabies: Technology and Language Learning
Putting Words Together
Conversational Skills
Later Development
Review
Theoretical Issues in Language Development
Chomsky and the Nativist View
Ongoing Debates in Language Development
BOX 6.4 A Closer Look: “I Just Can’t Talk Without My Hands”: What Gestures Tell Us About Language
BOX 6.5 Individual Differences: Developmental Language Disorders
Review
Nonlinguistic Symbols and Development
Using Symbols as Information
Drawing and Writing
Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 7 Conceptual Development
Understanding Who or What
Dividing Objects into Categories
Knowledge of Other People and Oneself
BOX 7.1 Individual Differences: Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Knowledge of Living Things
BOX 7.2 Individual Differences: Imaginary Companions
Review
Understanding Why, Where, When, and How Many
Causality
BOX 7.3 A Closer Look: Magical Thinking and Fantasy
Space
BOX 7.4 Individual Differences: Development of Spatial Concepts in Blind and Visually Impaired People
Time
Number
Relations Among Understanding of Space, Time, and Number
Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 8 Intelligence and Academic Achievement
What Is Intelligence?
Intelligence as a Single Trait
Intelligence as a Few Basic Abilities
Intelligence as Numerous Cognitive Processes
A Proposed Resolution
Review
Measuring Intelligence
The Contents of Intelligence Tests
The Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Continuity of IQ Scores
Review
IQ Scores as Predictors of Important Outcomes
BOX 8.1 Individual Differences: Gifted Children
Other Predictors of Success
Review
Genes, Environment, and the Development of Intelligence
Qualities of the Child
Influence of the Immediate Environment
Influence of Society
BOX 8.2 Applications: A Highly Successful Early Intervention: The Carolina Abecedarian Project
Review
Alternative Perspectives on Intelligence
Gardner’s Theory
Sternberg’s Theory
Review
Acquisition of Academic Skills: Reading, Writing, and Mathematics
Reading
BOX 8.3 Individual Differences: Dyslexia
Writing
Mathematics
BOX 8.4 Applications: Mathematics Disabilities
Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 9 Theories of Social Development
Psychoanalytic Theories
View of Children’s Development
Central Developmental Issues
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Current Perspectives
Review
Learning Theories
View of Children’s Development
Central Developmental Issues
Watson’s Behaviorism
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Social-Learning Theory
Current Perspectives
Review
BOX 9.1 A Closer Look: Bandura and Bobo
Theories of Social Cognition
View of Children’s Development
Central Developmental Issues
Selman’s Stage Theory of Role Taking
Dodge’s Information-Processing Theory of Social Problem Solving
Dweck’s Theory of Self-Attributions and Achievement Motivation
Current Perspectives
BOX 9.2 A Closer Look: Developmental Social Neuroscience
Review
Ecological Theories of Development
View of Children’s Development
Central Developmental Issues
Ethological and Evolutionary Theories
The Bioecological Model
BOX 9.3 Individual Differences: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
BOX 9.4 Applications: Preventing Child Abuse
Current Perspectives
Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 10 Emotional Development
The Development of Emotions
Theories on the Nature and Emergence of Emotion
The Emergence of Emotions
BOX 10.1 A Closer Look: Basic Emotional Expressions in Infants
Review
Understanding Emotions
Identifying the Emotions of Others
BOX 10.2 A Closer Look: Emotional Intelligence
Understanding the Causes and Dynamics of Emotion
Understanding Real and False Emotions
Review
Emotion Regulation
The Development of Emotion Regulation
The Relation of Emotion Regulation to Social Competence and Adjustment
Review
Temperament
Measuring Temperament
Determinants of Temperament
The Role of Temperament in Social Skills and Maladjustment
Review
The Role of Family in Emotional Development
Quality of Parent–Child Relationships
Parents’ Socialization of Children’s Emotional Responses
Review
Mental Health, Stress, and Internalizing Mental Disorders
Stress
BOX 10.3 Applications: Toxic Stress and Adverse Childhood Experiences
Internalizing Mental Disorders
BOX 10.4 Individual Differences: Gender Differences in Adolescent Depression
Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 11 Attachment to Others and Development of the Self
The Caregiver–Child Attachment Relationship
Attachment Theory
Measurement of Attachment Security
BOX 11.1 A Closer Look: Does Childcare Interfere with Attachment?
Cultural Variations in Attachment Styles
Sources of Individual Differences in Attachment Styles
BOX 11.2 Applications: Interventions to Improve Attachment
Attachment and Social-Emotional Development
Review
The Self
Self-Concept
BOX 11.3 Individual Differences: Development of Self-Awareness Among Children with Autism
Self-Esteem
BOX 11.4 A Closer Look: Is Too Much Praise Bad for Self-Esteem?
Identity
Sexual Identity
Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 12 The Family
Family Structure
Changes in Family Structure in the United States
BOX 12.1 Individual Differences: Teenagers as Parents
Same-Sex Parents
Divorced Parents
Stepparents
Review
Family Dynamics
Parenting
BOX 12.2 Applications: Should Parents Spank Their Children?
Differences in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Interactions with Their Children
The Child’s Influence on Parenting
Sibling Relationships
Review
The Socioeconomic Context
Cultural Contexts
Economic Contexts
BOX 12.3 A Closer Look: Homelessness
Parents’ Work Contexts
Childcare Contexts
BOX 12.4 Applications: Family-Leave Policies
Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 13 Peer Relationships
Friendships
Children’s Choice of Friends
BOX 13.1 Individual Differences: Culture and Children’s Peer Experience
Early Peer Interactions and Friendships
Developmental Changes in Friendship
The Role of Technology in Friendships
Effects of Friendships on Psychological Functioning and Behavior
BOX 13.2 A Closer Look: Cyberbullying
Review
Peer Interactions
Cliques and Social Networks in Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence
Cliques and Social Networks in Adolescence
Negative Influences of Cliques and Social Networks
Bullying and Victimization
Romantic Relationships with Peers
Review
Status in the Peer Group
Measurement of Peer Status
Characteristics Associated with Sociometric Status
BOX 13.3 Applications: Fostering Children’s Peer Acceptance
Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences in Factors Related to Peer Status
Review
BOX 13.4 A Closer Look: Parents’ Strategies for Shaping Peer Relationships
The Role of Parents in Children’s Peer Relationships
Relations Between Attachment and Competence with Peers
Quality of Ongoing Parent–Child Interactions and Peer Relationships
Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 14 Moral Development
Moral Judgment
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Judgment
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
Prosocial-Moral Judgment
The Development of Conscience
Domains of Social Judgment
Review
Prosocial Behavior
The Development of Prosocial Behavior
The Origins of Individual Differences in Prosocial Behavior
BOX 14.1 A Closer Look: Cultural Contributions to Children’s Prosocial and Antisocial Tendencies
Review
Antisocial Behavior
The Development of Aggression and Other Antisocial Behaviors
BOX 14.2 Applications: School-Based Interventions for Promoting Prosocial Behavior
BOX 14.3 A Closer Look: Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
Characteristics of Aggressive and Antisocial Behavior of Children and Adolescents
The Origins of Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
Biology and Socialization: Their Joint Influence on Children’s Antisocial Behavior
BOX 14.4 Applications: Positive Youth Development and Service Learning
Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 15 Gender Development
Theoretical Approaches to Gender Development
Biological Influences
BOX 15.1 A Closer Look: Gender Identity: More than Socialization?
Cognitive and Motivational Influences
Cultural Influences
BOX 15.2 Applications: Where are SpongeSally SquarePants and Curious Jane?
Review
Milestones in Gender Development
Infancy and Toddlerhood
Preschool Years
Middle Childhood
Adolescence
Review
Comparing Girls and Boys
Physical Growth: Prenatal Development Through Adolescence
Cognitive Abilities and Academic Achievement
Interpersonal Goals and Communication
BOX 15.3 A Closer Look: Gender and Children’s Communication Styles
Aggressive Behavior
BOX 15.4 Applications: Sexual Harassment and Dating Violence
Review
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER 16 Conclusions
Theme 1: Nature and Nurture: All Interactions, All the Time
Nature and Nurture Begin Interacting Before Birth
Infants’ Nature Elicits Nurture
Timing Matters
Nature Does Not Reveal Itself All at Once
Everything Influences Everything
Theme 2: Children Play Active Roles in Their Own Development
Self-Initiated Activity
Active Interpretation of Experience
Self-Regulation
Eliciting Reactions from Other People
Theme 3: Development Is Both Continuous and Discontinuous
Continuity/Discontinuity of Individual Differences
Continuity/Discontinuity of Overall Development: The Question of Stages
Theme 4: Mechanisms of Developmental Change
Biological Change Mechanisms
Behavioral Change Mechanisms
Cognitive Change Mechanisms
Change Mechanisms Work Together
Theme 5: The Sociocultural Context Shapes Development
Growing Up in Societies with Different Practices and Values
Growing Up in Different Times and Places
Growing Up in Different Circumstances Within a Society
Theme 6: Individual Differences
Breadth of Individual Differences at a Given Time
Stability Over Time
Predicting Future Individual Differences on Other Dimensions
Determinants of Individual Differences
Theme 7: Child-Development Research Can Improve Children’s Lives
Implications for Parenting
Implications for Education
Implications for Helping Children at Risk
Improving Social Policy
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
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