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Index
In Memoriam: Stan A. Kuczaj
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Introduction
1 A History of Animal Personality Research
Abstract
Early Expressions
Constitutional Differences and Functional Disturbances (1927)
A Behavior Rating Scale for Young Chimpanzees (1938)
The Relationship Between Emotionality and Various Other Salients of Behavior in the Rat (1940)
Temperament in Chimpanzees (1949)
The Emotions Profile Index (1966, 1973, 1978)
Personality in Monkeys: Factor Analyses of Rhesus Social Behavior (1973)
Madingley Questionnaire (1978–Present)
Suomi’s Laid-Back, Uptight, and Jumpy Monkeys (1989–Present)
The Five-Factor Model Plus Dominance in Chimpanzee Personality (1997–Present)
A Recent History of Animal Personality Research
Acknowledgements
References
Models and Perspectives in the Study of Personality
2 Exploring Factor Space (and Other Adventures) with the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire
Abstract
Origins
Habits
Assumptions and Non-assumptions
Evaluating This Research Tradition
Conclusion
References
3 The Interpersonal Circumplex: A Complementary Approach for Understanding Animal Personality
Abstract
The Interpersonal Circumplex in Humans
Implications of the Interpersonal Circumplex for the Structure of Animal Personality
Implications of the Interpersonal Circumplex for the Role of Social Behavior in Animal Personality
Conclusion
References
4 The Quantitative and Molecular Genetics of Individual Differences in Animal Personality
Abstract
Introduction
Theory of Genetic Influence of Animal Personality
Personality as a Polygenic Trait
Non-additive Genetic Effects
Distinction Between Quantitative and Molecular Genetics
Quantitative Genetics of Animal Personality
Animal Personality Trait Correlations
Molecular Genetics of Animal Personality
Candidate Gene Approaches
Genome-Wide QTL Approaches
Linkage-Based Mapping (QTL Mapping)
Association Mapping
Pleiotropy
Future Research
Conclusion
References
5 Personality from the Perspective of Behavioral Ecology
Abstract
Behavioral Ecology
Personality in Behavioral Ecology
The Maintenance of Personality from an Evolutionary Quantitative Genetic Perspective
Mutation–Selection Balance
Disruptive Selection and Sexual Selection
Sexual Antagonistic Selection
Balancing Selection
Genotype-Environment or Genotype-Age Interaction
Theory Explaining the Evolution of Repeatable Behavior (Individual Optimization)
Stable State Distribution and Feedback Loops
Negative Frequency-Dependence
Behavioral Plasticity
The Reaction Norm Approach
The Character-State Approach
Variation in Plasticity, Repeatability, and Correlations Across Ontogeny
Behavioral Syndromes
Hypotheses for the Existence of Behavioral Syndromes
Plasticity and Behavioral Syndromes
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Articles cited in the table
Personality in Various Taxonomic Groups
6 Feeling Fishy: Trait Differences in Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)
Abstract
Studying Personality in Zebrafish; Measurements, Fitness, and Population Differences
Shyness–Boldness
Exploration-Avoidance
Aggression
Sociability
Activity
Current Perspectives and Future Directions in Zebrafish Models of Human Personality and Personality Disorders
Depressive Disorders
Impulsive-Disinhibited Personality
Anxiety Disorders
Discussion
References
7 Personality in Elasmobranchs with a Focus on Sharks: Early Evidence, Challenges, and Future Directions
Abstract
Introduction
Personality of Sharks in Captivity
Experimental Challenges and Constraints
Summary
Personality and Individual Differences in the Field
Evidence for Personality in the Field
The Juvenile Bull Shark as a Model Species for Personality Research
Behavioral Assays in Large Free Ranging Sharks
Evidence for Interindividual Variation in Shark Behavior: Reasons to Study Shark Personality
Tools for Studying Shark Personality in the Wild
Summary
Conclusions and Future Directions
Acknowledgements
References
8 Personality and Individuality in Reptile Behavior
Abstract
Personality and Individuality in Reptile Behavior
Terminology and Food Preferences
Individuality and Antipredator Behavior in Snakes
Consistency of Antipredator Behavior Over Time
Long-Term Developmental Trait Consistency
Experiential Effects
Consistency of Behavior Across Situations
Behavioral Consistency Across Temperatures
Relationship Between Antipredator Behavior and Open-Field exploration
Relationship Between Antipredator Behavior and Responses to Chemical Prey Extracts
Heritability of Antipredator Behavior
Fitness Consequences of Inter-Individual Variation
Sociality
Individual Differences and Behavioral Syndromes in Lizards
Measuring Behavioral Traits
Potential Biases in Research Methods
Statistical Analysis of Behavioral Traits and Variables of Interest
Heritability and Development of Behavioral Types in Lizards
Evidence for Hormone-Dependent Personality Trait Expression
Research Programs Studying Personality in Lizards
Namibian Rock Agama
Common Lizard
Correlated Variation in Morphology and Behavior
Studies of Turtles
Studies of Crocodilians
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9 Personality in Swine
Abstract
Personality in Domestic Farm Animals
Assessing Personality in Domestic Farm Animals
Personality Data Analysis
Coping Styles
Swine Natural Behavior
Domestic Swine Welfare
Swine Personality Research
Behavioral Experiments in Swine Personality Research
Open Field Test
Novel Object Test
Social Challenge
Back-Test
Response to Humans
Discussion
Implications
References
10 Personality in Dogs
Abstract
Personality in Dogs
The Structure of Dog Personality
Methods for Assessing Dog Personality
How Good Are Dog Assessments?
Reliability
Test–Retest Reliability
Inter-Observer Reliability
Validity
Convergent Validity
Discriminant Validity
Predictive Validity
What Factors Are Associated with Dog Personality?
Biological Factors
Heredity
Breed
Morphology
Sex
Reproductive Status
Age
Environmental Factors
Summary
References
11 Felid Personality and Its Implications
Abstract
Felid Personality and Its Implications
Implications of Personality for Felids
Wild Versus Domestic Cats
Coat Color
Rearing Environment
Health Outcomes
Welfare and Conservation
Future Studies
References
12 What Do We Want to Know About Personality in Marine Mammals?
Abstract
Introduction
Defining Personality for Marine Mammals
Overview of Current Marine Mammal Personality Research
Cetaceans: Bottlenose Dolphins
Pinnipeds: Grey Seals (Halichoerus grypus)
Cross-Species Comparisons
Refining Methods and Techniques for Marine Mammal Personality Research
Future Directions
Social Rank and Dominance
Learning
Physiology
Friendships
Conclusions
References
Applications of the Study of Nonhuman Personality
13 Individual Differences in Nonhuman Animals: Examining Boredom, Curiosity, and Creativity
Abstract
Defining “Individual Differences”
Individual Differences: Why Do They Matter?
Why Study Individual Differences?
What Is Boredom?
Individual Differences in Human Boredom
Animal Boredom
Individual Differences in Animal Boredom
The Future of Boredom Research
Curiosity in Nonhuman Animals
Creativity, Play, and Problem-Solving
Conclusion
References
14 Phenotype Management: An Inclusive Framework for Supporting Individuals’ Contributions to Conservation Populations
Abstract
Introduction
Phenotype Management—Connecting the Concepts Across Conservation Populations
Factors that Affect the Frequencies of Phenotypes in Populations
Phenotype Management as Applied to Ex Situ Populations for Conservation
Ex Situ Animals as Educators
Crossover Conservation Populations: From in Situ to Ex Situ and Back
Behavioral Type Diversity Is Necessary for Release Success
Habitat, the Crucial Ingredient for Phenotype Success
Conclusion
References
15 You Are What You Eat: The Interplay Between Animal Personality and Foraging Ecology
Abstract
Foraging Ecology and the Giving-Up Density Framework
Personality and Foraging Ecology: Studies in Wild Species
Personality and Foraging Ecology: Studies in Captive Species
Conclusion
References
16 Applications of Research in Nonhuman Animal Personality
Abstract
Introduction
Within-Species Applications
Environment/Personality Interactions
Effect of Environmental Enrichment
Response to Barren Environments
Across-Species Applications
Selection and Evaluation of Animals for Specific Tasks: Working Animals
Selection of Companion Animals
Human Applications
Conclusion
References
Index
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