ELECTRONICS · Analog and Digital · 2nd Edition__Nagrath by NAGRATH, I.J. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Electronics: Analog and Digital, Second Edition Copyright Preface Preface to the First Edition 1. Se miconductors, Diodes and Diode Circuits

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS 1.2 TYPICAL ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS 1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS AND DEVICES 1.4 CONDUCTION IN SOLIDS

Conduction in Metals Semiconductors

1.5 DOPED SEMICONDUCTORS

Diffusion Hall Effect

1.6 JUNCTION DIODES

Junction Formation Technology pn-Junction Behaviour IV Characteristic of a Diode Junction Breakdown Diode Circuit Model

1.7 DC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF DIODE CIRCUITS 1.8 ZENER DIODE VOLTAGE REGULATOR 1.9 DIODE CIRCUITS WITH TIME-VARYING SOURCES 1.10 TRANSITION AND DIFFUSION CAPACITANCES 1.11 SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIODE 1.12 SPECIAL PURPOSE DIODES

Tunnel Diode Metal-semiconductor Diode (Schottky Diode) Photodiodes Light Emitting Diode (LED) Solar Cells

1.13 RECTIFIERS

Half-Wave Rectifier Full-Wave Rectifier Bridge Rectifier

1.14 FILTERS

Capacitor Filter Capacitor-Input and Choke-Input Filter

1.15 SOME DIODE WAVE SHAPING CIRCUITS

Voltage Multiplier Circuit Clipping Circuit Clamping Circuits

1.16 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES PROBLEMS

2. T ransistors and Integrated Circuits

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Amplifying Action of Devices (Controlled Sources)

2.2 JUNCTION FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (JFET) AND METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (MOSFET)

Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) Ohmic region Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) Enhancement MOSFET (EMOSFET) Depletion Enhancement MOSFET (DEMOSFET) Transfer Characteristics MOS Terminology Comparison of PMOS and NMOS Transistors

2.3 BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR (BJT)

Fabrication Operation Common Base (CB) Configuration Common Emitter (CE) Configuration Operating Modes BJT as a Switch Darlington Transistor (pair)

2.4 INTEGRATED DEVICES AND CIRCUITS MANUFACTURE

Wafers (chips, slices, disks) First Operation Epitaxial Growth Diffusion Ion Implantation Fabrication of JFETs Fabrication of MOSFETs Fabrication of BJT Fabrication of Passive Components Integrated Circuits (ICs) Fabrication Process Some Examples of IC Technology

2.5 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES

Case of Non-ideal Transistor

PROBLEMS

3. S mall-Signal Models, Amplification and Biasing

3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 IDEALIZED TRANSISTOR MODELS

Bipolar Junction Transistor JFETs and MOSFETs

3.3 HYBRID-$pi$$ MODEL

Bipolar Junction Transistors Field Effect Transistors

3.4 h-PARAMETER MODEL

Determination of h-parameters Symbolization of Transistor Quantities Input and output impedances (Resistances)

3.5 TRANSISTOR BIASING

BJT Biasing Fixed Bias Thermal Instability (run-away) Signal Distortion Caused by Fixed Biasing Potential Divider and Self Bias Biasing Circuit with Voltage Feedback FET Biasing JFETs MOSFETs Constant Current Source BJT Circuit JFET Circuit

3.6 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT BIASING 3.7 BIAS DESIGN, AC GAIN, INPUT/OUTPUT IMPEDANCES

BJT FET

3.8 SOME SPECIAL CIRCUITS

Emitter Follower Amplifier Source Follower (Common Drain Amplifier) Common-Base (CB) Configuration Common-Gate Circuit Difference Amplifier

3.9 DARLINGTON PAIR

Bias Analysis AC Analysis

3.10 FEEDBACK PAIR

DC Analysis AC Analysis

3.11 EMITTER COUPLED PAIR

Applications Amplification Factor

3.12 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES

Digital Circuit Application Analog Circuit Applications

PROBLEMS

4. S mall-Signal Amplifiers: Frequency Response

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Amplification and Distortion Certain Basic Amplifier Considerations

4.2 SINGLE-STAGE RC-COUPLED AMPLIFIER

Frequency Response (Typical) The General Amplifier Typical Amplifier Circuits Small-Signal Model Analysis of Series and Parallel RC Circuits

4.3 FREQUENCY RESPONSE

Midfrequency Analysis Low Frequency Analysis Effect of Coupling Capacitors Effect of Bypass Capacitors Complete Low Frequency Response High Frequency Response High Frequency Circuit Analysis Input/Output Impedances

4.4 TUNED AMPLIFIER 4.5 MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS

Amplifiers in Cascade Gain Bandwidth Product

4.6 CASCODE AMPLIFIER (CE-CB CONFIGURATION)

DC Analysis AC Analysis High-frequency Response

4.7 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES PROBLEMS

5. La rge-Signal Amplifiers

5.1 AMPLIFIER CLASSES 5.2 CLASS-A POWER AMPLIFIERS

Series-fed Class-A Amplifier Maximum Power and Efficiency

5.3 TRANSFORMER-COUPLED POWER AMPLIFIER 5.4 CLASS-B POWER AMPLIFIERS

Push-pull Amplifiers Push-Pull Signals

5.5 COMPLEMENTARY-SYMMETRY CIRCUITS 5.6 DISTORTION IN AMPLIFIERS

Nonlinear or Amplitude Distortion Harmonic Distortion Distortion in Class-AB and Class-B Crossover Distortion Noise

5.7 CLASS-AB AMPLIFIERS 5.8 CLASS-C POWER AMPLIFIERS

Tank Circuit Operation Signal Biasing Class D Amplifier

5.9 NEW POWER TRANSISTORS

Power MOSFET Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)

5.10 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES PROBLEMS

6. Feedba ck Amplifiers and Oscillators

6.1 FEEDBACK CONCEPTS

Block Diagram Representation of a Feedback Amplifier

6.2 TYPE OF FEEDBACK CIRCUITS

Voltage Series Feedback Voltage Shunt Feedback Current Series Feedback Current Shunt Feedback

6.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION OF FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS 6.4 EFFECT OF FEEDBACK ON IMPEDANCES

Input Impedance Output Impedance

6.5 SOME NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CIRCUITS

Voltage Series Feedback Voltage Shunt Feedback

6.6 PROPERTIES OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Reduction in Frequency Distortion Reduction in Nonlinear Distortion and Noise Effect of Negative Feedback on Gain and Bandwidth Gain Stability with Feedback

6.7 STABILITY IN FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS 6.8 OSCILLATOR OPERATION 6.9 PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATORS

FET Phase Shift Oscillator BJT Phase Shift Oscillator

6.10 WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR 6.11 TUNED OSCILLATORS

Transistor Colpitts Oscillator Transistor Hartley Oscillator

6.12 CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS

Miller Crystal-controlled Oscillator

6.13 UNIJUNCTION OSCILLATOR

Unijunction Transistor (UJT) UJT Relaxation Oscillator

6.14 PHASE-LOCKED LOOP (PLL)

PLL Operation

PROBLEMS

7. O perational Amplifiers

7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 BASIC OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

General Features of OPAMP Operational Amplifier Architecture OPAMP Parameters Frequency Response Slew Rate

7.3 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

Analysis of Differential Amplifier FET Version of Differential Amplifier Representation of Differential Amplifier

7.4 BASIC OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT

Inverting Amplifier Virtual Ground Practical inverting OPAMP Circuit Noninverting Amplifier Practical noninverting stage

7.5 APPLICATIONS OF OPAMPs 7.6 LINEAR APPLICATIONS OF OPAMPs

Adder or Summing Amplifier Subtractor Voltage Follower Current to Voltage Converter (Transresistance Amplifier) Voltage to Current Converter (Transconductance Amplifier) Constant Voltage Source Integrator Differentiator OPAMP Circuits with Frequency Sensitive Elements

7.7 OPAMP FILTERS (ACTIVE FILTERS)

Low-pass Filter High-pass Filter Band-reject Filter Band-pass Filter Band-pass Filter Using Single OPAMP

7.8 NONLINEAR APPLICATIONS OF OPAMPs

Comparator Window Comparator (Sense Amplifier) Logarithmic Amplifier Square Wave Generator Triangular Wave Generator

7.9 ANALOG SIMULATION 7.10 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES PROBLEMS

8. Digital Logic and Circuits

8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.2 SWITCHING AND LOGIC LEVELS

BJT Inverter Transfer Characteristic and Noise Margin MOS Inverter Switching Speed

8.3 LOGIC GATES

AND Gate OR Gate NAND Gate NOR Gate Universality of NAND/NOR Gates OR Realization by NAND/NOR Exclusive OR (EXOR) Gate Exclusive NOR Gate Strobe (or Inhibit) Glitches Remedy-Strobe Pulse

8.4 DIGITAL LOGIC FAMILIES

Bipolar Logic Family

8.5 CHARACTERISATION OF DIGITAL ICs 8.6 RESISTOR-TRANSISTOR LOGIC (RTL) 8.7 EMITTER-COUPLED LOGIC (ECL) 8.8 DIODE-TRANSISTOR LOGIC (DTL)

Wired Logic

8.9 TRANSISTOR-TRANSISTOR LOGIC (TTL)

Wired Logic

8.10 TRI-STATE LOGIC 8.11 CERTAIN OTHER LOGIC FAMILIES

Schottky TTL High Threshold Logic (HTL) Integrated Injection Logic (IIL)

8.12 MOS LOGIC

Digital MOSFET Circuits NOT Gate NMOS NAND Gate CMOS Inverter CMOS NAND Gate Universal Gate

8.13 SUMMARY 8.14 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES PROBLEMS

9. N umber Systems, Boolean Algebra and Combinational Circuits

9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.2 BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

Number Conversion Binary Arithmetic

9.3 OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM

Octal-to-Binary and Binary-to-Octal Conversion

9.4 HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

Hexadecimal-to-Binary and Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversions Hexadecimal Arithmetic

9.5 CODES 9.6 THE ASCII CODE

Using the Code

9.7 BOOLEAN RELATIONS

Basic Gate Relations

9.8 SUM-OF-PRODUCTS/PRODUCT-OF-SUMS METHOD

Precise definitions

9.9 ALGEBRAIC SIMPLIFICATION 9.10 NAND AND NOR IMPLEMENTATION

NAND Implementation NOR Implementation

9.11 KARNAUGH MAP SIMPLIFICATION

Karnaugh MAP POS Simplification Simplification by Quine McCluskey (Q-M) Method Prime Implicants Prime Implements Essential Prime Implements

9.12 ADDERS AND SUBTRACTORS

Half Adder (HA) Full Adder Serial Adder

9.13 PRINCIPLE OF ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

Controlled Inverter The Adder-Subtractor Addition Subtraction Addition-Subtraction Using Full Adder$mdash$$Complete System

9.14 DIGITAL COMPARATOR 9.15 PARITY CHECKERS/GENERATORS

Parity Checker/Generator Applications

9.16 MULTIPLEXERS AND DECODERS

Multiplexers Multiplexer Tree

9.17 DEMULTIPLEXERS/DECODERS

1 to 10 Decoder The 7445 3-to-8 Decoder Demultiplexer Tree

9.18 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC ARRAYS (PLAs) 9.19 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES PROBLEMS

10. Se quential Circuits and Systems

10.1 INTRODUCTION 10.2 MEMORY CELLS AND FLIP-FLOPS

Basic Memory Cell SR Flip-flop Clocked SR Flip-Flop Triggering Preset and Clear

10.3 PULSE (EDGE) TRIGGERING

Clock Pulses Positive/Negative Edge Triggered SR Flip-Flop

10.4 EDGE TRIGGERED JK FLIP-FLOPS

Master-Slave Flip-Flop

10.5 DERIVED FLIP-FLOPS

D (Data) Flip-flop Summary of Excitation Tables of Flip-flops

10.6 REGISTERS

Memory Registers Shift Registers Commercially Available Registers

10.7 COUNTERS 10.8 ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTERS

Nonbinary Counters (Asynchronous) BCD Counters

10.9 SYNCHRONOUS COUNTERS

Presettable Synchronous Counter Nonbinary Counters MOD-6 Shift Counters/Ring Counters Twisted Ring Counter

10.10 STATE DIAGRAMS

State Models Examples D1, D2 Entries

10.11 MEMORIES 10.12 MEMORY CATEGORIES

RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory)

10.13 MAGNETIC MEMORY

Recording Reading Dual Read-Write Head Magnetic Tape Hard Disks Floppy Disks

10.14 OPTICAL MEMORY

CD ROM CD-R (Recordable) CD-RW DVD

10.15 READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) (ELECTRONIC)

ROM Organization Two-dimensional Addressing of a ROM Memory Expansion Programming a ROM Erasable PROMS Flash Memory Application of ROM

10.16 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)

Basic RAM Organization Bipolar RAM cell Static NMOS RAM Dynamic RAM CMOS

10.17 EXAMPLE OF VARIOUS TYPES OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLES ROMS AND RAMS

ROM PROM 7489 64-bit RAM Other types of SRAMs

10.18 DIGITAL TO ANALOG (D/A) AND ANALOG TO DIGITAL (A/D) CONVERTORS

Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) Weighted Resistor DAC D/A Accuracy and Resolution Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) Successive Approximation A/D Convertor The ADC0804 Resolution and Accuracy

10.19 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES PROBLEMS

11. M ultivibrators, Clocks and Power Supply Regulators

11.1 MULTIVIBRATORS

General Configuration of a Multivibrator Monostable Multivibrators Astable Multivibrators TTL Clocks

11.2 ANALOG MULTIVIBRATORS

Astable Multivibrator Schmitt Trigger Astable Multivibrator (Using Schmitt NAND Gate) Monostable Multivibrator

11.3 555 TIMER

Astable Operation Monostable Operation of 555 555 Timer Based Schmitt Trigger

11.4 POWER SUPPLIES AND REGULATORS

Linear Regulators (LRs) LR Application Example Switching Regulators

PROBLEMS

12. T he Digital Computer

12.1 INTRODUCTION 12.2 EXAMPLE OF MICROCOMPUTER$mdash$$BASED CONTROL SYSTEM 12.3 MINICOMPUTER 12.4 MAXICOMPUTER [21]

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

12.5 THE CONTROLLER 12.6 ARITHMATIC AND LOGIC UNIT (ALU) 12.7 INTRODUCTION TO HARDWARE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE

Input and Output

PROBLEMS

13. Ca thode-Ray Tube

13.1 INTRODUCTION

Electron Deflection in Uniform Electric Field Energy Balance Cathode-Ray Tube Electron Emission CRT Components

13.2 OSCILLOSCOPES

CRO Applications

PROBLEMS

Bibliography Answers to Problems

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11

Index

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