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Index
Cover Title Page Copyright Acknowledgments Preface Abbreviations How to get the best out of your textbook PART 1: Fundamentals of Immunology
Chapter 1: Innate immunity
Knowing when to make an immune response Innate versus adaptive immunity External barriers against infection The beginnings of an immune response Complement facilitates phagocytosis and bacterial lysis The inflammatory response Humoral mechanisms provide a second defensive strategy Natural killer cells Dealing with large parasites The innate immune system instigates adaptive immunity
Chapter 2: Specific acquired immunity
Antigens—“shapes” recognized by the immune system Antibody—a specific antigen recognition molecule Cellular basis of antibody production Acquired immunological memory Acquired immunity has antigen specificity Vaccination depends on acquired memory Cell-mediated immunity protects against intracellular organisms Immunopathology
Chapter 3: Antibodies
The division of labor Five classes of immunoglobulin The IgG molecule The structure and function of the immunoglobulin classes Genetics of antibody diversity and function
Chapter 4: Membrane receptors for antigen
The B-cell surface receptor for antigen (BCR) The T-cell surface receptor for antigen (TCR) The generation of diversity for antigen recognition NK receptors The major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Chapter 5: The primary interaction with antigen
What antibodies see Identifying B-cell epitopes on a protein Thermodynamics of antibody-antigen interactions Specificity and cross-reactivity of antibodies What the T-cell sees Processing of intracellular antigen for presentation by class IMHC Processing of extracellular antigen for class II MHC presentation follows a different pathway Cross-presentation of antigens The nature of the “groovy” peptide The αβ T-cell receptor forms a ternary complex with MHC and antigenic peptide T-cells with a different outlook Superantigens stimulate whole families of lymphocyte receptors The recognition of different forms of antigen by B- and T-cells is advantageous to the host
Chapter 6: Immunological methods and applications
Making antibodies to order Purification of antigens and antibodies by affinity chromatography Modulation of biological activity by antibodies Immunodetection of antigen in cells and tissues Detection and quantitation of antigen by antibody Epitope mapping Estimation of antibody Detection of immune complex formation Isolation of leukocyte subpopulations Gene expression analysis Assessment of functional activity Manipulation of the immune system in animal models Genetic engineering of cells and model organisms Gene therapy in humans
Chapter 7: The anatomy of the immune response
Organized lymphoid tissue Lymphocytes traffic between lymphoid tissues Lymph nodes Spleen The skin immune system Mucosal immunity Bone marrow is a major site of antibody synthesis The liver contains a variety of immune system cells The enjoyment of privileged sites The handling of antigen
Chapter 8: Lymphocyte activation
Clustering of membrane receptors frequently I eads to their activation T-lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells interact through several pairs of accessory molecules The activation of T-cells requires two signals Triggering the T-cell receptor complex Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is an early event in T-cell signaling Downstream events following TCR signaling Damping T-cell enthusiasm Dynamic interactions at the immunological synapse B-cells respond to three different types of antigen The nature of B-cell activation Dynamic interactions at the BCR synapse
Chapter 9: The production of effectors
Effector mechanisms Cytokines act as intercellular messengers Activated T-cells proliferate in response to cytokines Different T-cell subsets can make different cytokine patterns Cells of the innate immune system shape the Th1/Th2/Th17 response Policing the adaptive immune system CD8+ T-cell effectors in cell-mediated immunity Proliferation and maturation of B-cell responses are mediated by cytokines What is going on in the germinal center? The synthesis of antibody Immunoglobulin class switching occurs in individual B-cells Factors affecting antibody affinity in the immune response Memory cells
Chapter 10: Control mechanisms
Antigens can interfere with each other Complement and antibody help regulate immune responses Activation-induced cell death Immunoregulation by T-cells Idiotype networks The influence of genetic factors Regulatory immunoneuroendocrine networks Effects of diet, pollutants and trauma on immunity Effects of aging
Chapter 11: Ontogeny and phylogeny
CD antigens Hematopoietic stem cells The thymus provides the environment for T-cell differentiation T-cell ontogeny T-cell tolerance B-cells differentiate in the fetal liver and then in bone marrow B-1 and B-2 cells represent two distinct populations Development of B-cell specificity The Induction of tolerance in B-lymphocytes The evolution of the immune response The evolution of distinct B- and T-cell lineages was accompanied by the development of separate sites for differentiation Cellular recognition molecules exploit the immunoglobulin gene superfamily
PART 2: Applied Immunology
Chapter 12: Adversarial strategies during infection
Infection remains a major healthcare problem Inflammation revisited Protective responses against bacteria The habitat of intracellular bacteria allows avoidance of many of the host defenses Immunity to viral infection Immunity to fungi Immunity to parasitic infections
Chapter 13: Vaccines
Passively acquired immunity Principles of vaccination Killed organisms as vaccines Live attenuated organisms have many advantages as vaccines Subunit vaccines Newer approaches to vaccine development Current vaccines Vaccines under development Vaccines against parasitic diseases have proved particularly difficult to develop: malaria Vaccines for protection against bioterrorism Immunization against cancer Other applications for vaccines Adjuvants
Chapter 14: Immunodeficiency
Deficiencies of innate immune mechanisms Primary B-cell deficiency (Table 14.3) Primary T-cell deficiency (Table 14.4) Combined immunodeficiency Diagnosis of immunodeficiencies Treatment of primary immunodeficiencies Secondary immunodeficiency Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Chapter 15: Allergy and other hypersensitivities
Anaphylactich ypersensitivity (type I) Antibody-dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity (type II) Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity (type III) Cell-mediated (delayed-type) hypersensitivity (type IV) An addition to the original classification— stimulatory hypersensitivity (“type V”) “Innate” hypersensitivity reactions
Chapter 16: Transplantation
Types of graft Genetic control of transplantation antigens Some other consequences of MHC incompatibility Mechanisms of graft rejection The prevention of graft rejection Is xenografting a practical proposition? Stem cell therapy Clinical experience in grafting The fetus is a potential allograft
Chapter 17: Tumor immunology
Cellular transformation and cancer Cell-intrinsic mechanisms of tumor suppression The cancer problem from an immune perspective Tumor antigens and immune surveillance Spontaneous immune responses to tumors Tumor escape mechanisms Infection and inflammation can enhance tumor Initiation, promotion and progression Approaches to cancer immunotherapy
Chapter 18: Autoimmune diseases
The spectrum of autoimmune disease What causes autoimmune disease? Mechanisms in autoimmune disease Pathogenic effects of humoral autoantibody Pathogenic effects of complexes with autoantigens T-cell-mediated hypersensitivity as a pathogenic factor in autoimmune disease Some other diseases with autoimmune activity Measurement of autoantibodies Therapeutic options
Glossary Index
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