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Index
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Acknowledgments
Preface
Abbreviations
How to get the best out of your textbook
PART 1: Fundamentals of Immunology
Chapter 1: Innate immunity
Knowing when to make an immune response
Innate versus adaptive immunity
External barriers against infection
The beginnings of an immune response
Complement facilitates phagocytosis and bacterial lysis
The inflammatory response
Humoral mechanisms provide a second defensive strategy
Natural killer cells
Dealing with large parasites
The innate immune system instigates adaptive immunity
Chapter 2: Specific acquired immunity
Antigens—“shapes” recognized by the immune system
Antibody—a specific antigen recognition molecule
Cellular basis of antibody production
Acquired immunological memory
Acquired immunity has antigen specificity
Vaccination depends on acquired memory
Cell-mediated immunity protects against intracellular organisms
Immunopathology
Chapter 3: Antibodies
The division of labor
Five classes of immunoglobulin
The IgG molecule
The structure and function of the immunoglobulin classes
Genetics of antibody diversity and function
Chapter 4: Membrane receptors for antigen
The B-cell surface receptor for antigen (BCR)
The T-cell surface receptor for antigen (TCR)
The generation of diversity for antigen recognition
NK receptors
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Chapter 5: The primary interaction with antigen
What antibodies see
Identifying B-cell epitopes on a protein
Thermodynamics of antibody-antigen interactions
Specificity and cross-reactivity of antibodies
What the T-cell sees
Processing of intracellular antigen for presentation by class IMHC
Processing of extracellular antigen for class II MHC presentation follows a different pathway
Cross-presentation of antigens
The nature of the “groovy” peptide
The αβ T-cell receptor forms a ternary complex with MHC and antigenic peptide
T-cells with a different outlook
Superantigens stimulate whole families of lymphocyte receptors
The recognition of different forms of antigen by B- and T-cells is advantageous to the host
Chapter 6: Immunological methods and applications
Making antibodies to order
Purification of antigens and antibodies by affinity chromatography
Modulation of biological activity by antibodies
Immunodetection of antigen in cells and tissues
Detection and quantitation of antigen by antibody
Epitope mapping
Estimation of antibody
Detection of immune complex formation
Isolation of leukocyte subpopulations
Gene expression analysis
Assessment of functional activity
Manipulation of the immune system in animal models
Genetic engineering of cells and model organisms
Gene therapy in humans
Chapter 7: The anatomy of the immune response
Organized lymphoid tissue
Lymphocytes traffic between lymphoid tissues
Lymph nodes
Spleen
The skin immune system
Mucosal immunity
Bone marrow is a major site of antibody synthesis
The liver contains a variety of immune system cells
The enjoyment of privileged sites
The handling of antigen
Chapter 8: Lymphocyte activation
Clustering of membrane receptors frequently I eads to their activation
T-lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells interact through several pairs of accessory molecules
The activation of T-cells requires two signals
Triggering the T-cell receptor complex
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is an early event in T-cell signaling
Downstream events following TCR signaling
Damping T-cell enthusiasm
Dynamic interactions at the immunological synapse
B-cells respond to three different types of antigen
The nature of B-cell activation
Dynamic interactions at the BCR synapse
Chapter 9: The production of effectors
Effector mechanisms
Cytokines act as intercellular messengers
Activated T-cells proliferate in response to cytokines
Different T-cell subsets can make different cytokine patterns
Cells of the innate immune system shape the Th1/Th2/Th17 response
Policing the adaptive immune system
CD8+ T-cell effectors in cell-mediated immunity
Proliferation and maturation of B-cell responses are mediated by cytokines
What is going on in the germinal center?
The synthesis of antibody
Immunoglobulin class switching occurs in individual B-cells
Factors affecting antibody affinity in the immune response
Memory cells
Chapter 10: Control mechanisms
Antigens can interfere with each other
Complement and antibody help regulate immune responses
Activation-induced cell death
Immunoregulation by T-cells
Idiotype networks
The influence of genetic factors
Regulatory immunoneuroendocrine networks
Effects of diet, pollutants and trauma on immunity
Effects of aging
Chapter 11: Ontogeny and phylogeny
CD antigens
Hematopoietic stem cells
The thymus provides the environment for T-cell differentiation
T-cell ontogeny
T-cell tolerance
B-cells differentiate in the fetal liver and then in bone marrow
B-1 and B-2 cells represent two distinct populations
Development of B-cell specificity
The Induction of tolerance in B-lymphocytes
The evolution of the immune response
The evolution of distinct B- and T-cell lineages was accompanied by the development of separate sites for differentiation
Cellular recognition molecules exploit the immunoglobulin gene superfamily
PART 2: Applied Immunology
Chapter 12: Adversarial strategies during infection
Infection remains a major healthcare problem
Inflammation revisited
Protective responses against bacteria
The habitat of intracellular bacteria allows avoidance of many of the host defenses
Immunity to viral infection
Immunity to fungi
Immunity to parasitic infections
Chapter 13: Vaccines
Passively acquired immunity
Principles of vaccination
Killed organisms as vaccines
Live attenuated organisms have many advantages as vaccines
Subunit vaccines
Newer approaches to vaccine development
Current vaccines
Vaccines under development
Vaccines against parasitic diseases have proved particularly difficult to develop: malaria
Vaccines for protection against bioterrorism
Immunization against cancer
Other applications for vaccines
Adjuvants
Chapter 14: Immunodeficiency
Deficiencies of innate immune mechanisms
Primary B-cell deficiency (Table 14.3)
Primary T-cell deficiency (Table 14.4)
Combined immunodeficiency
Diagnosis of immunodeficiencies
Treatment of primary immunodeficiencies
Secondary immunodeficiency
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Chapter 15: Allergy and other hypersensitivities
Anaphylactich ypersensitivity (type I)
Antibody-dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity (type II)
Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity (type III)
Cell-mediated (delayed-type) hypersensitivity (type IV)
An addition to the original classification— stimulatory hypersensitivity (“type V”)
“Innate” hypersensitivity reactions
Chapter 16: Transplantation
Types of graft
Genetic control of transplantation antigens
Some other consequences of MHC incompatibility
Mechanisms of graft rejection
The prevention of graft rejection
Is xenografting a practical proposition?
Stem cell therapy
Clinical experience in grafting
The fetus is a potential allograft
Chapter 17: Tumor immunology
Cellular transformation and cancer
Cell-intrinsic mechanisms of tumor suppression
The cancer problem from an immune perspective
Tumor antigens and immune surveillance
Spontaneous immune responses to tumors
Tumor escape mechanisms
Infection and inflammation can enhance tumor Initiation, promotion and progression
Approaches to cancer immunotherapy
Chapter 18: Autoimmune diseases
The spectrum of autoimmune disease
What causes autoimmune disease?
Mechanisms in autoimmune disease
Pathogenic effects of humoral autoantibody
Pathogenic effects of complexes with autoantigens
T-cell-mediated hypersensitivity as a pathogenic factor in autoimmune disease
Some other diseases with autoimmune activity
Measurement of autoantibodies
Therapeutic options
Glossary
Index
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