[International Geophysics 88] • An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology by Holton, James R. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover image Title page Table of Contents Copyright Dedication Preface Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 Dynamic Meteorology 1.2 Conservation of Momentum 1.3 Noninertial Reference Frames and “Apparent” Forces 1.4 Structure of the Static Atmosphere 1.5 Kinematics 1.6 Scale Analysis Suggested References

Chapter 2. Basic Conservation Laws

2.1 Total Differentiation 2.2 The Vectorial Form of the Momentum Equation in Rotating Coordinates 2.3 Component Equations in Spherical Coordinates 2.4 Scale Analysis of the Equations of Motion 2.5 The Continuity Equation 2.6 The Thermodynamic Energy Equation 2.7 Thermodynamics of the Dry Atmosphere 2.8 The Boussinesq Approximation 2.9 Thermodynamics of the Moist Atmosphere Suggested References

Chapter 3. Elementary Applications of the Basic Equations

3.1 Basic Equations in Isobaric Coordinates 3.2 Balanced Flow 3.3 Trajectories and Streamlines 3.4 The Thermal Wind 3.5 Vertical Motion 3.6 Surface Pressure Tendency

Chapter 4. Circulation, Vorticity, and Potential Vorticity

4.1 The Circulation Theorem 4.2 Vorticity 4.3 The Vorticity Equation 4.4 Potential Vorticity 4.5 Shallow Water Equations 4.6 Ertel Potential Vorticity in Isentropic Coordinates Suggested References

Chapter 5. Atmospheric Oscillations: Linear Perturbation Theory

5.1 The Perturbation Method 5.2 Properties of Waves 5.3 Simple Wave Types 5.4 Internal Gravity (Buoyancy) Waves 5.5 Linear Waves of A Rotating Stratified Atmosphere 5.6 Adjustment to Geostrophic Balance 5.7 Rossby Waves Suggested References

Chapter 6. Quasi-geostrophic Analysis

6.1 The Observed Structure of Extratropical Circulations 6.2 Derivation of the Quasi-Geostrophic Equations 6.3 Potential vorticity derivation of the QG equations 6.4 Potential Vorticity Thinking 6.5 Vertical Motion (w) Thinking 6.6 Idealized Model of a Baroclinic Disturbance 6.7 Isobaric Form of the QG Equations Suggested References

Chapter 7. Baroclinic Development

7.1 Hydrodynamic Instability 7.2 Normal Mode Baroclinic Instability: A Two-Layer Model 7.3 The Energetics of Baroclinic Waves 7.4 Baroclinic Instability of a Continuously Stratified Atmosphere 7.5 Growth and Propagation of Neutral Modes Suggested References

Chapter 8. The Planetary Boundary Layer

8.1 Atmospheric Turbulence 8.2 Turbulent Kinetic Energy 8.3 Planetary Boundary Layer Momentum Equations 8.4 Secondary Circulations and Spin Down Suggested References

Chapter 9. Mesoscale Circulations

9.1 Energy Sources for Mesoscale Circulations 9.2 Fronts and Frontogenesis 9.3 Symmetric Baroclinic Instability 9.4 Mountain Waves 9.5 Cumulus Convection 9.6 Convective Storms 9.7 Hurricanes Suggested References

Chapter 10. The General Circulation

10.1 The Nature of the Problem 10.2 The Zonally Averaged Circulation 10.3 The Angular Momentum Budget 10.4 The Lorenz Energy Cycle 10.5 Longitudinally Dependent Time-Averaged Flow 10.6 Low-Frequency Variability 10.7 Numerical Simulation of the General Circulation 10.8 Climate Sensitivity, Feedbacks, and Uncertainty Suggested References

Chapter 11. Tropical Dynamics

11.1 The Observed Structure of Large-Scale Tropical Circulations 11.2 Scale Analysis of Large-Scale Tropical Motions 11.3 Condensation Heating 11.4 Equatorial Wave Theory 11.5 Steady Forced Equatorial Motions Suggested References

Chapter 12. Middle Atmosphere Dynamics

12.1 Structure and Circulation of the Middle Atmosphere 12.2 The Zonal-Mean Circulation of the Middle Atmosphere 12.3 Vertically Propagating Planetary Waves 12.4 Sudden Stratospheric Warmings 12.5 Waves in the Equatorial Stratosphere 12.6 The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation 12.7 Trace Constituent Transport Suggested References

Chapter 13. Numerical Modeling and Prediction

13.1 Historical Background 13.2 Numerical Approximation of the Equations of Motion 13.3 The Barotropic Vorticity Equation in Finite Differences 13.4 The Spectral Method 13.5 Primitive Equation Models 13.6 Data Assimilation 13.7 Predictability and Ensemble Forecasting Suggested References

Appendix A: Useful Constants and Parameters Appendix B: List of Symbols Appendix C: Vector Analysis

C.1 Vector Identities C.2 Integral Theorems C.3 Vector Operations in Various Coordinate Systems

Appendix D: Moisture Variables

D.1 Equivalent Potential Temperature D.2 Pseudoadiabatic Lapse Rate

Appendix E: Standard Atmosphere Data Appendix F: Symmetric Baroclinic Oscillations Appendix G: Conditional Probability and Likelihood Index