The Bedford Handbook with 2020 APA Update, 2020 APA Update, Eleventh Edition, The Bedford Handbook: 2020 APA Update, Eleventh Edition by Diana Hacker -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

About this Book

Cover Page Inside Front Cover Brief Menu Title Page Copyright Page Preface for instructors Contents

Part 1 A Process for Writing

Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Exploring, planning, and drafting

1a Assess your writing situation.

Subject Purpose Audience Genre

1b Explore your subject.

Talking and listening Reading and annotating texts Asking questions Brainstorming and freewriting Keeping a journal Blogging

1c Draft and revise a working thesis statement.

Understanding what makes an effective thesis statement Drafting a working thesis statement Revising a working thesis statement How to Solve five common problems with thesis statements

1d Draft a plan. 1e Draft an introduction. 1f Draft the body. 1g Draft a conclusion.

Chapter 2 Building effective paragraphs

2a Focus on a main point.

Stating the main point in a topic sentence Sticking to the point

2b Make paragraphs coherent.

Linking ideas clearly Repeating key words Providing transitions

2c Choose a suitable strategy for developing paragraphs.

Illustrations Narration Description Process Comparison and contrast Analogy Cause and effect Classification Definition

Chapter 3 Revising, editing, and proofreading

3a Use peer review: Revise with comments. 3b Use peer review: Give constructive comments.

How to Write helpful peer review comments

3c Approach global revision in cycles. 3d Revise and edit sentences.

How to Improve your writing with an editing log

3e Format and proofread the final version of your writing. 3f Reflect on your writing.

Part 2 Academic Reading and Writing

Chapter 4 Reading critically; writing analytically

4a Read actively. 4b Summarize to deepen your understanding. 4c Analyze to demonstrate your critical reading.

Balancing summary with analysis Drafting an analytical thesis statement

How to Draft an analytical thesis statement

4d Sample student writing: Analysis of an article

Writing guide: How to write an analytical essay

4e Read and write about multimodal texts.

Annotate a multimodal text to understand the message and ask questions Analyze a multimodal text to demonstrate your critical reading

Chapter 5 Reading arguments

5a Read with an open mind and a critical eye. 5b Evaluate ethical, logical, and emotional appeals. 5c Evaluate the evidence behind an argument. 5d Evaluate how fairly a writer handles opposing views.

Chapter 6 Writing arguments

6a View your audience as a panel of jurors. 6b In your introduction, establish credibility and state your position. 6c Back up your thesis with persuasive lines of argument. 6d Support your thesis with specific evidence.

Using facts and statistics Using examples Using visuals Citing expert opinion How to Draft a thesis statement for an argument

6e Anticipate objections; counter opposing arguments. 6f Build common ground. 6g Sample student writing: Argument

Writing Guide: How to write an argument essay

Chapter 7 Writing in the disciplines

7a Recognize the questions that writers in a discipline ask. 7b Understand the kinds of evidence that writers in a discipline use. 7c Become familiar with a discipline’s preferred genres. 7d Become familiar with a discipline’s language conventions. 7e Use a discipline’s preferred citation style.

Part 3 Clear Sentences

Chapter 8 Prefer active verbs

8a Choose the active voice or the passive voice depending on your writing situation. 8b Replace be verbs that result in dull or wordy sentences.

Chapter 9 Balance parallel ideas

9a Balance parallel ideas in a series. 9b Balance parallel ideas presented as pairs.

Parallel ideas linked with coordinating conjunctions Parallel ideas linked with correlative conjunctions Comparisons linked with than or as

Chapter 10 Add needed words

10a Add words needed to complete compound structures. 10b Add the word that where needed for clarity. 10c Add words needed to make comparisons logical and complete.

Chapter 11 Untangle mixed constructions

11a Untangle the grammatical structure. 11b Straighten out the logical connections. 11c Avoid is when, is where, and reason . . . is because constructions.

Chapter 12 Repair misplaced and dangling modifiers

12a Put limiting modifiers in front of the words they modify. 12b Place phrases and clauses so that readers can see at a glance what they modify. 12c Avoid split infinitives when they are awkward. 12d Repair dangling modifiers.

Chapter 13 Eliminate distracting shifts

13a Make the point of view consistent in person and number. 13b Maintain consistent verb tenses.

Chapter 14 Emphasize key ideas

14a Coordinate equal ideas; subordinate minor ideas.

Coordination Subordination

14b Combine choppy sentences. 14c Avoid ineffective or excessive coordination. 14d Do not subordinate major ideas.

Chapter 15 Provide some variety

15a Vary your sentence openings. 15b Use a variety of sentence structures. 15c Try inverting sentences occasionally.

Part 4 Word Choice

Chapter 16 Tighten wordy sentences

16a Eliminate redundancies. 16b Cut empty or inflated phrases. 16c Simplify the structure. 16d Reduce clauses to phrases, phrases to single words.

Chapter 17 Choose appropriate language

17a Choose an appropriate level of formality. 17b Avoid jargon, except in specialized writing situations. 17c Avoid most euphemisms and doublespeak. 17d In most contexts, avoid slang. 17e Avoid sexist language.

Recognizing sexist language Revising sexist language

Chapter 18 Find the exact words

18a Select words with appropriate connotations. 18b Prefer specific, concrete nouns. 18c Use standard idioms. 18d Do not rely heavily on clichés. 18e Use figures of speech with care.

Chapter 19 Use the right words. (Glossary of usage)

Part 5 Grammatical Sentences

Chapter 20 Repair sentence fragments

20a Attach fragmented subordinate clauses or turn them into sentences. 20b Attach fragmented phrases or turn them into sentences. 20c Attach other fragmented word groups or turn them into sentences.

Chapter 21 Revise run-on sentences

21a Consider separating the clauses with a comma and a coordinating conjunction. 21b Consider separating the clauses with a semicolon, a colon, or a dash. 21c Consider making the clauses into separate sentences. 21d Consider restructuring the sentence, perhaps by subordinating one of the clauses.

Chapter 22 Make subjects and verbs agree

22a Learn to recognize standard subject-verb combinations. 22b Make the verb agree with its subject, not with a word that comes between. 22c Treat most subjects joined with and as plural. 22d With subjects joined with or or nor (or with either . . . or or neither . . . nor), make the verb agree with the part of the subject nearer to the verb. 22e Treat most indefinite pronouns as singular. 22f Treat collective nouns as singular unless the meaning is clearly plural. 22g Make the verb agree with its subject even when the subject follows the verb. 22h Make the verb agree with its subject, not with a subject complement. 22i With who, which, and that, use verbs that agree with their antecedents. 22j Treat titles of works, company names, and words mentioned as words as singular.

Chapter 23 Make pronouns and antecedents agree

23a Take care with indefinite pronouns (anybody, everyone) and generic nouns.

Indefinite pronouns Generic nouns

23b Treat collective nouns as singular unless the meaning is clearly plural. 23c Take care with compound antecedents.

Chapter 24 Make pronoun references clear

24a Avoid ambiguous pronoun reference. 24b Generally, avoid making broad references with this, that, which, and it. 24c Do not use a pronoun to refer to an implied antecedent. 24d Avoid the indefinite use of they and it. 24e To refer to persons, use who, whom, or whose, not which or that.

Chapter 25 Choose between pronouns such as I and me

25a Use the subjective case (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) for subjects and subject complements. 25b Use the objective case (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) for all objects. 25c Put an appositive and the word to which it refers in the same case. 25d Following than or as, choose the pronoun that expresses your intended meaning. 25e For we or us before a noun, choose the pronoun that would be appropriate if the noun were omitted. 25f Use the objective case for subjects and objects of infinitives. 25g Use the possessive case to modify a gerund.

Chapter 26 Choose between who and whom

26a Use who and whom correctly in subordinate clauses. 26b Use who and whom correctly in questions.

Chapter 27 Choose adjectives and adverbs with care

27a Use adjectives to modify nouns. 27b Use adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. 27c Distinguish between good and well, bad and badly. 27d Use comparatives and superlatives with care.

Chapter 28 Choose appropriate verb forms, tenses, and moods in Standard English

28a Choose Standard English forms of irregular verbs.

Common irregular verbs

28b Distinguish among the forms of lie and lay. 28c Use -s (or -es) endings on present-tense verbs that have third-person singular subjects. 28d Do not omit -ed endings on verbs.

Past tense Past participles

28e Do not omit needed verbs. 28f Choose the appropriate verb tense.

Survey of tenses Special uses of the present tense The past perfect tense Sequence of tenses with inﬁnitives and participles

28g Use the subjunctive mood in the few contexts that require it.

Chapter 29 Review grammar topics for multilingual writers

29a Use modal verbs to express appropriate meaning. 29b Be familiar with articles and other noun markers.

When to use the When to use a or an When not to use articles When to use articles with proper nouns

29c Overcome certain challenges when writing sentences in English.

Omitted subjects Repeated subjects, objects, and adverbs

29d Become familiar with prepositions that show time and place.

Part 6 Punctuation

Chapter 30 The comma

30a Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction joining independent clauses. 30b Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase. 30c Use a comma between all items in a series. 30d Use a comma between coordinate adjectives not joined with and. 30e Use commas to set off nonrestrictive (nonessential) elements, but not restrictive (essential) elements.

Restrictive elements Nonrestrictive elements Adjective clauses Adjective phrases Appositives

30f Use commas to set off transitional and parenthetical expressions, absolute phrases, and word groups expressing contrast.

Transitional expressions Parenthetical expressions Absolute phrases Word groups expressing contrast

30g Use commas to set off nouns of direct address, the words yes and no, interrogative tags, and mild interjections. 30h Use commas with expressions such as he said to set off direct quotations. 30i Use commas with dates, addresses, titles, and numbers.

Dates Addresses Titles Numbers

Chapter 31 Unnecessary commas

31a Do not use a comma with a coordinating conjunction that joins only two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses. 31b Do not use a comma to separate a verb from its subject or object. 31c Do not use a comma before the first or after the last item in a series. 31d Do not use a comma between cumulative adjectives, between an adjective and a noun, or between an adverb and an adjective. 31e Do not use a comma to set off a concluding adverb clause that is essential for meaning. 31f Do not use a comma after a phrase that begins an inverted sentence. 31g Avoid other common misuses of the comma.

Chapter 32 The semicolon and the colon

32a Use a semicolon between closely related independent clauses not joined with a coordinating conjunction. 32b Use a semicolon between independent clauses linked with a transitional expression. 32c Use a semicolon between items in a series containing internal punctuation. 32d Avoid common misuses of the semicolon. 32e Use a colon after an independent clause to direct attention to a list, an appositive, a quotation, or a summary or an explanation. 32f Follow conventions for colon use. 32g Avoid common misuses of the colon.

Chapter 33 The apostrophe

33a Use an apostrophe to indicate that a noun is possessive.

When to add -’s When to add only an apostrophe Joint possession Compound nouns

33b Use an apostrophe and -s to indicate that an indefinite pronoun is possessive. 33c Use an apostrophe to mark omissions in contractions and numbers. 33d Do not use an apostrophe in certain situations.

Plural of numbers Plural of letters Plural of abbreviations Plural of words mentioned as words

33e Avoid common misuses of the apostrophe.

Chapter 34 Quotation marks

34a Use quotation marks to enclose direct quotations.

Exception: indirect quotations Exception: long quotations

34b Use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation within a quotation. 34c Use quotation marks around the titles of short works. 34d Follow conventions for the use of punctuation with quotation marks.

Periods and commas Colons and semicolons Question marks and exclamation points Introducing quoted material

34e Avoid common misuses of quotation marks.

Chapter 35 End punctuation

35a The period

To end most sentences In some abbreviations

35b The question mark 35c The exclamation point

Chapter 36 Other punctuation marks

36a The dash 36b Parentheses 36c Brackets 36d The ellipsis mark 36e The slash

Part 7 Mechanics

Chapter 37 Abbreviations, numbers, and italics

37a Use standard abbreviations for titles immediately before and after proper names. 37b Use abbreviations only when you are sure your readers will understand them. 37c Units of measurement 37d Plural of abbreviations 37e Follow the conventions in your discipline for spelling out or using numerals to express numbers. 37f Follow conventions for using numerals in dates, addresses, and so on. 37g Follow conventions for italicizing the titles of works. 37h Italicize non-English words used in an English sentence.

Chapter 38 Spelling and the hyphen

38a Become familiar with the major spelling rules.

i before e except after c Suffixes Plurals

38b Consult the dictionary to determine how to treat a compound word. 38c Hyphenate two or more words used together as an adjective before a noun. 38d Hyphenate fractions and certain numbers when they are spelled out. 38e Use a hyphen with the prefixes all-, ex- (meaning “former”), and self- and with the suffix -elect. 38f Check for correct word breaks when words must be divided at the end of a line.

Chapter 39 Capitalization

39a Capitalize proper nouns and words derived from them; do not capitalize common nouns. 39b Capitalize titles of persons when used as part of a proper name but usually not when used alone. 39c Follow conventions for capitalizing titles. 39d Capitalize the first word of a sentence or quoted sentence. 39e Know your options when the first word after a colon begins an independent clause.

Part 8 Grammar Basics

Chapter 40 Parts of speech

40a Nouns 40b Pronouns 40c Verbs

Helping verbs Main verbs

40d Adjectives 40e Adverbs 40f Prepositions 40g Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions Correlative conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions Conjunctive adverbs

40h Interjections

Chapter 41 Sentence patterns

41a Subjects

The complete subject The simple subject Understood subjects Subject after the verb

41b Verbs, objects, and complements

Linking verbs and subject complements Transitive verbs and direct objects Transitive verbs, indirect objects, and direct objects Transitive verbs, direct objects, and object complements Intransitive verbs

Chapter 42 Subordinate word groups

42a Prepositional phrases 42b Verbal phrases

Participial phrases Gerund phrases Infinitive phrases

42c Appositive phrases 42d Absolute phrases 42e Subordinate clauses

Adjective clauses Adverb clauses Noun clauses

Chapter 43 Sentence types

43a Sentence structures

Simple sentences Compound sentences Complex sentences Compound-complex sentences

43b Sentence purposes

Part 9 Researched Writing

Chapter 44 Thinking like a researcher; gathering sources

44a Manage the project.

Managing time Getting the big picture

44b Pose questions worth exploring.

Choosing a focused question Choosing a debatable question Choosing a question grounded in evidence Testing a research question How to Enter a research conversation

44c Map out a search strategy. 44d Search efficiently; master a few shortcuts to finding good sources.

Using the library Using bibliographies and citations as shortcuts Using the web How to Go beyond a Google search

44e Write a research proposal. 44f Conduct field research, if appropriate.

Interviewing Conducting a survey

Chapter 45 Managing information; taking notes responsibly

45a Maintain a working bibliography. 45b Keep track of source materials.

How to Take notes responsibly

45c As you take notes, avoid unintentional plagiarism.

How to Avoid plagiarizing from the web

Chapter 46 Evaluating sources

46a Evaluate the reliability and usefulness of a source.

How to Detect false and misleading sources

46b Consider how sources might contribute to your research project. 46c Read with an open mind and a critical eye. 46d Assess web sources with special care. 46e Construct an annotated bibliography.

Writing Guide: How to write an annotated bibliography

Chapter 47 Writing a research paper

47a Form a working thesis statement. 47b Organize your ideas.

Chapter 48 Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism

48a Understand what plagiarism is. 48b Understand the MLA and APA systems of documentation.

Understand how the MLA system works Understand how the APA system works

48c Use quotation marks around borrowed language.

How to Be a responsible research writer

48d Put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.

Chapter 49 Integrating sources

49a Summarize and paraphrase effectively.

Summarizing Paraphrasing How to Paraphrase effectively

49b Use quotations effectively.

Limiting your use of quotations Using the ellipsis mark Using brackets Setting off long quotations

49c Use signal phrases to integrate sources.

Marking boundaries Establishing authority Introducing summaries and paraphrases Integrating statistics and other facts Putting source material in context

49d Synthesize sources.

Considering how sources relate to your argument Placing sources in conversation

Chapter 50 Documenting sources in MLA style

List of MLA in-text citation models List of MLA works cited models 50a MLA in-text citations

General guidelines for signal phrases and page numbers Variations on the general guidelines Literary works and sacred texts

50b MLA list of works cited

General guidelines for the works cited list General guidelines for listing authors

How to Answer the basic question “Who is the author?”

Articles and other short works

Citation at a glance: Article in an online journal Citation at a glance: Article from a database

Books and other long works

Citation at a glance: Book Citation at a glance: Selection from an anthology or a collection

Websites and parts of websites

Citation at a glance: Work from a website

Audio, visual, and multimedia sources

How to Cite a source reposted from another source

Government and legal documents Personal communication and social media

50c MLA information notes (optional)

Chapter 51 MLA format; sample research paper

51a MLA format

Formatting the paper: The basics Formatting the paper: Other concerns Preparing the list of works cited

51b Sample MLA research paper

Chapter 52 Documenting sources in APA style

List of APA in-text citation models List of APA reference list models 52a APA in-text citations 52b APA list of references

General guidelines for the reference list General guidelines for listing authors Articles and other short works

Citation at a glance: Online article in a journal or magazine Citation at a glance: Article from a database

Books and other long works

Citation at a glance: Book

Websites and parts of websites

Citation at a glance: Section in a web document

Audio, visual, and multimedia sources Personal communication and social media

Chapter 53 APA format; sample research paper

53a APA format

Formatting the paper: The basics Formatting the paper: Other concerns Preparing the list of references

53b Sample APA research paper

Answers to Exercises Acknowledgments Index A List of Charts Revision Symbols A List of Grammatical Terms Back Cover

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