[Gutenberg 30775] • Elements of Chemistry, / In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries by Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

ELEMENTS

CHEMISTRY,

IN A

NEW SYSTEMATIC ORDER,

CONTAINING ALL THE

MODERN DISCOVERIES. ILLUSTRATED WITH THIRTEEN COPPERPLATES. TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH,

ADVERTISEMENT OF THE TRANSLATOR.

FOOTNOTES:

PREFACE OF THE AUTHOR. CONTENTS. ELEMENTS

CHEMISTRY. PART I. CHAP. I.

Of the Combinations of Caloric, and the Formation of Elastic Aëriform Fluids. FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. II.

General Views relative to the Formation and Composition of our Atmosphere. FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. III.

Analysis of Atmospheric Air, and its Division into two Elastic Fluids; the one fit for Respiration, the other incapable of being respired. FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. IV.

Nomenclature of the several Constituent Parts of Atmospheric Air. FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. V.

Of the Decomposition of Oxygen Gas by Sulphur, Phosphorus, and Charcoal—and of the Formation of Acids in general. FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. VI.

Of the Nomenclature of Acids in general, and particularly of those drawn from Nitre and Sea-Salt. FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. VII.

Of the Decomposition of Oxygen Gas by means of Metals, and the Formation of Metallic Oxyds. FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. VIII.

Of the Radical Principle of Water, and of its Decomposition by Charcoal and Iron. Experiment First. Experiment Second. Experiment Third. Experiment Fourth. FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. IX.

Of the quantities of Caloric disengaged from different species of Combustion.

Combustion of Phosphorus. Combustion of Charcoal. Combustion of Hydrogen Gas. Of the Formation of Nitric Acid. Of the Combustion of Wax. Combustion of Olive Oil.

CHAP. X.

Of the Combination of Combustible Substances with each other. FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. XI.

Observations upon Oxyds and Acids with several Bases—and upon the Composition of Animal and Vegetable Substances.

CHAP. XII.

Of the Decomposition of Vegetable and Animal Substances by the Action of Fire. FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. XIII.

Of the Decomposition of Vegetable Oxyds by the Vinous Fermentation.

Table I. Materials of Fermentation. Table II. Constituent Elements of the Materials of Fermentation. Table III. Recapitulation of these Elements. Table IV. Product of Fermentation. Table V. Recapitulation of the Products.

FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. XIV.

Of the Putrefactive Fermentation. FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. XV.

Of the Acetous Fermentation. FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. XVI.

Of the Formation of Neutral Salts, and of their different Bases.

§ 1. Of Potash. § 2. Of Soda. § 3. Of Ammoniac. § 4. Of Lime, Magnesia, Barytes, and Argill. § 5. Of Metallic Bodies.

FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. XVII.

Continuation of the Observations upon Salifiable Bases, and the Formation of Neutral Salts. FOOTNOTES:

PART II. Of the Combination of Acids with Salifiable Bases, and of the Formation of Neutral Salts. INTRODUCTION.

TABLE OF SIMPLE SUBSTANCES. Oxydable and Acidifiable simple Substance not Metallic. Oxydable and Acidifiable simple Metallic Bodies Salifiable simple Earthy Substances.

Sect. I.—Observations upon the Table of Simple Substances.

Table of compound oxydable and acidifiable bases. Sect. II.—Observations upon the Table of Compound Radicals. Sect. III.—Observations upon the Combinations of Light and Caloric with different Substances.

[Trancriber's note: The following table has been split into four sections ease reading]

PART III.

Description of the Instruments and Operations of Chemistry.

INTRODUCTION. CHAP. I.

Of the Instruments necessary for determining the Absolute and Specific Gravities of Solid and Liquid Bodies. FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. II.

Of Gazometry, or the Measurement of the Weight and Volume of Aëriform Substances. SECT. I.

Description of the Pneumato-chemical Apparatus.

SECT. II.

Of the Gazometer.

SECT. III.

Some other methods of measuring the volume of Gasses.

SECT. IV.

Of the method of Separating the different Gasses from each other.

SECT. V.

Of the necessary corrections upon the volume of the Gasses, according to the pressure of the Atmosphere.

SECT. VI.

Of Corrections relative to the Degrees of the Thermometer.

SECT. VII.

Example for calculating the Corrections relative to the Variations of Pressure and Temperature. CASE. Calculation before Combustion. Calculation after Combustion. Result.

SECT. VIII.

Method of determining the Absolute Gravity of the different Gasses.

FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. III.

Description of the Calorimeter, or Apparatus for measuring Caloric.

CHAP. IV.

Of Mechanical Operations for Division of Bodies. SECT. I.

Of Trituration, Levigation, and Pulverization.

SECT. II.

Of Sifting and Washing Powdered Substances.

SECT. III.

Of Filtration.

SECT. IV.

Of Decantation.

CHAP. V.

Of Chemical Means for separating the Particles of Bodies from each other; without Decomposition, and for uniting them again. SECT. I.

Of the Solution of Salts.

SECT. II.

Of Lixiviation.

SECT. III.

Of Evaporation.

SECT. IV.

Of Cristallization.

SECT. V.

Of Simple Distillation.

SECT. VI.

Of Sublimation.

CHAP. VI.

Of Pneumato-chemical Distillations, Metallic Dissolutions, and some other operations which require very complicated instruments. SECT. I.

Of Compound and Pneumato-chemical Distillations.

SECT. II.

Of Metallic Dissolutions.

SECT. III.

Apparatus necessary in Experiments upon Vinous and Putrefactive Fermentations.

SECT. IV.

Apparatus for the Decomposition of Water.

FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. VII.

Of the Composition and Application of Lutes.

CHAP. VIII.

Of Operations upon Combustion and Deflagration. SECT. I.

Of Combustion in general.

SECT. II.

Of the Combustion of Phosphorus.

SECT. III.

Of the Combustion of Charcoal.

SECT. IV.

Of the Combustion of Oils.

SECT. V.

Of the Combustion of Alkohol.

SECT. VI.

Of the Combustion of Ether.

SECT. VII.

Of the Combustion of Hydrogen Gas, and the Formation of Water.

SECT. VIII.

Of the Oxydation of Metals.

FOOTNOTES:

CHAP. IX.

Of Deflagration.

CHAP. X.

Of the Instruments necessary for Operating upon Bodies in very high Temperatures. SECT. I.

Of Fusion.

SECT. II.

Of Furnaces.

SECT. III.

Of increasing the Action of Fire, by using Oxygen Gas instead of Atmospheric Air. FINIS.

APPENDIX.

No. I.

Table for Converting Lines, or Twelfth Parts of an Inch, and Fractions of Lines, into Decimal Fractions of the Inch.

No. II.

Table for Converting the Observed Heighths of Water in the Jars of the Pneumato-Chemical Apparatus, expressed in Inches and Decimals, into Corresponding Heighths of Mercury.

No. III.

Table for Converting the Ounce Measures used by Dr Priestly into French and English Cubical Inches.

No. IV. Additional.

Table for Reducing the Degrees of Reaumeur's Thermometer into its corresponding Degrees of Fahrenheit's Scale.

No. V. Additional.

Rules for converting French Weights and Measures into correspondent English Denominations[62]. § 1. Weights. I. To reduce French to English Troy Weight. II. To Reduce English Troy to Paris Weight. III. To Reduce English Averdupois to Paris Weight.

§ 2. Long and Cubical Measures.

IV. To Reduce Paris Long Measure to English. V. To Reduce English Long Measure to French. VI. To Reduce French Cube Measure to English. VII. To Reduce English Cube Measure to French.

§ 3. Measure of Capacity.

No. VI. Table of the Weights of the different Gasses, at 28 French inches, or 29.84 English inches barometrical pressure, and at 10° (54.5°) of temperature, expressed in English measure and English Troy weight. No. VII. Tables of the Specific Gravities of different bodies. § 1. Metallic Substances. GOLD. SILVER. PLATINA. COPPER AND BRASS. IRON AND STEEL. TIN. § 2. Precious Stones. § 3. Silicious Stones. § 4. Various Stones, &c. § 5. Liquids. § 6. Resins and Gums § 7. Woods. No. VIII. ADDITIONAL. No. IX. Tables for Converting Ounces, Drams, and Grains, Troy, into Decimals of the Troy Pound of 12 Ounces, and for Converting Decimals of the Pound Troy into Ounces, &c. I. For Grains. II. For Drams. III. For Ounces. IV. Decimals of the Pound into Ounces, &c. No. X. For Grains. For Drams. For Ounces. For Pounds. THE END.

FOOTNOTES:

THE PLATES

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