1. Daily Record, 10 November 1914 https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/opinion/sport/hotline/sports-hotline-live-shameful-celtic-4604153; Traynor, J. We Must Silence Spiteful Minority, Daily Record. 9 November 2009.; Carson, A. Celtic Fans in Poppy Outrage, The Scottish Sun. 7 November 2008.; Shame of Celtic after Fans Stage a Bloodstained Protest Against wearing Remembrance Day Poppies, 8 November 2010
2. Neil Faulkner, No Glory: The Real History of the First World War, Stop the War Coalition, p 22
1. For a more detailed explanation of Moina Michael and her campaign for the poppy’s adoption as the memorial emblem, see Chapter Five of J.N. Saunders, The Poppy: A History of Conflict, Loss, Remembrance and Redemption
2. In the same place, p 106
3. The History of the Remembrance Poppy, Independent; http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/the-history-of-the-remembrance-poppy-9852348.html
4. James Fox, Poppy Politics: Remembrance of Things Present; Cultural Heritage Ethics: Between Theory and Practice, OpenBook Publishers, p 1
5. Fox, Poppy Politics: Remembrance of Things Present; Cultural Heritage Ethics: Between Theory and Practice, OpenBook Publishers, p 1
6. For an example of the militant origins of the poem and its association with support for war, see Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory, Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1975, p 248-50
7. See John F. Prescott, In Flanders Fields: The Story of John McCrae, The Boston Mills Press, 1985, p 67
8. John F. Prescott, In Flanders Fields: The Story of John McCrae, The Boston Mills Press, 1985, p 125, p 100, p 106, p 119
9. John F. Prescott, In Flanders Fields, p 128
10. John F. Prescott, In Flanders Fields, p 113
11. John F. Prescott, In Flanders Fields, p 135
12. N. J. Saunders, The Poppy: A History of Conflict, Loss, Remembrance and Redemption, 2014, p 99
13. James Fox, Poppy Politics: Remembrance of Things Present; Cultural Heritage Ethics: Between Theory and Practice, OpenBook Publishers, p 2
14. James Fox, Poppy Politics: Remembrance of Things Present; Cultural Heritage Ethics: Between Theory and Practice, OpenBook Publishers, p 2
1. John Harris, The Somme, Zenith, 1966, p 48
2. John Harris, The Somme, Zenith, 1966, p 108
3. This and what follows taken from Leon Trotsky’s History of the Russian Revolution, London, Pluto Press, 1977
4. Times, 15 September 1916; Times, 12 August 1916
5. Neil Hanson, The Unknown Soldier, London, 2007, p 30, p 38
6. Dr Nicholas Butler quoted in Aldous Huxley, An Encyclopaedia of Pacifism, London, Chatto and Windus, 1937, p 32
7. Maurice Dobb, Trade Union Experience and Policy 1914-18, Lawrence and Wishart, 1940, p 19; Pierre Broué, The German Revolution 1917-1923, London, Merlin, 2006, p 59; Trotsky, Russian Revolution, London, Pluto, 1977, p 422
8. Adrian Gregory, The Last Great War, p 206
9. Kristian Coates-Ulrichsen, ‘The Indian Army in Mesopotamia’, in Rob Johnson, The British-Indian Army, Cambridge Scholars, 2014, p 63; Hew Strachan, The First World War, 281
10. Pierre Broué, The German Revolution, p 92; Maurice Dobb, Trade Union Experience and Policy 1914-18, Lawrence and Wishart, 1940, p 18
11. Maurice Dobb, Trade Union Experience and Policy 1914-18, Lawrence and Wishart, 1940, p 20
12. Pierre Broué, The German Revolution 1917-1923, London, Merlin, 2006, p 59
13. Werner Abelshauser et al, BASF: The History of a Company, Cambridge UP, 2004, p 74
14. The Cumberland Miners’ order was drawn from the Munitions of War Amendment Bill, see Hansard: HC Deb 04 January 1916 vol 77 cc877-81; William Paul, Hands off Russia, Glasgow, 1919, p 14
15. Maurice Dobb, Trade Union Experience and Policy 1914-18, Lawrence and Wishart, 1940, p 8
16. Lloyd George, Memoirs, Vol II, p 592-3
17. Hector Bolitho, Alfred Mond, 1933, p 200-1; Silvertown Explosion (Messrs. Brunner, Mond, and Company), Hansard, 28 May 1919
18. Francis Wood and Christopher Arnander, Betrayed Ally: China in the Great War, Pen and Sword Books, 2016
19. David Olusoga, The World’s War, London, 2014, p 139, 143
20. Brock Millman, Managing Domestic Dissent in First Word War Britain, London, Frank Cass, 2000, p 40
21. Millman, p 80
22. Millman, p 81
23. Pierre Broué, The German Revolution 1917-1923, London, Merlin, 2006, p 51
24. Keith Middlemas, Politics in Industrial Society, London, 1979, p 119
25. Quoted in S. Pankhurst, The Home Front, London, 278
26. Pierre Broué, The German Revolution 1917-1923, London, Merlin, 2006, p 59-60
27. Hew Strachan, The First World War, London, 2014, p 309
28. Leon Trotsky, History of the Russian Revolution, Pluto Press, 1977, p 1026 and Chapter 43
29. Hew Strachan, The First World War, p 280-2
30. This, and what follows, is taken from Pierre Broué’s, The German Revolution 1917-1923, London, Merlin, 2006
1. Norman Stone, World War One, 2009, p 23
2. This account taken from James Joll, The Origins of the First World War, Longman, 1992, especially p 24, 66
3. David Lloyd George, War Memoirs, 1938, pp 29-30
4. Fritz Fischer, Germany’s Aims in the First World War, 1967, p 264
5. J. K. O’Connor, The Hun in Our Hinterland, Cape Town, 1914, p 8
6. Geoff Eley, ‘Germany, the Fischer Controversy and the Context of War’, in Anievas, Cataclysm 1914, Haymarket, Chicago, 2016, p 28; Rosa Luxemburg, ‘Morocco’, in Richard Day and Daniel Gaido (eds) Discovering Imperialism, Leiden, Brill, 2012, p 461
7. Diane Atkinson, Rise Up Women, Bloomsbury, 2018, p 370
8. Richard Shannon, The Crisis of Imperialism, Paladin, 1976, pp 358-9
9. Lord Salisbury quoted in Franklyn Johnson, Defence by Committee, Oxford University Press, 1960, p 11; Viscount Esher, The Committee of Imperial Defence, March, 1912, p 14
10. Robert Blyth et al, The Dreadnought and the Edwardian Age, National Maritime Museum, 2011, p 10
11. C. Stuart Linton, The Problem of Imperial Governance, London, 1912, p 119
12. William Paul, Hands off Russia, Glasgow, 1919, p 14
13. Robert Blyth et al, The Dreadnought and the Edwardian Age, National Maritime Museum, 2011, p 32
14. Karl Liebknecht, Militarism and Anti-Militarism, Rivers Press, 1973, p 49-50
15. T. G. Otte, ‘Grey Ambassador’, in Robert Blyth et al, The Dreadnought and the Edwardian Age, National Maritime Museum, 2011, p 68, p 64, p 67
16. William Manchester, The Arms of Krupp, 2003, p 271, p 275
17. William Manchester, The Arms of Krupp, 2003, p 280
18. This, and all the other reports on profits of UK companies in the foregoing, unless otherwise stated, are taken from the Manchester Guardian, editions of 31 May 1913, 28 May 1915; 25 February 1916, 28 May 1917, 11 June 1917; 21 June 1917, 19 April 1918, 5 March 1919
19. British expenditure, Josiah Stamp, Financial Aftermath of the War, London, Ernest Benn, 1932, p 41
20. Hector Bolitho, Alfred Mond, p 202
21. Keith Warren, Armstrongs of Elswick, Macmillan, 1989, p 189-90
22. Centenary of the Alkali Industry 1823-1923, United Alkali Company, 1923
23. Centenary of the Alkali Industry 1823-1923, United Alkali Company, 1923, p 8
24. Karl Liebknecht, Militarism and Anti-Militarism, Rivers Press, 1973, p 38
25. Werner Abelshauser, BASF: The History of a Company, Cambridge UP, 2004, p 157, p 173, pp 163-4
26. Werner Abelshauser, BASF: The History of a Company, Cambridge UP, 2004, p 165, p 171
27. William Manchester, The Arms of Krupp, 2003, p 311
28. Smedley Butler, War is a Racket, 1935, Chapter Two
29. Manchester Guardian, 13 March 1919
30. Excess Profits Duty, Association of the Chambers of Commerce, 24 April 1917, p 5, p 9, p 11, p 15
31. Manchester Guardian, 13 December 1919
32. Manchester Guardian, 18 March 1919; The Worker, 6 September 1919
33. Justin Marozzi, Baghdad, Penguin, 2015, p 273
34. George Antonius, The Arab Awakening, Libraire du Liban, Beirut, 1969, p 414, pp 170-1
35. Antonius, The Arab Awakening, pp 195-9, p 238
36. Antonius, The Arab Awakening, pp 244-50
37. Antonius, The Arab Awakening, pp 435
38. Antonius, The Arab Awakening, p 314
39. F. S. Northedge, The League of Nations, 1952, p 193
40. Fritz Fischer, Germany’s Aims in the First World War, 1967, p 248
41. Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed 1883-1920, London, Macmillan, 1992, p 355; Mail on Sunday, 29 September 2010
42. The Worker, 10 November 1923
43. This and the foregoing in Werner Abelshauser, BASF: The History of a Company, Cambridge UP, 2004, pp 183-6
44. Young Plan at Work, Daily Worker, 11 November 1930
1. The War Graves – The Question of Removals, Manchester Guardian, 29 November 1918; Philip Longworth, The Unending Vigil: A History of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, 1967, p 58
2. Philip Longworth, The Unending Vigil, 1967, p 47
3. Richard van Emden, The Quick and the Dead, pp 275-6, p 253, p 255
4. See Neil Hanson, The Unknown Soldier, Random House, 2005, p 289
5. Richard van Emden, The Quick and the Dead, p 278
6. Manchester Guardian, 10 April 1919
7. Philip Longworth, The Unending Vigil: A History of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, London, 1967, pp 56-7
8. David Olusoga, The World’s War, p 144
9. Michele Barrett, Subalterns at War, (2007) Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, 9:3, 451-74, p 455
10. Philip Longworth, The Unending Vigil: A History of the Commonwealth Graves Commission, 1917-67, p 120
11. Manchester Guardian, 12 November 1919
12. Richard van Emden, The Quick and the Dead, p 231, p 235
13. Manchester Guardian, 8 March 1919, The Tribunal, 21 November 1918
14. Manchester Guardian, 21 July 1919
15. Neil Hanson, The Unknown Soldier, 2007
16. The Worker, 19 July 1919
17. William Paul, Hands off Russia, Glasgow, 1919, p 15
18. Daily Mail edition of 12 November 1919
19. The Worker, 15 November 1919, and see Neil Hanson, The Unknown Soldier, 2007
20. Manchester Guardian, 12 November 1920
21. Manchester Guardian, 26 October 1920
22. Neil Hanson, The Unknown Soldier, 2007, p 349; Richard van Emden, The Quick and the Dead, p 133
23. Manchester Guardian, 12 November 1920; Neil Hanson, The Unknown Soldier, p 350; The Worker, 5 August 1922
24. The Worker, 5 August 1922
25. The Worker, 23 September 1922
26. Quoted in The Worker, 5 August, 1922
27. See report in NPC Circular, November-December 1924
28. The Worker, 10 November 1923
29. NPC Circular, October-November 1923
30. Manchester Guardian, 17 November 1923
31. NPC Circular, November-December 1924
32. Hansard HC Deb 23 May 1928 vol 217 cc1874-5; NPC News Bulletin, May 1928; NPC News Bulletin, June 1930
33. Quoted in Peace News, 14 November 1936
34. The Peace Review, November-December 1931
35. Peace News, 30 October 1937, Peace News, 6 November 1937
36. Peace News, 20 November 1937
37. Peace 6 November 1937; Peace News, 20 November 1937
38. Peace News, 10 November 1939
39. Daily Mail, 11 November 1941
40. The World Crisis, Volume II, 1915, p 276
41. L. P. Fox, The Truth About the ANZAC, Victorian Council Against War and Fascism, 1937 p 4
42. The Truth About the ANZAC, p 6
43. Communist Review, April 1939, p 240
44. Parliament of Australia, 28 April 1981, Page 1432; And see also the discussion at Evan Smith’s Hatful of History blog, https://hatfulofhistory.wordpress.com/2014/04/25/anzac-day-and-protest-culture-in-australian-history/
1. The Blunt Instrument of War, Fintan O’Toole, Irish Times, Tuesday 31 July, 2007
2. General Sir Mike Jackson GC DSO ADC Gen, An Analysis of Military Operations in Northern Ireland: Operation Banner. Ministry of Defence, Army Code 71842, July 2006, Chapter 8, p 3, p 11
3. See Pat Finucane Centre report of Feile event: ‘Speaking to the Enemy’, 5 August 2015. See also http://veteransforpeace.org.uk/2014/the-wall-of-shame-bygus-hales/
4. The Blunt Instrument of War, Fintan O’Toole, Irish Times, Tuesday 31 July, 2007. See also Malachi O’Doherty, The Telling Year: Belfast 1972
5. Jude Collins, Carefully chosen victims from the conflict, www.judecollins.com/2018/05/carefully-chosen-victims-conflict/
6. Edward Burke, An Army of Tribes: British Army Cohesion, Deviancy, and Murder in Northern Ireland, Liverpool University Press, 2018
7. Charles Townshend, Catholic Farmer’s Killing in North and British army’s tribal war, Irish Times, 31 March 2018 https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/catholic-farmer-s-killing-in-north-and-the-british-army-s-tribal-war-1.3442019
8. See Anne Cadwallader, Lethal Allies: British Collusion in Ireland, Mercier Press, 2013
9. Anne Cadwallader, Lethal Allies: British Collusion in Ireland
10. Is the poppy a tribute to closer British-Irish relations or a symbol with no place in Ireland?, Irish Post, 4 November 2015, https://www.irishpost.com/news/is-the-poppy-a-tribute-to-closer-british-irish-relations-or-a-symbol-with-no-place-in-ireland-71966
11. Owen Boycott, Ministry of Defence says sorry for killing of Majella O’Hare, Guardian, 28 March 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/28/ministry-defence-apology-majella-ohare
12. Caraher family still seeking justice after 17 years, 10 January 2008, http://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/17986
13. See submission to the Forum for Peace and Reconciliation, Dublin Castle, April 1995. Retrieved 23 October 2015
14. Raymond Murray, State Violence: Northern Ireland, 1969-97, Mercier Press; Vincent Kearney, ‘Aidan McAnespie: Soldier faces checkpoint killing charges,’ BBC 19 June 2018 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-44532887
15. West Brom match programme
16. See Michael Farrell, Northern Ireland: The Orange State, Pluto Press, 2nd revised edition, 1990
17. In November 1991 the co-author Kevin Rooney had to run for his life after getting off the bus to see a gang of loyalist men waiting to check who was and who was not wearing a poppy, with several people who were not displaying the emblem receiving severe beatings
18. BBC insists presenters not required to wear poppy, Irish News, 29 October 2015
19. Queen’s University Belfast: Ban on Poppy sale defeated. BBC N.I. News, 7 May 2014
20. Author Kevin Rooney grew up on the Ballymurphy housing estate
21. Irish News, 4 August 2007
22. See News Letter, Housing Executive: We did not fund UDA memorial plaque, Saturday, 2 August 2014
23. Chris Kilpatrick, How can we move on while memorials to terror keep appearing? Belfast Telegraph, 11 July 2014
24. The View, BBC Northern Ireland, 10 May 2018
25. Larisa Brown, Daily Mail, 12 May 2018
26. Kate Bellamy, As an Irish woman, I believe in wearing the remembrance poppy. Here’s why…, The Journal, November 2013 http://www.thejournal.ie/readme/should-irish-people-wear-the-remembrance-poppy-1154189-Nov2013/
27. BBC News Website, 8 November 1917, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41910166
28. Leo Varadkar’s Shamrock-and-Poppy Badge Inspired By UVF Terror Symbol, ansionnachfionn.com, 8 November 2017
29. See Heartfield and Rooney, Who’s Afraid of the Easter Rising? Zero Books, 2015, pp 5-6
30. See Philip Orr, The Road to the Somme: Men of the Ulster Division Tell Their Story, Black Staff Press, 1987 republished 2008; Brian Hanley, ‘Look Back in Anger, Ireland and World War One’, 27 October 2014, The Cedar Lounge Revolution, https://cedarlounge.wordpress.com/2014/10/27/look-back-in-anger-ireland-and-world-war-one/
31. See Poppy a ‘valid recognition’ of Irish soldiers in World Wars, Irish Times, Monday, 14 November 2005
32. Brian Hanley, ‘Look Back in Anger, Ireland and World War One’, 27 October 2014, The Cedar Lounge Revolution, https://cedarlounge.wordpress.com/2014/10/27/look-back-in-anger-ireland-and-world-war-one/
33. David McKitterick, Ireland’s War of Independence: The chilling story of the Black and Tans, Independent 20 April 2006 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/irelands-war-of-independence-the-chilling-story-of-the-black-and-tans-5336022.html
34. Belfast Telegraph, 30 October 2018
1. Steven Balbirnie, Small War on a Violent Frontier: Colonial Warfare and British Intervention in Northern Russia, 1918-1919 in Small Nations and Colonial Peripheries in World War I, Gearóid Barr et al, eds, Brill, 2016 pp 194-7
2. Antony Lockley, Propaganda and the First Cold War in North Russia, 1918-1919, History Today, Vol. 53, No. 9 September 2003
3. Albert E Kahn and Michael M Sayers, The Great Conspiracy, Little, Brown and Company, Boston 1946
4. Evening Times, 6 September 1919
5. Richard Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1994 p. 41
6. Lauri Kopisto, The British Intervention in South Russia 1918-1920, University of Helsinki, 2011, p 106
7. Lauri Kopisto, The British Intervention in South Russia 1918-1920, University of Helsinki, 2011, p 116, 121
8. 7 August 1918, Red Paper on Executions and Atrocities Committed in Russia, Peoples Russian Information Bureau, London, 1920
9. Martin Sixsmith, Russia, BBC Books, 2012, p 224, William Paul, Hands off Russia, Glasgow, 1919, p 15
10. Diarmaid Ferriter, A Nation and Not a Rabble, p 86, p 205
11. Quoted in Shashi Tharoor, Inglorious Empire, Penguin, 2017, p 77, p 169, p 172
12. Jonathan Glancey, Guardian, 19 April 2003
13. Marek Pruszewicz, The 1920s British air bombing campaign in Iraq, BBC News, 7 October 2014 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29441383
14. UK troops admitted massacre, court told, Guardian, 9 May 2012
15. Mark Curtis, The Ambiguities of Power, Zed Books, 1995, pp 56-65
16. Mark Curtis, The Ambiguities of Power, 65-74
17. Mark Curtis, Ambiguities of Power, p 97
18. James Heartfield, Yemen: Taking another beating from the West, Spiked-online, 11 January 2010; and see the webpage Psyop of the Aden Emergency 1963-1967 by SGM Herbert A. Friedman (Ret.) https://www.psywar.org/aden.php
19. Jonathan Walker, Aden Insurgency: The Savage War in South Arabia 1962-67, Spellmount Ltd., Staplehurst, UK, 2005
20. The Battle of the Bogside, Living Marxism, August 1989
21. Fiona Fox, A Murder is not Announced, Living Marxism February 1991; Fiona Foster, The Peace of the Grave, Living Marxism, 1991; The Paranormal, Living Marxism, July 1992
22. Ben Brack, Living Marxism issue 71, September 1994
23. John Sweeney, Nato bombed Chinese deliberately, Observer, 17 October 1999
24. H Norman Schwarzkopf, It Doesn’t Take a Hero, Bantam Press, 1992, p 292
25. Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p 826, p 828
26. John Major, Autobiography, Harper Collins, 1999, p 236
27. Mark Curtis, Ambiguities of Power, p 190, p 192
28. Rageh Omar, Revolution Day, Viking, 2004, p 73; Guardian, 19 February 2001
29. Rageh Omar, Revolution Day, p 36
30. Mark Curtis, Unpeople, London, Vintage, 2004, pp 48-9
31. Quoted in Mark Curtis, Unpeople, pp 16-17
32. David Chandler, Britain’s theatrical war against the Taliban, spiked-online.com, 11 December 2007
33. Britain’s key weapon in Afghanistan: the bribe, Spiked-online.com, 3 January 2008
34. Mark Curtis, Overthrowing Qadafi in Libya: Britain’s Islamist Boots on the Ground, 30 August 2016, markcurtis.info/2016/08/30/overthrowing-qadafi-in-libya-britains-islamist-boots-on-the-ground/
35. Mark Curtis, How Britain engaged in a covert operation to overthrow Assad, 26 April, 2018 http://markcurtis.info/2018/04/26/how-britain-engaged-in-a-covert-operation-to-overthrow-assad/