• Jacobson, Max, 157n
  • JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 16, 90, 92, 145, 156, 169, 171, 187, 201, 207, 220, 227, 290, 317, 380, 414, 514
    • advertising in, 92
  • James, Letitia, 532
  • Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 407, 440, 485, 492, 528n
  • Japan, 44, 47
    • Pearl Harbor attack by, 36, 68, 72
  • Jarvik, Robert, 431–32
  • Jews, Judaism, and anti-Semitism, 65–72, 74, 102, 150, 192, 254–55, 281–83
  • Jick, Hershel, 361–63
  • John Scott Legacy Medal, 328
  • Johns Hopkins, 522
  • Johnson, A. O., 20n
  • Johnson, Lyndon, 200, 223, 224, 226, 247–48, 255, 282, 306, 494
  • Johnson & Johnson, xi, 379, 380, 389, 440, 485, 486n, 487, 492, 528n
    • opioid painkillers, 440, 485, 486n, 487, 492, 528n, 710n36, 743n12, 761n34
    • Remicade, 508
  • Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee, 77
  • Joint Commission, 365, 523
  • Joplin, Janis, 288
  • Journal of Antibiotics, 63, 97, 100
  • Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology, 85, 98, 121
  • Journal of the Medical Students Association, 66
  • JPMorgan Chase, 527
  • Jungle, The (Sinclair), 19
  • Justice Department, 149, 160n, 169n, 240, 289, 306, 427, 437, 486, 509
    • Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, 248, 256
    • National Drug Intelligence Center, 441
    • OxyContin and, 457, 470–74
    • Sonnenreich at, 253, 255–57, 270
  • J. Walter Thompson, 273
  • Kaiko, Robert, 396, 438
  • Kaiser, Edgar, 391
  • Kaiser, Henry, 391
  • Kaiser Health News, 516
  • Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, 391–92
  • Kalman, Sumner, 238
  • Kalydeco, 511–12
  • Kanner, Ronald, 414
  • Kaposi sarcoma, 313, 321, 342, 343, 353
  • Katz, Lois, 197
  • Kefauver, Estes, 126, 127–38, 139, 149, 158–64, 165–73, 174–76, 182, 224, 230, 240, 323, 493, 500, 501n, 502
    • effort to control drug prices, 137–38, 158–60, 174–75
  • Kefauver Amendments, 176–83, 184, 186, 187, 200, 201, 220, 221, 228, 302, 369, 376, 512
  • Kelsey, Frances Oldham, 174, 177–79, 181, 219
  • Kennedy, John F., ix, 138, 144n, 157, 176, 177, 282
    • assassination of, 198
    • President’s Advisory Commission on Narcotic and Drug Abuse, 191–92, 194, 197–98, 199
  • Kennedy, Ted, 325, 461
  • Kentucky:
    • opioids in, 435, 439, 449
  • Kerik, Bernard, 459, 461, 462n
  • Kessler, David, 427–30, 433, 447, 523
  • Khorana, Har Gobind, 332
  • Kimball, Henry, 191n
  • King Pharmaceuticals, 431
  • Klaunberg, Henry, 98
  • Kleid, Dennis, 333, 335
  • Klein, Donald, 101
  • Kleinman, Arthur, 327
  • Kline, Nathan, 156
  • Klonopin, 186n, 325–27
  • Knoll Pharma, 407
  • Kolodny, Andrew, 447
  • Koop, C. Everett, 48
  • Korean War, 314–15
  • Kramer, Larry, 351
  • Kramer, Peter, 327
  • Kravis, Henry, 280
  • Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth, 210
  • Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 55n
  • Kynex, 158n
  • labeling, drug, 222, 423–24, 427
    • black box, 375, 378, 446–48
    • on contraceptive pill, 244–45
    • Kefauver Amendments and, 184
    • package inserts, 35, 63, 184, 235, 244, 420, 423–24
    • truth in, 19–21
    • warnings on, 35, 244, 300–301, 375, 420, 423–24, 429, 430, 446–48, 469, 475
  • labeling, food, 428
  • Laboratories for Therapeutic Research, 108, 250, 251
  • Ladies’ Home Journal, 235–36, 238, 287
  • Lake Medical, 483–84
  • Lambert, 102
  • Lancet, 216, 295, 349
  • Landesman, Sheldon, 347
  • Lanpar, 225–26
  • Largactil, 137
  • Larrick, George, 181, 182, 200–201, 227
  • Lassa, Nigeria, 311
  • Lavey/Wolff/Swift, 273
  • laxatives, 398
    • Carter’s Little Liver Pills, 146
    • Senokot, 110, 171, 277, 397
  • Lazard Frères, 280, 282
  • Lear, John, 120, 123–25, 134
  • Lederle Laboratories, 38, 49–53, 59, 115, 116, 156, 159, 225
    • Achrocidin, 181–82, 200, 222–23
    • Aureomycin, 53, 55–57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 99, 111
    • FTC complaint against, 122–23, 159
    • Kynex, 158n
    • profit margin of, 94
  • Legator, Marvin, 241
  • Legionnaire’s Disease, 302, 304
  • Lehman, Robert, 192, 279
  • Lehman Brothers, 192
  • Lehn & Fink, 132n
  • Leiderman, Deborah, 453, 456
  • Leo XIII, Pope, 7n, 20
  • leukemia, 51, 113, 507
  • Levi-Montalcini, Rita, 113
  • Lewenberg, Adam, 288
  • Lewis, David, 296, 297, 302
  • Lexapro, 400n
  • Lex et Scientia, 165n
  • Ley, Herbert, Jr., 227, 228, 239
  • L-Glutavite, 119–22, 627n29
  • LGV (lymphogranuloma venereum), 55–56
  • Librium, 152–57, 171, 185–90, 186n, 191, 192, 194, 197–98, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 222, 253, 256–58, 286, 287, 289, 325, 327, 409
    • Arthur Sackler ad campaign for, 153–56
  • Life, 53, 92, 226, 349, 422
  • life expectancy, 522
  • lifestyle choices, and disease, 94–95
  • lifestyle drugs, 139, 141, 142, 188, 372, 400n
    • contraceptives as, 153
    • Sackler’s vision of, 141, 142, 400n
  • Lifetree Pain Clinic, 479
  • Lilly, Eli, 6
  • Lilly and Company, see Eli Lilly and Company
  • Lilly family, xi
  • Lipitor, 370, 431–32
  • Listerine, 102
  • lithium, 146
  • livestock and agriculture:
    • antibiotic use in, 95, 232, 240, 518–19
  • lobotomies, 203
    • medicinal, 144
  • Lodge, Henry Cabot, 22
  • London, Jack, 19
  • Long, Russell, 224
  • Loniten, 372
  • Look, 208
  • Lortab, 410
  • Los Angeles Times, 320, 523, 526
  • Losec, 389
  • Lotrel, 431
  • lovastatin, 387
  • Loynd, Harry, 129
  • LSD, 146, 226, 247, 257, 260n
  • Lubman, Seymour, 102
  • Luce, Clare Boothe, 140n
  • Ludwig, Bernie, 147
  • Lumet, Sidney, 105n
  • Luminal, 21
  • Lutze, Marietta, see Sackler, Marietta
  • Luxturna, 511
  • Lyme disease, 28, 308n
  • LYMErix, 308n
  • LyphoMed, 353–54
  • Lyrica, 375
  • Lysol, 132n
  • Maalox, 377, 385n
  • MacArthur, Douglas, 192n
  • MacCormick, Austin, 191n
  • magazines, 154, 202, 422
  • Magil, A. B., 74–75
  • Mailer, Norman, 148
  • Makary, Martin, 503, 507
  • malaria, 16, 38, 39, 52–53, 233, 320, 520
  • Malaria Research Project, 38n
  • Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, 514
  • managed care, 390–92, 494
  • Management of Pain, The (Bonica), 361
  • Manchin, Joe, 493
  • Mandel, Hyman Robert, 106n
  • Mandel, William Marx “Bill,” 106n
  • mania, 146
  • Mao Zedong, 67
  • Marihuana Tax Act, 34n
  • marijuana (cannabis), 4, 8, 19, 34n, 198, 247, 259–60, 587n2, 673n24
    • legalization of, 259, 260n, 710n34
  • Marika, Denise, 400
  • marketing, see advertising and promotion
  • Martí-Ibáñez, Félix, 88–91, 97–100, 107, 110, 111, 117–19, 121, 124, 125, 133, 134, 150, 164, 173, 181, 195, 270
    • death of, 260–61
    • Frohlich and, 90
    • FBI suspicion of, 107
    • scandal with Henry Welch, 97, 100, 118–19, 124–26, 131, 133–34
    • work with the Sacklers, 90, 97–98, 100, 118–19, 121, 134, 164, 166, 173, 195, 614n18
  • mass-market therapies, 508–10
  • Master, Carol Sackler, 74, 81, 83, 400, 401
  • Mathews, F. David, 301
  • Max, Mitchell, 364
  • Mayo Clinic, 50, 169
  • McAdams, William Douglas, 76, 78n
  • McAdams, William Douglas, Inc., 67, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 90, 93, 95, 98, 101–6, 108, 111, 118, 133, 134, 135n, 153, 155, 162, 164, 165, 167, 169–73, 187, 189, 223, 228, 238n, 267, 277, 278, 286, 356, 430, 482
    • as industry leader, 76, 164, 167, 277, 621n61, 680n9
    • corporate structure, 103, 171–72, 278, 608n9, 614n18, 620n60, 61, 63
    • haven for blacklisted journalists, 104, 107, 619n43–45, 620n60
    • opposition to FDA decertification of fixed-dose antibiotics, 222–23
    • unauthorized use of physician endorsements, 171
  • McAdams International, 90, 106
  • McCall’s, 287
  • McCarthy, Joseph, 104–6, 106n
  • McCloskey, Jay, 436–37, 460, 475
  • McCormick, Cynthia, 442
  • McCormick, Katharine, 139n
  • McFarlane, Robert, 288
  • McGill Pain Index, 365
  • McKeen, John, 59–61, 63–64, 91, 93–95, 99, 114–15, 125
  • McKesson Corporation, 392, 484–86, 494
  • McKinsey & Company, 489
  • MD Encyclopedia, 100
  • MD Publications Inc., 90, 97–98, 133, 134, 195, 270
  • Mead Johnson, 222
  • measles, 294, 307
  • meat, 12, 14, 19, 240
  • Meat Inspection Act, 19
  • Mectizan, 388, 394
  • Medco, 393, 494
  • Medicaid, 223–24, 289, 390, 439n, 440n, 449, 478, 493, 494, 496–98, 509, 513, 515
  • Medical Advertising Hall of Fame, 93
  • Medical & Pharmaceutical Information Bureau (MPIB), 82–83, 85
  • Medical and Science Communication Associates, 171–73
  • Medical and Science Communications Development, 135, 173
    • Else Sackler control of, 135, 173
  • Medical Bulletin of Bellevue Hospital, 67, 68
  • Medical College of Virginia, 60–61, 388
  • medical conventions, 162
  • Medical Device Amendments, 240, 243n
  • Medical Encyclopedia, 111, 118
  • medical journals, 91, 205, 207, 216, 236
    • advertisements in, 92, 100, 162, 219–20
  • Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics, 156
  • medical licensing laws, 7
  • Medical News, 120–21
  • Medical Newsmagazine MD, 118
  • Medical Pharmaceutical Information Bureau, 172
  • Medical Press Inc., 105, 108
  • Medical Promotion Production Inc., 120
  • Medical Radio and TV Institute, 108
  • Medical Research Council, 32
  • Medical Tribune, 105, 108, 120, 134–36, 136n, 182, 238n, 267, 272, 277, 283, 381–82, 400
  • Medical Tribune International, 278
    • Frohlich ownership in, 609n13
  • Medicare, 223, 224n, 439n, 440n, 478, 494–95, 497, 498, 501n, 509, 513, 514
  • medicine, postwar advances in, 48, 596n3
  • Medigraphics, 104–5
  • Medimetrics, 85
  • Medimetrics International, 134
  • Medipren, 380
  • Medrol, 167–68
  • Mefoxin, 383
  • Meier, Barry, 420, 439, 456, 457n
  • Mellanby, Edward, 32
  • Memorial Pain Assessment Card, 365
  • Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 220, 363
  • meningitis, 36, 43, 44, 48
  • menopause, 204–9, 236n, 290–92
  • Mental Health Study Act, 146
  • mental illness, 76, 85, 88, 110, 120, 143, 250
    • schizophrenia, 88, 94, 121, 122, 135, 143
    • see also psychiatry, psychiatrists; psychotropic drugs
  • mental institutions, 144, 203
  • Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Act, 144n
  • meprobamate, 147
  • MER/29, 168–70, 174
    • Arthur Sackler promotion of, 168–69
    • patient lawsuits over, 169n
  • Merck, 7–8, 26, 27, 33, 36–38, 41, 41n, 43–44, 49, 60–61, 94, 115, 129, 137, 202, 225, 332n, 347, 379, 384–90, 393–94, 520, 598n19, 592n64, 600n7, 714n13
    • Clinoril, 383
    • cocaine products, 7–8, 26
    • lawsuits against, 433n
    • failure to report adverse effects, 202
    • Mectizan, free distribution of, 388–89
    • Medco and, 494
    • Mefoxin, 383
    • Mevacor, 387–89, 393, 431
    • opposition to generic drugs, 379–80
    • Penicillin project, role in, 33, 36–38, 593n90
    • Pepcid, 387, 389, 430
    • plasma products, 315
    • Sharp & Dohme subdivision of, 94, 202, 300, 315
    • streptomycin patent and, 43–44, 332n, 595n21
    • swine flu vaccine liability, concerns about, 300
    • Timoptic, 383
    • vaccine ads of, 425, 427
    • Vagelos at, 383, 385–90, 393–94, 494, 714n9
    • Vasotec, 387, 389
    • Vioxx, 433, 485, 746n50
    • Zocor, 389, 431
  • Merck, George Wilhelm, 36, 37, 41, 44, 60–61, 388, 600n19
  • Merck, Heinrich Emanuel, 5
  • Merck family, xi
  • Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, 36
  • Merkley, Jeff, 528
  • Merrell, 168–70, 300, 301
    • MER/29, 168–70, 174
    • thalidomide, 174–75, 177, 181, 219, 238, 241, 243, 247, 374, 376
  • methamphetamine, 142, 157n, 257
  • methaqualone (Quaaludes), 324, 377–78, 385n, 440
  • Methedrine, 141–42
  • me-too drugs, 32, 150–51, 158, 177–79, 185–86, 229, 352, 520, 646n39
    • Arthur Sackler disparagement of, 156
  • Metropolitan Museum of Art, 192, 194–95, 279–80
    • anti-Semitism of, 281–82
    • Sacklers and, 192–97, 194n, 273, 279–84, 285, 356–59, 526, 528
    • Temple of Dendur at, 279–81, 283n, 285, 356–57, 526, 528
  • Mevacor, 387–89, 393, 431
  • Mexican-American War, 5
  • Meyer, André, 279–80
  • Meyer, Karl, 358
  • microbes, 28, 45, 124
    • germ theory, 6–7
    • see also bacteria, bacterial infections
  • microwaves:
    • FDA regulation of, 240
  • Mildvan, Donna, 342–44
  • milk, 11–12, 95n, 240
  • Miller, Anne, 37–38
  • Miller, Roy Andrew, 193n, 194
  • Miltown, 147–52, 155–57, 185, 186, 189, 192, 197–98, 201, 222, 228, 253, 257, 258n, 407
    • public popularity of, 148–49
  • minoxidil (Rogaine), 372, 373n, 430
  • Mitchell, John, 255–56
  • Mogadon, 186n
  • monkeys, 169
    • fusidic acid found in, 99
    • Walter Reed experiment with, 204n
  • monoclonal antibodies, 263, 337, 504, 507–8
  • monopolies, 4, 123, 137, 160, 370, 383, 511
    • orphan drugs and, 352–53
    • see also patents
  • Monroe, Marilyn, 191
  • Montebello, Philippe de, 357, 359
  • Montoya, Joseph, 224
  • Moody’s, 21
  • Morgan, J. P., 196
  • Morgenthau, Elinor, 72
  • Morgenthau, Henry, 72
  • morphine, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 19, 25, 143, 197, 216, 324, 360, 396, 397
    • in end-of-life care, 212–14, 396
    • MS Contin, 395–99, 403, 404, 407, 408, 411, 421, 437, 444, 448
    • MST Continus, 269, 339, 369, 375–76, 395, 397, 443
  • Morrison, Jim, 288
  • Motrin, 379–80, 424
  • mouthwash (Betadine), 245
    • success of Listerine, 102, 618n28
  • Moyer, Andrew, 41
  • MRSA, 232n
  • MS Contin, 395–99, 403, 404, 407, 408, 411, 421, 437, 444, 448
    • generic threat to, 395–96
    • limitation of morphine to, 396
  • MSG, 120
  • Ms. Magazine, 287
  • MST Continus, 269, 339, 369, 375–76, 395, 397, 443
    • petent drugs with, 5–6, 8, 10, 25
    • Sackler commitment to, 217, 268–69
  • MTV, 449
  • mumps, 36, 294
  • Mundipharma, 108–9, 214, 252, 268–69, 283, 323, 375, 396, 397, 402n, 403, 523, 525, 530, 533
    • as assignee of Sackler patents, 252, 268–69, 403, 676n28, 716n10
    • Bermuda subsidiary in UK tax avoidance, 525, 759n18
    • corporate network of, 108–9, 323, 396–97, 402n, 622n73–75
    • element of opioid litigation settlement (2019), 530, 533, 762n47
    • international opioid expansion of, 523–24, 526, 759n10
  • Munos, Bernard, 516
  • Murrow, Edward R., 45
  • Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 192
  • Museum of the American Indian, 285n
  • museums, 192, 275
    • see also Metropolitan Museum of Art
  • mustard gas, 7
  • Mylan, 493, 499
    • settlement for misbranding Epipen, 493, 748n10
  • Nader, Ralph, 328, 423
  • Nagel, Laura, 443–45, 453–54, 456, 457, 459–61, 466, 474, 484
  • nalmefene, 532
  • naloxone, 442, 524, 532
  • naltrexone, 442
  • Napp Chemicals, 323
  • Napp Pharmaceutical Group Limited, 214, 217
  • Napp Pharmaceuticals, 213–14, 268–69, 283, 375, 397, 398, 402n, 525, 525n
    • corporate structure of, 214n, 696n1
    • MST Continus, 269, 339, 369, 375–76, 397, 443
    • role in UK tax avoidance, 525
    • violation of UK Competition Act, 443
  • Napp Technologies, chemical explosion at, 444
  • Naprosyn, 385n
  • Narcan, 532
  • “narcobiotics,” 88
  • narcolepsy, 142
  • narcotics, 25–26, 35, 143, 247–48
    • President’s Advisory Commission on Narcotic and Drug Abuse, 191–92, 194, 197–98, 199
    • see also opioids; pain relievers
  • Narcotics Bureau, 142
  • Narphen, 216–17
  • NASA, 249
  • National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 182, 221, 227, 266, 314, 330
  • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 54–55
  • National Association of Medical Examiners, 445
  • National Cancer Act, 247, 262
  • National Cancer Institute (NCI), 262, 315, 345, 351, 363, 512
  • National Cancer Program, 345
  • National Center for Clinical Pharmacology, 377
  • National Center for Toxicological Research, 240
  • National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, 259–60
  • National Conference on Breast Cancer, 238
  • National Coordinating Council on Drug Education, 272
  • National Council of the Arts, Sciences, and Professions, 81
  • National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities, 279
  • National Gallery of Art, 192, 283, 358
  • National Geographic, 422
  • National Institute of Science, 233
  • National Institutes of Health (NIH), 48, 50, 113, 114, 132, 237, 238, 240, 241, 246, 317, 331, 360, 361, 512
    • AIDS and, 345–48, 350–51, 353, 354, 356
    • Division of Biologics Standards, 240, 319, 320
    • genetic research and, 330, 333, 334
    • Laboratory of Immunoregulation, 345
    • orphan drugs and, 352
    • Psychopharmacology Research Center, 146
    • research expenditures, 512, 596n5
    • Vagelos at, 386, 389
  • National Inventors Hall of Fame, 100
  • National Mall, 359
  • National Organization for Women (NOW), 140
  • National Research Council (NRC), 43, 44, 163, 221
  • National Review, 399
  • National Welfare Rights Organization, 423
  • National Women’s Health Network, 242n
  • Nature, 346n
  • nausea, 145
  • Nazi Germany, 30, 30n, 37, 39, 39n, 44, 47, 68–71, 75, 81, 83, 220
  • Nelson, Gaylord, 224, 226, 246, 247
    • investigation into health dangers of oral contraceptives, 240–44
  • nerve growth factor (NGF), 113
  • Network for Continuing Medical Education, 188
  • neurotransmitters, 215
  • New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), 227, 290, 292n, 366, 371, 375, 457
    • Jick-Porter letter in, 361–63
  • Newspaper Guild of America, 272
  • newspapers, 155
  • Newsweek, 237, 422
  • New York (magazine), 459
  • New York art world, 192, 285n
  • New York Daily News, 105
  • New York Daily Worker, 105
  • New York Post, 430
  • New York Society of Security Analysts, 60, 93
  • New York Times, ix, 44, 56–57, 80, 90n, 102–5, 121, 127n, 143, 144n, 164, 183, 189, 195, 208, 218, 227, 237, 242, 246n, 250–52, 272, 276–77, 290, 297, 302–6, 336, 344, 346, 350, 354, 358, 375, 377, 392, 420, 428, 518, 526
    • OxyContin and, 438–43, 456–57, 457n, 461, 472
  • New York Times Magazine, 287, 328–29
  • New York University (NYU), 66–67, 74, 267, 283
  • Nexium, 432–33
  • niacin, 119
  • nicotine, 215
  • Nilsson, Birgit, 72
  • Nixon, Richard, 138, 224n, 239, 247–49, 253, 255–57, 258n, 259–60, 262, 299, 303, 331, 390, 391
    • appointment of commission to study marijuana, 258–59
    • overhaul of HEW and FDA, 239
    • “War on Drugs” by, 247–48, 256–57
    • Watergate and, 260
  • Nobel Prize, 30n, 40, 45n, 60, 62, 63, 113, 129, 264, 265, 332, 334n, 336, 337, 388, 399
  • Noble, Joseph, 197
  • noise, 251–52
  • nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, 379–80, 385n
  • Norden, Heinz, 107
  • Norplant, 246n
  • nostrums (patent medicines), 8–10, 15–21, 24, 25, 26, 63, 94, 112n, 360
  • Novartis, 431, 460, 507
    • Tasigna, 507n
    • Zolgensma, 511
  • novobiocin, 227, 228
  • NPR, 504
  • Nucynta, 485
  • Null, Gary, 290
  • Nuprin, 380
  • Nursing Times, 213
  • Nyswander, Marie, 287, 288
  • Obama, Barack, 369n, 488n, 496, 506, 517–19
  • obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 328
  • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 444
  • Oculinum, 373
  • Odyssey House, 449
  • Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), 33–34, 37, 43
  • off-label use, 353, 370–75, 508–9
    • marketing of Botox, 509–10
  • Oklahoma State University, 528
  • oleandomycin, 117
  • Oncogen, 384
  • On Death and Dying (Kübler-Ross), 210
  • O’Neill, William L., 47
  • online services, 429
  • Onsolis, 486
  • opioid addiction, 10, 21, 215, 360, 744n16
    • concerns about, 361–62, 408, 707n10
    • Opioid Risk Tool and, 479
    • pseudoaddiction theory and, 366, 419, 466, 479, 727n27
    • Purdue Pharma strategy to downplay addiction, 408–9, 410, 418, 721n47, 734n45
    • reevaluation of risks of, 360–68, 405–6, 408, 478–79, 722n61
  • opioid epidemic, 217, 453, 477, 522–24, 526, 529, 530, 533–34, 528n
    • cannabis and, 260n
    • in Chillicothe, Ohio, 3–4
    • overdose antidotes and, 524
    • see also OxyContin
  • opioids (opiates), 6, 8, 19, 20, 25–26, 34n, 197, 215, 216, 288n, 360, 440, 485–86, 486n, 488, 492, 529
    • Butrans, 482
    • codeine, 10, 26, 157n, 216n, 258, 324
    • deaths from, 368, 413, 435, 490–91, 524
    • FDA and, 364, 367, 461
    • fentanyl, 257, 440, 485
    • heroin, see heroin
    • hydrocodone, 26–27, 216n, 360, 440
    • mechanism of action in, 215, 367
    • morphine, see morphine
    • “opioid virgin” market for, 412
    • opium, 9, 17, 19, 20, 22, 199, 486n
    • overdoses of, 3–4, 94, 368
    • oxycodone, 26–27, 216n, 257, 360, 396, 403, 417, 440, 492, 529; see also OxyContin
    • OxyContin, see OxyContin
    • political lobbying by manufacturers of, 460–61, 480
    • reevaluation of, 360–68, 405–6, 408, 478–79
    • for terminally ill patients, 210–17, 257, 269, 339, 363, 396, 397
  • Opioids with Abuse Deterrent Properties, 481–82
  • opium, 9, 17, 19, 20, 22, 199, 486n
  • Opium Exclusion Act, 22
  • OptumRx, 497, 499
  • organ transplants, 113, 336
  • Orinase, 113
  • Orlando Sentinel, 469–70
    • five-part OxyContin investigation by, 469, 724n76, 79
  • orphan drugs, 178, 352–54, 377, 502–16, 517
    • Allergan guilty plea to misbranding of, 509
    • AZT as, 353
    • cause of high prices of, 503, 508, 511–13, 515
    • Congressional intent of Orphan Drug Act, 352–53
    • drug companies’ misuse of public records of, 512
    • exploitation of Orphan Drug Act, 353–54, 502–5, 510
  • Orr, Louis, 103n
  • Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, 373, 407, 486n
  • Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 140, 141
  • Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, 507
  • Our Bodies, Ourselves (Boston Women’s Health Book Collective), 244n
  • overdoses, 3, 26, 247, 732n19
    • of barbiturates, 191
    • of benzodiazepines, 288n
    • of heroin, 288, 325n, 439, 684n15, 724n81
    • of opioids, 3–4, 94, 368
    • of opium, 9
    • of OxyContin, 435, 439, 441, 444, 445, 449, 454–56
    • see also deaths, drug
  • over-the-counter (OTC) medications, 112n, 120, 142, 229, 245, 425
  • oxazolidinones, 520
  • Oxford University, 30–33, 36, 37, 40–41, 137
  • oxycodone, 26–27, 216n, 257, 360, 396, 403, 417, 440, 492, 529
    • see also OxyContin
  • OxyContin, xi, 153, 360, 367, 376, 402, 402n, 404–14, 415–21, 435–50, 451–62, 463–76, 477–91, 522–34
    • abuse of, 435–50, 451–62, 470–71, 473, 475, 477, 480, 481, 483
      • Purdue failure to report, 471–72
    • for arthritis pain, 411, 415, 447, 466
    • breastfeeding infants and, 468
    • CDC and, 417n, 420
    • clinical trials for, 405, 409, 415, 446
    • Congressional committees and, 448, 449
    • crushing or breaking of tablets, 419–20, 442, 481–82
      • prescription warning insert, 419–20
      • revision by FDA of label warning, 446–47
      • trials by Purdue, 481
    • DEA and, 441–45, 449, 450, 451, 453–59, 463, 472, 475, 479, 484–86
      • compilation of overdose deaths by, 445, 453–56, 737n14–16
    • deaths from, 435, 439, 441, 444, 445, 449, 454–56, 479, 482–83, 490–91, 522
    • detail team and, 410–13, 415–21, 451–53, 477, 480–84, 487, 489
      • downplaying addictiveness, 408–9, 466, 481n
      • marketing for unapproved treatments, 482
      • reliance on skewed Purdue studies, 409
    • dosages of, 417–18, 438, 445, 447, 452, 477, 487, 522
      • profit relationship to higher dosages, 417–18, 477, 487
    • expansion strategy for, 523
    • FDA and, 405, 408, 412, 415, 417–20, 438, 440, 442, 446–48, 451, 453–54, 456–57, 460, 463, 465–66, 468, 469, 471–72, 475, 481, 483, 488–89, 523
      • approval of unprecedented drug insert language, 420
    • FDA complaint against Purdue for marketing of 732n23
    • in Florida, 460, 461, 463, 469
      • failure to enforce settlement with Purdue, 461
    • generic versions of, 488–89
    • geriatrics and, 411
    • Giuliani and, 458–59, 461–62, 466, 471, 472, 475
      • secrecy of Purdue fees paid to, 459
    • heavy-prescriber physicians and, 410–11, 416, 452, 489
    • hillbilly heroin, 439, 466, 733n32
      • profits from, 439n
    • importance of IMS data, 410, 413n
    • illegal diversion of, 435–39, 441–46, 448–49, 451–62, 473, 480, 483–85
    • Justice Department and, 457, 470–74
    • in Kentucky, 435, 439, 449, 733n32
    • litigation on, 445, 483, 525–26, 530, 532–34
    • low risk of addiction claimed for, 408–10, 472, 473
      • studies cited for, 361–63, 409, 707n10, 708n25, 722n56
    • marketing of, 405–14, 438, 441–42, 445, 449, 451, 470, 472–75, 477, 480, 482, 483, 524
    • MST Continus predecessor of, 269, 339, 369, 375–76, 395, 397, 443
    • New York Times and, 438–43, 456–57, 457n, 461, 472
      • first mention of, 439
    • online promotion of, 412–13
      • misleading information in, 724n77
      • subsidized by Purdue, 412, 723n73
    • on-sale date of, 405, 413, 414, 415–16
    • opioid antagonist added to, 442, 448n
    • patent application for, 405
      • underlying patents assigned to foreign subsidiaries, 716n10
    • patent extension for, 481, 488–89
    • Physicians Television Network, 412
    • pill mills and, 451–52, 461, 483–84
      • Purdue paid commissions on sales to, 451–52
    • pseudoaddiction theory and, 419, 466, 479
      • inventor of theory hired by Purdue, 419
    • Purdue’s Consent Agreement on, 473, 477, 531n
    • Purdue’s Corporate Integrity Agreement on, 473, 481
    • Purdue’s criminal conduct judgment on (2007), 472–74, 477, 478, 480–82, 509, 531n
    • Purdue’s hiring of critics of, 459–60, 475
    • Richard Sackler prediction of success, 420
    • sales and profits of, 417, 420–21, 436, 441, 448–50, 451, 459, 462, 477, 478, 480–82, 487, 489, 492, 499, 523, 524, 529, 530
      • charges that Sackler family directors diverted profits to offshore tax havens, 526, 528, 760ni25
    • savings card for, 419, 480, 489
    • sustained-release action in, 252, 269, 405, 408, 415, 419–20, 439, 442, 446
    • tamper-resistant version of, 481–82, 488, 489, 522–23
      • erroneous belief by doctors in, 522–23
      • FDA approval of “tamper-resistant” label, 489
      • Purdue marketing of, 481, 745n32
    • treatment periods for, 418–19, 447, 448, 452, 487
    • veterans marketing strategy and, 411–12
    • Virginia investigation on, 443, 457–58, 463, 471–74
    • Walgreens and, 489–90
    • warnings on packaging for, 420, 446–48, 469, 475
    • in West Virginia, 439, 442, 445, 452, 457, 484, 733n32
    • see also opioid epidemic
  • package inserts, 35, 63, 184, 235, 244, 420, 423–24
    • see also labeling, drug
  • pain, 360–68
    • assessment of, 364–65
    • chronic, 360–68, 411
    • definition of, 360–61, 721n33
    • as fifth vital sign, 365, 367, 406, 708n23
    • management of, 361
    • patients’ communication about, 364–65
    • Purdue’s curriculums and seminars on, 405–6, 442, 460
  • Pain, 361, 363, 366
  • Pain Care Forum, 461
  • pain foundations, pharmaceutical company funding of, 405, 487–88, 710n37
  • Pain Killer (Meier), 457n
  • Pain Management: Theory and Practice (Portenoy and Kanner), 414
  • Pain Medicine, 480
  • pain relievers, 3, 147n, 440
    • analgesics in cold medicines, 181–82
    • in end-of-life care, 210–17, 218, 257, 269, 339, 363, 396, 408, 414
    • Global Day Against Pain and, 470
    • influence of Cicely Saunders in, 213–16
    • nonaddictive, search for, 360
    • opioid, see opioids
    • for soldiers, 5, 6
    • strength of, 216n
  • Palladone, 397
    • removed from sale in U.S., 397, 716n11
  • Panalba, 227–29, 230
    • deaths from, 227
    • FDA decertification, 228, 230, 661n70
    • Sackler “selling strategy,” 228–29
  • panic disorders, 327–28
  • Parke, Hervey Coke, 6
  • Parke-Davis, 6, 8, 27, 37, 38, 49, 59, 73, 94, 115, 129, 134, 180, 220, 300, 301, 383–84, 416–17
    • Chloromycetin, 59, 163–64
    • continued marketing after blood disorder reports, 59
    • profit margin of, 59, 94
  • Parker, Dorothy, 77
  • Partners Against Pain, 412–13
    • OxyContin promotion disguised as unbiased patient information, 412, 413n, 727n77
  • Passik, Steven, 435
  • Pasteur, Louis, 6
  • Pasteur Institute, 311
  • Patent Law, U.S., 95
  • patent medicines (nostrums), 8–10, 15–21, 24, 25, 26, 63, 94, 112n, 360
  • Patent Office, 44–45, 115, 123, 159n, 332n
  • patents, 4, 8, 32, 41n, 42, 49, 62, 160, 161, 174, 176, 252
    • on antibiotics, 45, 56
    • on Aureomycin, 56
    • on AZT, 350–51
    • Boyer-Cohen, 332
    • British anger over penicillin and, 44
    • on corticosteroids, 115
    • dating of, 395
    • expiration of, 369–70, 378
    • extensions of, 370, 376, 379, 507
    • extensions of, for pediatric use, 507, 508
    • first to invent and first to file standards for, 369n
    • innovation threshold for, 95, 137, 158
    • on insulin, 40n
    • Kefauver’s proposed legislation on, 138, 158, 159
    • monopolies on, 123, 137
    • on OxyContin, 405
    • on OxyContin, extension of, 481
    • penicillin and, 37, 41, 42, 48–49, 137
    • pharmacists’ substitutions and, 110n
    • on polio vaccine, 45
    • pricing and, 137, 158
    • process patents, exploitation of, 41, 42, 595n28
    • “products of nature” and, 44–45, 332n
    • reduction of protection for, 137–38
    • for secondary medical uses, 370, 372
    • Sternbach and, 186
    • on streptomycin, 43–44, 332n
    • on Terramycin, 62
    • on tetracycline, 111–12, 114–15, 130
  • patients’ rights, 423–24, 429
  • Pauling, Linus, 399
  • Pearl Harbor attack, 36, 68, 72
  • Pediatric Device Consortia Grants Program, 506
  • Pelosi, Nancy, 501n
  • Pemberton, John, 586n55
  • penicillin, 29–39, 40–43, 46, 47–49, 51, 59–60, 62, 63, 94, 95, 113, 117, 124, 136, 137, 146, 230, 265, 314, 337, 356
    • first American patient, 37
    • research on synthetic version, 99, 645n28
    • resistance to, 124, 183, 230–33, 517–19, 599n4, 662n1, 755n2, 756n6
    • transformation of U.S. drug industry, 38–39, 757n27
    • World War II crash program of, 33–39
  • Penn, Walter, 54
  • Penn, William Fletcher, 53–54
  • pentamidine, 353–54
  • People, 349
  • Pepcid, 387, 389, 430
  • Percocet, 396, 410, 420
  • Percodan, 396, 410
  • Peritrate, 223
  • pesticides, 113, 175, 240, 519
  • Pfizer, 5–6, 8, 27, 37–39, 41, 42, 44, 49, 59–64, 82, 91, 93, 95, 99, 111, 114, 115, 133, 134, 153, 159, 170–71, 225, 272, 277, 347, 389, 430, 460, 485, 492, 493, 494
    • Arthur Sackler retained by, 91–92
    • chlorpropamide, 93n
    • Detrol, 431
    • FTC complaints against, 122–23, 125, 159
    • gabapentin, 375
    • Lipitor, 370, 431–32
    • Lyrica, 375
    • profit margin of, 94
    • Project Piglet, 95
    • Sigmamycin, 117–19, 124–25, 221, 230
    • sildenafil (Rivatio; Viagra), 372–73, 430, 441
    • Terramycin, 61–64, 91–94, 96, 97, 99, 110, 156, 185
    • tetracycline, 99, 110–12, 114–16, 117, 122–23, 130, 158, 159, 181, 500
  • PF Laboratories, 444–46
  • Pharmaceutical Advertising Associates, 103
  • Pharmaceutical Card System (PCS), 392, 494
  • Pharmaceutical Care Management Association, 498
  • pharmaceutical industry:
    • abandonment of antibiotics, 520–21
    • as “Big Pharma,” use of term, xi
    • critics of, 4
    • expansion of companies in, 116
    • FDA in partnership with, 398
    • history of, 4, 5–8, 35
    • lifestyle drug concept and, 141
    • mergers and acquisitions in, 384, 385, 389–90
    • profits of, 4, 21, 26, 41, 48, 58–61, 112, 123, 126, 136, 161, 245; see also prices
    • as public utilities, 138
    • public view of, 95, 175, 425–26, 515
    • research and development by, 4, 27, 36, 136, 137, 161, 178–79, 225, 229, 352, 369, 370, 503n
    • self-portrayal of, 4
    • tax havens and, 252
  • Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (PMA), 129, 175, 180, 184, 219, 224, 244, 300, 376, 378–79, 381, 424
  • Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), 414n, 515
  • Pharmaceutical Research Associates, 78, 103, 107–8
  • Pharmaceutical Research Center, 132, 268
  • Pharmacia, 389
  • pharmacists, 498
    • data from, 101
    • drug substitution by, 110n
    • gag clause and, 496
    • warnings and, 143, 423–24
  • pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs), 392–93, 493–99, 502
    • corporate consolidation, 494, 748n15
    • factor in high drug prices, 494
    • opposed by independent pharmacists, 498, 749n31
    • origin and growth of, 392–93
    • use of hidden rebates, 495–96, 498
  • Pharma Technologies, 323
  • phenazocine, 216
  • phenobarbital, 21, 27, 205, 324
  • phentermine, 374
  • Philadelphia Museum of Art, 192
  • Phoenix, River, 324n
  • Phoenix Art Museum, 192, 194
  • PhRMA (Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America), 414n, 515
  • Physician Products (Pittsburgh), 248
  • physicians, see doctors
  • Physicians News Service, 108
  • Picasso, Pablo, 77
  • pigs, 95, 512, 518, 520, 687n20
  • Pill, the, see contraceptive pill
  • pill mills, 377–78, 451–52, 454, 461, 483–84
  • Pinkham, Lydia, 9
  • Piot, Peter, 312, 692n16
  • Piotrow, Phyllis, 243
  • Piso’s syrup, 20
  • Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 304
  • placebo, in testing, 178
  • placebo effect, 120
  • Placidyl, 324
  • plague (bubonic), 28, 44, 53, 311, 344, 520, 692n16
  • Planned Parenthood, 139n, 236, 237, 244
  • plasma, 313–22, 334n
  • plasmids, 232
  • Plough family, 73, 129
  • pneumonia, 36, 56, 233, 296, 305
    • Pneumocystis carinii, 312–13, 343, 353, 643n18, 702n24
    • vaccine for, 425, 427
  • Podolsky, Scott, 124, 228
  • poisons, 10, 19
  • Poison Squad, 13–14, 16
  • polio, 45, 294, 307
    • vaccine as alleged cause of HIV, 114, 345–46
    • vaccine for, 45, 94, 113–14, 294, 298, 345n
  • Popular Science Monthly, 11
  • Population Council, 246
  • Portenoy, Russell, 363–65, 367, 368, 405, 406, 414, 478–79
    • as “key opinion leader,” 363–64, 414, 722n61, 725n89
  • Porter, Jane, 361–63
  • Porter, Robert, 114
  • Posner, Trisha, 292
  • post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 328, 382
  • Potts, Malcolm, 237
  • povidone, 248
  • Pravachol, 431
  • Prazepam, 325
  • prednisone, 115–16, 129
  • Pree MT, 201
  • Premarin, 206–9, 286, 290–92
  • Prempro, 291–92, 374
    • Wyeth secret payments for promotion of, 207–9, 290–93
  • PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis), 354–55
    • Gilead lawsuit to invalidate patent of, 354
  • Preparation H, 113
  • President’s Advisory Commission on Narcotic and Drug Abuse, 191–92, 194, 197–98, 199
  • Presley, Elvis, 324
  • Prettyman, Elijah Barrett, 191n
  • prices, 149, 159–61, 163, 167, 174, 224, 390, 492–501, 502
    • of Achtar, 512–14
    • of antibiotics, 112, 115, 117, 122–23, 128–29, 136, 158, 159, 500
    • consumer advertising and, 426
    • distribution system and, 493–99
    • of generic drugs, 499–500
    • of Epipen, 493, 499
    • HMOs and, 391
    • Kefauver investigation and, 128–30, 136–38, 149
    • labor costs and, 137
    • Orphan Drug Act and, 353, 502–16
    • patents and, 137, 158
    • pharmacist gag clause and, 496
    • pharmacy benefit managers and, 393, 493–99, 502
    • rebates and, 495–96
    • regulation of, 137
    • research costs and, 137
    • Shkreli and, 515, 516
    • in U.S. vs. other countries, 136–37, 149, 492–93, 500, 501n
  • Prilosec, 432–33
  • Prinivil, 389
  • Procter & Gamble, 428
  • progesterone, 236n, 246, 291
  • progestin, 291
  • Progressive Party, 254n
  • Prohibition, 25, 26
  • Projan, Steven, 521
  • Proloprim, 520
  • Prontosil, 30, 32, 36
  • propranolol, 264
  • Proprietary Medicine Manufacturers and Dealers Association of America, 17–18
  • ProPublica, 406n, 529
  • proteon-pump-inhibitors (PPI), 432
  • Prozac, 328, 400n
  • psychedelic drugs, 255–56
    • LSD, 146, 226, 247, 257, 260n
  • psychiatric institutions, 144
  • psychiatry, psychiatrists, 76–77, 88, 148, 156, 278
    • Freudian, 76, 202, 203, 327
    • see also mental illness
  • psychosis, 85
    • see also antipsychotics
  • Psychotoxic Drug Control Act, 199
  • psychotropic drugs, 131, 147n, 225
    • coining of term, 150
  • PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), 328, 382
  • Public Citizen, 423
  • Public Health Service, 200, 240
  • Puerto Rico, 267–68
  • Purdue Frederick, xi, 92, 96, 98, 102–3, 108–9, 110, 171, 214n, 245, 250, 252, 262, 267–68, 277, 278, 281, 286, 323, 356, 366–68, 370, 395, 397–99, 402, 403–4
    • Betadine, 248–50, 277, 397, 398
    • Cerumenex, 110, 126
    • corporate structure of, 404n, 718n5, 33, 719n10
    • guilty plea in OxyContin marketing, 472–73
    • lawsuits against, 416, 418n
    • mouthwashes, 245
    • Sacklers as public face of, 103n
    • Sacklers’ purchase of, xi, 96, 108, 250, 442
  • Purdue Pharma Inc., 399, 403–4
    • bankruptcy protection filing of, 533
    • Butrans, 482
    • OxyContin, see OxyContin
    • pain management curriculums and seminars sponsored by, 405–6, 442, 460
    • profits of, 420–21
    • Sackler family directors of, 403
    • Senate investigation into influence on pain foundations, 487
  • Pure Food and Drug Act, 17–24, 34