• Quaaludes, 324, 377–78, 385n, 440
• Questcor, 512–14
• Quinlan, Karen Ann, 424

• rabies, 28
• Radam, William, 8–9
• radiation, 240
• radiation therapy, 397
• Randall, Lowell, 151
• Rannazzisi, Joseph, 472, 484–86
• Rare Pediatric Disease Priority Review Voucher Program, 506
• Rask, Margrethe, 312–13
• Ratner, Herbert, 241
• rats as source of disease, 251
• rDNA (recombinant DNA) technology, 266–67, 330–36
• Reader’s Digest, 82, 280
• Reagan, Ronald, 48, 288, 299, 325n, 343, 348, 350, 356, 377, 399, 424, 425, 427
  • CDC budget cuts, 343
  • FDA budget cuts, 377, 398, 425, 427
• recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, 266–67, 330–36
• Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television, 104
• Red Cross, 77, 314n, 318, 356, 399
• Reed, Walter, 7
• Reeder, Earl, 151
• Reeves, Dan, 431
• Reimann, Hobart, 117
• Remedica Medical Education and Publishing, 478–79
• Remicade, 508
• Repatha, 505
• research and development, 4, 27, 36, 136, 137, 161, 178–79, 225, 229, 352, 369, 370, 503n
• Resperine, 136
• Retrovir (AZT), 348, 350–51, 353
  • public protest against the price of, 351
• Revenue Act, 130–31
• Reyna, Leo, 121
• Reynolds, Debbie, 431
• rheumatic fever, 36
• Rhodes, Peter, 106, 107
• Rhodes Pharmaceuticals, 531n
• Rhône-Poulenc, 136–37, 385n
• Richards, Alfred Newton, 33–36
• Riggs, Arthur, 333–34
• right to die (lawsuit), 424
• Rikers Island, 345
• Ringler, Michele, 483–84
• Ritalin, 142
• Rite Aid, 494
• rituximab, 504–5
• Rivatio and Viagra (sildenafil), 372–73, 430, 441
  • off-label success of, 372–73
• River, The (Hooper), 345n
• river blindness, 388, 394
• Robins Company, 243, 379, 385n
• Roche, Kevin, 285
• Roche (Hoffmann-La Roche), 68, 89–90, 150–53, 155–57, 186n, 203, 248, 257–58, 264, 277, 338, 347, 378, 379, 385n, 409n
  • Arthur Sackler promotion for, 153–57, 186–90, 285–87, 409–10
  • Aspects of Anxiety, 203–5, 207
  • Genentech and, 338, 389
  • Klonopin, 186n, 325–27
  • Librium, 152–57, 171, 185–90, 186n, 191, 192, 194, 197–98, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 222, 253, 256–58, 286, 287, 289, 325, 327, 409n
  • “Roche schedule,” 258
  • Valium, 186–90, 186n, 191, 194, 201, 203, 205–7, 222, 248, 253, 256–58, 286–90, 324–29, 330, 379, 400n, 409n
• Rockefeller, Michael, 279
• Rockefeller Foundation, 32, 282
• Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 146
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 53
• Rogaine (minoxidil), 372, 373n, 430
  • accidental discovery of, 372
• Rogers, Harold, 449
• Rogers, Jacob, 195–96
• Rogues’ Gallery (Gross), 357n
• Rohypnol, 186n
• Rolling Stone, 345n
• Rolling Stones, 157n, 189, 324
• Roosevelt, Eleanor, 72
• Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 33, 34, 72, 94, 130
• Roosevelt, Theodore, 19, 254n
• Rorer, Inc., 377, 385n
• Rorimer, James, 192, 194–97, 279
• Rosebay Medical, 531
• Rosen, Burt, 460–61, 488, 490
• Rosenblatt, Arthur, 281–83
• Rosenfield, John, 86
• Rosenwald, Julius, 73
• Ross, Mark, 453
• rubella, 294, 296n
• Rutgers University, 43–45
• Rutter, William, 333
• Ryan, Jack, 106, 107
• Ryan, Kenneth, 290

• Sabin, Albert, 114n, 298, 304–5
• saccharin, 21, 24
• Sackler, Arthur, xi, 64, 65–70, 72–78, 75n, 79–87, 88–96, 97–101, 103–9, 110–11, 123, 134, 162, 164, 184–85, 192–98, 207, 238n, 248, 250–52, 262, 277–78, 285–86, 314n, 328, 356, 398, 399, 404n, 410, 413, 422, 442, 460, 482, 523–25, 531
  • Achrocidin and, 181–82, 222–23
  • amphetamines and, 142
  • art and antiquities collection of, 79, 81, 85–87, 134, 192–97, 274–75, 284, 285n, 356–59, 401, 527–28
  • Art Institute of Chicago, 192
  • ARTnews, 357
  • Asian art, 79, 81, 85–86, 192–97, 283, 357, 358
  • Aspects of Anxiety, 203–5, 207
  • barbiturates and, 143
  • benzodiazepines and, 153
  • Betadine and, 248–50
    • placement with NASA for Apollo 11, 249
  • blood donation segregation protested by, 77, 314n, 356
  • children of, 83, 267, 398n, 400–402, 607n86, 682n1, 760n28, 761n32
  • concealment of Jewish heritage, 282
  • contraceptive pill and, 140–41
  • death of, 400–402, 460
  • Drug Industry Antitrust Act and, 158–59
  • educational philanthropy of, 278–79, 283
    • campaign to remove names, 528
  • Else’s divorce from, 83–84
  • Else’s marriage to, 67
  • “emotional aspirin” idea and, 145–46
  • estate of, 400–402
  • FBI and, 69–70, 77, 104–7, 110, 165–66
    • cooperation with, 69
    • suspicions over friendship with Soviet agent by, 104, 107
  • foundation created by, 79
  • Freer Gallery of Art and, 358–59
  • Frohlich and, 70, 72–74, 79–80, 85
  • Hatch-Waxman Act and, 381
  • Jillian’s marriage to, 358, 401
  • Kefauver investigation and, 134
    • “Sackler empire” conclusion of, 131–33
  • Kefauver subcommittee testimony of, 164, 165–73, 228
  • leftist politics of, 66, 74, 77–78, 81, 104–6, 109, 159
  • L-Glutavite and, 119–22
  • Librium and, 153–56, 171, 185, 194, 198, 203, 205, 256
  • lifestyle mind drug envisioned by, 141, 142, 153, 400n
  • Marietta’s affair with, 83
  • Marietta’s conclusions about compulsive conditions of, 86–87, 250, 261, 275, 284, 358, 611n60, 681n26, 683n2
  • Marietta’s divorce from, 358
  • Marietta’s marriage to, 84
  • Marietta’s meeting of, 81
  • Medrol and, 167–68
  • MER/29 and, 168–70
  • Metropolitan Museum of Art and, 192–97, 273, 279–84, 285, 356–59
    • charges of anti-Semitism by, 281–82
  • Napp Pharmaceuticals purchased by, 213–14
  • Norman Bethune as “moral exemplar” of, 67
  • Panalba and, 228
  • Park Avenue residence of, 358
  • as patriarch of Sackler family, 270
  • Pauling and, 399
  • President’s Advisory Commission on Narcotic and Drug Abuse and, 192, 194, 197–98
  • psychiatric research of, 76–78, 88, 612n3, 4
  • safe haven for blacklisted journalists created by, 104–8
  • Scientific American and, 399
  • Sigmamycin and, 117–19, 221, 230
  • Singer and, 193, 649n15, 651n37
  • Sonnenreich and, 80, 253–61, 270–75, 281, 282, 286, 358–59, 400–402
  • Stern and, 73, 81, 82
    • interview by FBI over friendship with, 166
  • stock trading of, 82–83
  • subway noise experiments and, 251–52
  • Terramycin and, 63–64, 91–94, 96, 97, 185
  • tetracycline and, 110, 111
  • tranquilizers and, 149, 150
  • Valium and, 186–89, 194, 203, 205–6, 253, 256, 324–27
  • Vatican and, 358
  • web of companies formed by, 103–4, 214n, 323n, 403–4, 458n, 532
  • WHO and, 250–51
• Sackler, Arthur, Jr., 84, 267, 278, 400, 676n25
• Sackler, Beverly, 74, 75n, 101, 281, 398n, 403, 474
  • membership in Communist Party, 74, 75n
• Sackler, Carol, see Master, Carol Sackler
• Sackler, David, 409, 441n, 474, 480, 487, 488, 490–91, 529, 531
• Sackler, Elizabeth, 83, 400, 401, 527, 528, 607n86, 760n28, 761n32
• Sackler, Else, 67, 74, 77, 78, 79, 81, 134, 135, 173, 196, 271, 400, 401, 643n42, 43
  • Arthur’s divorce from, 83–84
  • Arthur’s marriage to, 67
• Sackler, Gertraud, 283, 284n
• Sackler, Ilene, 398n, 403, 474
• Sackler, Isaac, 65, 66, 68
• Sackler, Jillian, 398n, 400–402, 527
  • Arthur’s marriage to, 358, 401
• Sackler, Jonathan, 398n, 403, 437, 473, 480
• Sackler, Kathe, 398n, 403, 437, 474, 480, 527
• Sackler, Marietta, 81–87, 88, 103–4, 132, 193, 196, 250, 251, 258, 261, 267, 270, 271, 275, 277, 280, 284, 285n, 400, 460, 612n2, 629n9, 653n29, 676n25
  • Arthur’s affair with, 83
  • Arthur’s divorce from, 358
  • Arthur’s marriage to, 84
  • Arthur’s meeting of, 81
• Sackler, Mortimer, xi, 66, 67, 74–76, 78, 79n, 81–83, 88, 96, 98, 101–3, 103n, 110, 118, 250–52, 261, 262, 268, 268n, 270–71, 273–75, 277, 283–84, 286, 323–24, 369, 398–402, 398n, 404n, 437, 442, 443, 473, 480–82, 523–25, 531
  • charitable requests, 278–79, 682n44
  • children of, 398n
  • L-Glutavite and, 119–22
  • Metropolitan Museum and, 280–81, 356–57
  • Napp Pharmaceuticals purchased by, 213–14
  • pain control medication and, 217
  • tax avoidance scheme by, 525
• Sackler, Mortimer, Jr., 398n, 403, 437, 473, 480–81
• Sackler, Muriel Lazarus, 88, 283
• Sackler, Raymond, xi, 66, 67, 74–76, 78, 79n, 81–83, 98, 101–3, 110, 250–52, 261, 262, 267, 268, 270–71, 273–75, 284, 286, 323–24, 369, 396, 398–402, 398n, 403, 404n, 406, 439, 442, 451–52, 458, 460, 480, 523–25, 531
  • charitable bequests, 278–79, 682n44
  • FBI and, 74, 75, 101–2
  • Grant estate purchased by, 276–78
  • L-Glutavite and, 119–22
  • membership in Communist Party, 74, 75n
  • Metropolitan Museum and, 194n, 280–81, 356–57
  • Napp Pharmaceuticals purchased by, 213–14
• Sackler, Richard, 267, 396–99, 403–6, 420, 436, 437, 439–41, 444, 458, 460, 473, 478, 480–82, 487, 488, 490, 499, 523, 527
• Sackler, Robert, 268n
• Sackler, Sophie, 65–68, 84, 270
• Sackler, Theresa, 281, 403, 474, 525n
• Sackler family, xi, 88–89, 96, 98, 100, 107–9, 126, 270–71, 323, 398, 486, 490, 523–34
  • charitable foundations and philanthropy of, 79n, 98, 107n, 195, 278, 279, 527–28
  • FBI and, xi, 69–70, 74, 75, 77, 101–2, 104–7, 109, 110, 165–66
  • information disguised as research disseminated by, 108
  • Kefauver “Sackler empire” investigation and, 131–33
  • left-wing politics and, xi, 74–78, 81, 101–2, 104–6, 109
  • L-Glutavite and, 119–22
  • Metropolitan Museum and, 192–97, 194n, 273, 279–84, 285, 356–59, 526, 528
  • OxyContin and, see OxyContin
  • political contributions of, 460
  • as public face of Purdue, 103n
  • Purdue purchased by, xi, 96, 108, 250, 442
  • real estate purchases by, 277, 358, 525n, 531
  • research grants and, 107–8
  • tax mitigation and, 196, 267–68, 278, 281, 284, 403, 523–26, 531
  • wealth of, 277, 278, 493
  • web of companies formed by, 103–4, 214n
  • Welch scandal and, 131–34
• Sackler Museum, 359
• Sackler School of Medicine, 278–79, 323n
• safety, drug, 35, 78, 175, 176, 178, 180, 376–77
• safety, food, see food safety
• St. Christopher’s, 213, 214, 216
• St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, 144
• St. Joseph’s, 211–12
• St. Mary’s Medical School, 211
• sales representatives, see detail men
• salicylic acid, 10, 14
  • Bayer omits Jewish discoverer of, 579–80n42
  • trademarked as aspirin, 10
• Salk, Jonas, 45, 113, 298, 328
  • opposed to patents for drugs derived from nature, 44–45
• salmonella, 43
• Salt Lake Tribune, 479
• samples (drugs), free, 124, 187–88, 223
• Sanchez-Ubeda, Rafael, 191n
• Sanders, Bernie, 501n
• Sandoz, 416
• San Francisco, Calif., 339–42, 349, 351
• San Francisco Chronicle, 104
• Sanger, Margaret, 139n
• Sankyo Pharmaceuticals, 386
• Sannerud, Christine, 445, 453
• Sanofi, 307–8
• Sanofi Aventis, 512
• Sapienza, Frank, 445, 453–55
• Saturday Evening Post, 82
• Saturday Review, 120, 123–24, 134
• Saunders, Cicely, 210–17, 257, 269, 363
  • search for hospice painkiller, 212–16
• scarlet fever, 48
• Schatz, Albert, 43–45
• schedules, drug, 256–58, 260n, 289, 369, 378, 385n
• Schering, 68–69, 72–74, 81, 82, 115, 129, 160, 165–66, 246, 356, 426
  • FBI investigation of, 69–70
  • as Nazi money conduit, 69
• Schering, Ernst Christian Friedrich, 5
• Schering-Plough, 73, 120, 129, 334n, 379, 431
  • Claritin, 429–31
• schizophrenia, 88, 94, 121, 122, 135, 143
• Schmeck, Harold, 297
• Schneider, Benjamin, 102–3
• Schwab’s Pharmacy, 148
• Schwartz, Herman, 167–70
• science:
  • advances in, 47–48, 383–84
  • “Big Science,” 47
  • faith in, 95, 175
• Science, 266, 299, 333, 346n, 360
• Science Information Bureau, 85
• Scientific American, 362, 399
• Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace, 81
• Scope Weekly, 167
• Scott, Alan, 373n
• Scott, Rick, 138n
• Seaman, Barbara, 237, 244, 246, 290
• Searle, 272
  • Enovid, 139–41, 234–36, 243, 246
• Sears and Roebuck, 7, 73
• Seasonale, 373
• Seconal, 143
• Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 83, 123
• sedatives, see tranquilizers and sedatives
• Senate, U.S., 82, 90n, 122, 185, 225, 228
  • Antitrust and Monopoly Subcommittee, 128
  • Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, 453
  • Finance Committee, 487–88
  • Internal Security Subcommittee, 105
  • Judiciary Committee, 174
  • Kefauver committee investigations, 127–38, 139, 149, 158–64, 165–73
  • Sackler’s testimony before, 164, 165–73
• Sencer, David, 298, 299, 305–6, 348–49
• senile agitation, 145
• Senokot, 110, 171, 277, 397
• Seroquel, 382
• Serpasil, 113
• Sevredol, 397
• Sex and the City, 374
• Sexual Medicine Today, 278
• Shafer, Jack, 105
• Shafer, Raymond, 259
• Shafer Commission, 259–60
  • Sonnenreich as executive director of, 259
• Shakil, Saate, 514
• Shapiro, Josh, 530
• Sharp & Dohme, 94, 202, 300, 315
• shigellosis, 341
• Shilts, Randy, 340, 341
• shingles, 28
• Shirkey, Harry, 178
• Shkreli, Martin, 515, 516
• Shorter, Edward, 229
• side effects, 162, 177–78, 184, 201–2, 326, 404, 424, 627n25
  • advertisements and, 222, 423
  • from chlorpropamide, 93n
  • from contraceptive pill, 234–46
  • from Librium, 185
  • from MER/29, 169–70
  • from Miltown, 149
  • from Valium, 187
  • from Vioxx, 433
• Siegel, Mary, 98
• Sigerist, Henry, 107
• Sigmamycin, 117–19, 124–25, 221, 230
  • Arthur Sackler role in advertisement with fake doctors, 125–26, 230
• Silber, Fritz, 107
• sildenafil (Rivatio; Viagra), 372–73, 430, 441
• Silent Spring (Carson), 175
• Simpson, Wallis, 71–72
• Sinclair, Upton, 19
• Singer, Paul, 193, 197
• sinus infections, 58
  • antibiotics overprescribed for, 232
• 60 Minutes, 447, 514, 526
• Skoien, Mike, 520–21
• Skolek, Brian, 463–65, 467, 474–75
• Skolek, Jill Carol, 463–69, 474–76
• Skolek, Marianne, 463–69, 474–76
  • assistance to U.S. attorney, 468–69
  • confrontation with J. David Haddox, 466–67
  • role in FDA’s warning letter to Purdue, 465–66
  • Senate testimony, 475–76
• Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 220, 363
• smallpox, 9, 27, 344, 576n13, 686n3
• Smith, Austin, 129–30
• Smith & Nephew Pharmaceuticals, 214–17
• Smith Kline, 26, 29, 39, 137, 143, 147n, 384, 389
  • LYMErix, 308n
  • Proloprim, 520
  • Tagamet, 264–65, 383–85, 387, 430
  • Thorazine, 113, 137, 143–49, 157, 212, 381–82
• SmithKline Beecham, 389, 460, 494
• Smithsonian Institution, 192, 358–59, 528
• smoking, 92, 94–95, 218, 261, 428
• socialists, 66, 69–70
• social phobias, 328
• Soliris, 511
• somatostatin, 333–34
• Sonnenreich, Emmanuel “Manny,” 254
• Sonnenreich, Fay, 254
• Sonnenreich, Michael, 254, 270–75, 281, 282, 286, 358–59, 400–402
  • accepts job offer from Arthur Sackler, 261
  • art collection of, 274
  • at Justice Department, 253, 255–57, 270
  • as Sackler confidant, 271–75, 400–401
• Sonorant Therapeutics, 514
• Sophian, Lawrence, 108
• Southam, Chester, 220–21
• Soviet Union, 73, 77, 78, 106, 119, 159, 165, 399
• Spain, 89
• Spanish Civil War, 89, 107
• Spanish flu epidemic of 1918, 27–28, 65, 296–97, 305, 307, 344, 520
• Spectrum, 92
• Sperber, Richard, 120, 190, 267
• Spilker, Bert, 414n
• Springer Publishing, 400
• Squibb, 6, 8, 21, 27, 33, 36–38, 41, 41n, 42, 44, 49, 76, 90, 111, 114, 115, 130, 379, 384, 385
  • Capoten, 263–64, 387
  • FTC complaint against, 122–23, 159
• Squibb, Edward Robinson, 6
• Squibb family, xi
• stagflation, 390
• Stalin, Joseph, 75
• Stanford University, 332
• staph bacteria, 29, 124, 228, 313
• Starr, Douglas, 315
• STAT, 501n
• statins, 506n
  • Lipitor, 370, 431–32
  • lovastatin, 387
• Sterling Drugs, 216
• Stern, Alfred, 73, 81, 82, 85, 96, 106n, 107, 119, 165–66
• Stern, Martha Dodd, see Dodd, Martha
• Sternbach, Leo, 150–52, 157, 185–86, 328, 637n72, 637n79, 639n111, 696n9
  • dispute with Earl Reeder over Librium and Valium, 151, 637n79, 639n111
  • view on responsibility of a drug’s discoverer for its use, 328
• Sternbach, Michael, 157
• Stevenson, Adlai, 128n
• Stevenson, Robert Louis, 7n
• Stigler, George, 180
• stimulants, see amphetamines
• stocks, stock market, 286
  • of Chemway Corp., 121–22
  • insider trading of, 82–83
  • prices of, 82
  • Sackler and, 82–83
• Stone, Edward Durell, 276
• Stonewall raid, 340
• Stopping Valium (Bargmann), 328
• Strassburger, Phil, 484
• streptococcal infections, 30, 118
• streptomycin, 43–46, 48–49, 53, 59–60, 99, 117, 332n, 519
• stress, 90, 145, 188, 204–6
  • grants for Arthur Sackler’s studies on noise and, 251, 671n24
  • see also anxiety
• SubbaRow, Yellapragada, 50–53, 55, 56
• Sudler & Hennessey, 273
• sugar, 21n
• suicide, 222, 414, 439, 455
  • doctor-assisted, 210, 212
• sulfa drugs, 30–32, 35–37, 44, 131, 143
  • penicillin and, 117
  • Prontosil, 30, 32, 36
  • sulfamethoxypyridazine, 158n
  • sulfanilamides, 32, 94
  • sulfonamide, 30
• sulfites, 14
• Sullivan, Louis, 460
• superbugs, see antibiotic resistance and superbugs
• supplements, 8, 240, 428
• Supreme Court, U.S., 25–26, 44, 184, 229, 230, 332n, 350
  • United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca Cola, 23
  • United States v. Johnson, 20
• Susann, Jacqueline, 189
• sustained-release drugs, 268–69, 376, 492
  • MST Continus, 269, 339, 369, 375–76, 395, 397, 443
  • OxyContin as, 252, 269, 405, 408, 415, 419–20, 439, 442, 446
• Swanson, Robert, 331–33, 335, 337
• swine flu, 296–309, 348, 520
  • CDC failure to warn of neurological complications, 305–6
• Switzerland, 26, 68, 137, 150
• Synacthen, 514
• Syntex, 116, 385n
• Synthroid, 505–6
• syphilis, 36, 341
  • Tuskegee Study on, 55n, 221, 246n

• Tagamet, 264–65, 383–85, 387, 430
  • first drug with $1 billion in annual sales, 384–85
• Tandy, Karen, 459
• Tao-Chi, 283
• Tasigna, 507n
• Task Force on Prescription Drugs, 224
• taxes, 18, 39, 42, 267–68, 284, 352, 353
  • on alcohol, 15, 218
  • health insurance and, 131
  • intellectual property and, 252
  • Sacklers and, 196, 267–68, 278, 281, 284, 403, 523–26, 531
  • on tobacco, 218
• Taxol, 395–96
• Taylor, Elizabeth, 324
• tea, 22, 23
• technological advances, 383–84
  • postwar, 47–48
• television, 127, 154–55
  • closed-circuit, 187, 188
  • drug advertising on, 423–27, 429–31, 433–34, 438
• Temple of Dendur, 279–81, 283n, 285, 356–57, 526, 528
• Terramycin, 61–64, 91–94, 96, 97, 99, 110, 156, 185
  • Arthur Sackler promotion of, 91–94
• Tesla, Nikola, 328, 605n66
• tetracycline, 99, 110–12, 114–16, 117, 122–23, 130, 158, 159, 181, 227, 500
• Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, 485n, 528n, 532
• thalidomide, 174–75, 177, 181, 219, 238, 241, 243, 247, 374, 376
  • as impetus for drug legislation, 174–75
• Theranos, 338n
• therapeutic claims, 20, 112, 120, 221, 225, 245
  • see also efficacy of drugs
• Thill, Werner, 320
• Thompson, Ed, 447
• Thompson Medical Company, 380
• Thorazine, 113, 137, 143–49, 157, 212, 381–82
  • reduces number of patients in mental asylums, 144–45
• Time, 71, 127, 128, 141, 148, 149, 154, 189, 287, 349, 361–63, 422, 431
• time-release drugs, see sustained-release drugs
• Timoptic, 383
• Tishler, Max, 37, 38
• tobacco and smoking, 92, 94–95, 218, 261, 428
• Tong, William, 500–501
• tonsillitis, 36
• Tourette syndrome, 507
• toxoplasmosis, 322
• trademarks, 158
• Tramadol, 407
• tranquilizers and sedatives, 27, 94, 128, 131, 136, 137, 142–43, 149–51, 157, 167, 235, 288n, 324
  • barbiturates, see barbiturates
  • benzodiazepines, see benzodiazepines
  • Equanil, 147, 148, 153, 155–57, 189, 201, 222, 228
  • Librium, see Librium
  • Miltown, 147–52, 155–57, 185, 186, 189, 192, 197–98, 201, 222, 228, 253, 257, 258n, 407
  • minor, 146–49, 222
  • negative connotations of, 147
  • phenobarbital, 21, 27, 205, 324
  • Thorazine, 113, 137, 143–49, 157, 212, 381–82
  • Valium, see Valium
  • women and, 202–3
• Transorient, 79
• Transparent Drug Pricing Act, 138n
• Tri-Cyclen, 373
• Trudeau, Mark, 514
• True Life, 449
• True Story, 140
• Truman, Harry, 48
• Trump, Donald, 138n, 496, 500, 519, 524
• Truvada, 354–55
• tuberculosis, 6–7, 9, 14, 28–29, 43, 44, 53, 55, 167
  • “Great White Plague” as, 43
• Tufts University, 406, 528
  • Sackler and Purdue bequests to, 283, 406, 682n44, 720n27, 724n75
• Turing, 515
• Tuskegee Study, 55n, 221, 246n
• 21st Century Cures Act, 506
• Twycross, Robert, 213
• typhoid, 27, 43, 44
• typhus, 9, 53, 307

• Ubl, Stephen, 515
• Udell, Howard, 437, 444–45, 448, 453, 457n, 458, 459, 471–76, 478
• Uganda, 345
• ulcerative colitis, 508
• ulcers, 264–65, 379, 387
• ultrasonometry, 88
• urinary tract infections, 58
• United Health, 497
• United Hebrew Trades, 66
• United Nations (U.N.), 250, 258, 456, 517
• United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 318–19
• United Press International (UPI), 104, 106
• United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 23, 24, 37, 42
  • Bureau of Chemistry, 10–12, 15–21
  • Northern Regional Lab in Peoria, 33, 37, 41
• United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, see HEW
• United States Department of Health and Human Services, see HHS
• United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP/NF), 9–10, 15, 17, 20, 24, 26, 27
• United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca Cola, 23
• United States v. Johnson, 20
• University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), 332–35
• University of Kentucky, 478
• Upjohn Laboratories, 37, 38, 49, 115, 130, 207, 225, 389, 426, 430
  • FTC complaint against, 122–23, 159
  • Halcion, 326, 327
  • Loniten, 372
  • Medrol, 167–68
  • Motrin, 379–80, 424
  • Panalba, 227–29, 230
  • Rogaine (minoxidil), 372, 373n, 430
  • Xanax, 326–27, 400n

• vaccines, 114, 240, 303, 344, 588n10, 615n47, 616n50, 688n29
  • anti-vaccine movement, 4, 294–96, 686n6, 687n12
  • autism and, 295
  • dengue fever, 307–8
  • and individual vs. public health, 307
  • influenza, 297n, 304, 305, 344
  • litigation and, 306–8, 624n25
  • Lyme disease, 308n
  • MMR, 295
  • pneumonia, 425, 427
  • polio, 45, 94, 113–14, 294, 298, 345n
  • religious exemption to, 296n
  • rubella, 296n
  • for swine flu, 298–309, 691n71
• Vagelos, Diana, 394n
• Vagelos, Roy, 383, 385–90, 393–94, 494
  • emphasis on laboratory research, 386–88, 592n63
  • pharmacy benefit managers, view of, 393, 494
• Valium, 186–90, 186n, 191, 194, 201, 203, 205–7, 222, 248, 253, 256–58, 286–90, 324–29, 330, 379, 400n, 409n
  • Arthur Sackler promotion of, 187–88
  • debate over safety and addiction, 286–89
  • first $100 million drug, 189
  • listed as controlled substance, 289
  • social popularity of, 189
  • targeting of women as patients, 202–6
• Valium Girls Club, 324
• Valley of the Dolls (Susann), 189
• Valneva, 308n
• ValueRx, 494
• Vanderbilt, Mrs. William, 358
• Vanity Fair, 441n, 491, 529
• van Ophuijsen, Johan, 98, 102
• Van Ophuijsen Center, 98, 108, 132n
• Vasotec, 387, 389
• Vatican, 358
• venture capitalists, 135
  • biotechnology and, 331–32, 334, 336–38
• Vermont, 515n
• Vertex, 511–12
• veterans, 411
  • addictions and overdoses in, 412
  • OxyContin and, 411–12
  • of Vietnam War, 328
• Veterans Administration, 365, 390, 455, 522
• Veterans Affairs, United States Department of, 411, 473, 509, 513, 516n
• Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 121
• Veterans’ Bureau, 55n
• Veysey, Victor, 320
• Viagra (sildenafil), 372–73, 430, 441
• Vicodin, 407, 410, 420
• Victoria, Queen, 7n
• Vietnam War, 233, 247–49, 299, 399, 485
  • veterans of, 328
• Village Voice, 345
• Vin Mariani, 20
• Vinson, Fred, Jr., 255
• Vioxx, 433, 485
  • damage to Merck reputation, 433, 485
• viper venom, 263
• viruses, 181, 231, 305, 311, 340, 344
• vitamins, 36, 94, 119–20, 150, 240, 428
• Vogue, 208, 286–88

• Wakefield, Andrew, 295–96
• Waksman, Selman, 43–45, 63
  • contract with Merck, 596n29
• Walgreens, 338n, 489–90
• Wallace, Lila Acheson, 280, 281
• Wallace Laboratories, 146–48, 155, 157
• Wall Street Journal, 480
• Walter Reed Army Research Institute, 233
• Warner-Lambert, 223, 389, 431
  • Prazepam, 325
• War Production Board, 37, 38, 42
• War Research Service, 44
• Warren, Elizabeth, 501n
• Washington Institute of Medicine, 97–98, 100, 195
• Washington Post, 3, 13, 174, 181, 527
• Washington Times, 12
• Watergate scandal, 260
• Watson Pharmaceuticals, 486n
• Waxman, Henry, 378–79
• Webster, Lynn, 479–80
• weight loss drugs, 141, 205, 225–26, 374
• Weinberg, Alvin M., 47
• Welch, Henry, 63, 97, 100, 118, 119, 124, 131–35, 139, 181
  • resignation from FDA by, 133–34
• Wellcome, Henry Solomon, 6
• Weltman, A. Stanley, 250
• Weltzien, Julius, 68, 69
• Werth, Barry, 394
• West syndrome, 512
• West Virginia, 439, 442, 445, 452, 457, 484
• Wheeler-Lea Act, 35, 92
• Whiffen & Sons, 25
• whiskey (rectified), 15, 21, 24
• whooping cough, 307
• Wild, Anthony, 416–17
• Wiley, Harvey Washington, 10–14, 15–24, 34
  • creator of Poison Squad, 13–14
  • role in passage of Pure Food and Drug Act, 11–12, 15–19
• Wiley, Lucinda, 11
• Wiley, Preston, 11
• William Douglas McAdams, Inc., see McAdams, William Douglas, Inc.
• Williams, Tennessee, 148, 157n
• Wilson, Robert, 206–9, 290–93
• Wilson, Ronald, 292–93
• Wilson, Thelma, 292–93
• Winfrey, Oprah, 349
• Winn, Thomas, 91
• Winthrop-Stearns, 90
• Wolder, Stanley, 165n
• Wolfson, Alice, 242n
• women:
  • advocacy groups for, 242n, 244n
  • anxiety and, 203–6
  • Arthur Sackler use of “executive monkey” on, 204n
  • estrogen and, see estrogen
  • feminism and, 140, 202, 204–5
  • contraceptive pill for, see contraceptive pill
  • hormones and, see hormones
  • lobotomies on, 203
  • medical treatment of, 202–3
  • menopause in, 204–9, 236n, 290–92
  • menstrual cycles of, 373
  • pharma’s targeting of, 202–9
  • premenstrual tension in, 205
  • Valium and, 287, 288, 324
• Women and Madness (Chesler), 287
• wonder drugs, 4, 25–39, 45, 46, 58, 82
  • Aureomycin as, 53
  • penicillin as, 31–32, 356
  • Valium as, 188
• Wong-Baker Pain Rating Scale, 365
• Woodward, Robert Burns, 61–62
• World Health Organization (WHO), 231n, 232n, 236, 257, 294, 298, 321, 363, 456
  • antibiotic resistance and, 517
  • Global Day Against Pain, 470
  • International Task Force on World Health Manpower, 250, 251
  • Mectizan and, 388
  • Sackler and, 250–51
• World War I, 7, 25, 26, 29, 36, 55, 71, 72, 138n, 297
• World War II, 36–39, 40–44, 47, 49, 68–70, 74, 77, 78, 83, 106, 123, 130–31, 138n, 192n, 299, 313–15, 356
  • Pearl Harbor attack in, 36, 68, 72
• World Wide Medical News Service, 278
• World Wide Medical Press, 278
• Wright, Curtis, 420, 446, 460, 475
• Wright, Louis Tompkins, 50, 53–56, 62
  • confrontation of racial segregation in medicine, 55–56
• Wright brothers, 100
• Wyden, Peter, 235–36
• Wyden, Ron, 488n
• Wyeth, 113, 147, 149, 153, 155, 202, 207, 222, 225, 228, 246, 267, 293, 300–301, 407
  • Ativan, 325
  • downplaying estrogen replacement drug risks, 208–9, 686n45
• Wyeth, Frank, 6
• Wyeth, John, 6
• Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, 291–92

• Xanax, 326–27, 400n

• Yaz, 373
• yeast infections, 313, 322
• yellow fever, 7, 9, 44
• Yersinia pestis, 28
• Young, Frank, 398, 426–27
• Young & Rubicam, 273

• Zantac, 379, 384–85, 387, 430
• Zidovudine (AZT), 348, 350–51, 353, 515–16
  • Burroughs relies on public research funding for private patent, 348, 350–51
  • orphan dug designation, 351–53
• Ziel, Harry, 290
• Zocor, 389, 431
• Zolgensma, 511
• Zoloft, 400n