Alan Turing: The Enigma

Index

Abdication (of Edward VIII) 121–3, 131, 140n, 308

accumulator (of computers) 323, 351, 391

ACE (Automatic Computing Engine):

Wormersley’s initiative 305–7, 317–8, 407–8;

AMT’s design for (the ACE report) 317–37;

compared with EDVAC 320, 323–4, 343, 354;

name given 317;

official approval of 336–7;

slow development of 337–40, 343, 348–53, 355–6, 365–8, 372, 375;

pilot models proposed 335–7, 351–2, 365;

‘Test Assembly’ for 365, 372;

AMT abandons project 367, 376–7;

Pilot ACE built 417–8, 442, 444

Adcock, F. E. 148, 160–1, 466

addition, modular 162, 228–9, 247, 274, 276

Admiralty see Navy, British

Admiralty Computing Service 316

Admiralty Signals Establishment 328

Adrian, R. H. 372

aerodynamics 300, 304, 317, 333, 344, 348, 413

after-life, AMT believes in 49, 50, 53, 75;

doubts 63–6, 68–70

Aiken, H. H., see Harvard

Air Force (British), communications of 165

Air Force (German), communications of see under Enigma

alcohol, used by computer 328

Alexander, A. V. 238

Alexander, C. Hugh O’D.:

as chess master 198, 207, 478;

in naval Enigma 198, 204, 221, 227, 234, 262, 268;

and GCHQ 496;

and trial 464, 472

algebra 11, 80, 333, 478; see also

groups; word problem; Boolean algebra

Allen, Clifford 461

almost periodic functions 95, 131

America see United States

analogue computer 295–7; see also differential analyser; zeta-function machine

Anderson, J. 386

Andrews, A. J. P. 22, 37, 39, 52

Anna Karenina (Tolstoy) 475

Annan, Noel 397

Anti-war movement 70–1, 87;

see also war

Apostles (Cambridge society), AMT not in 75, 371, 373, 509

apples 279, 427;

as forbidden fruit 9, 520;

death from 129, 149, 488–9, note 8. 67

Appleton, E. 340

arithmetic: in mathematics, see numbers, theory of; Peano axioms;

on computers, 320–1, 323, 325, 327–8, 365n, 391

Army, British:

communications of 165;

AMT’s view of 271, 282, 286–7;

OTC at school 24, 53, 58;

Home Guard, 231–2

Army, US, AMT and 311–2

‘Arnold’ see Murray, Arnold

Artificial Intelligence see under brain

artillery see ballistics

Ashby, W. Ross 359–60, 363, 411–2, 469n

Association of Scientific Workers. 118, 364

astronomy: at school 34, 40, 43–6, 51, 55–6;

also 450, 452, 454, 490

Atanasoff, J. V. 301n

atheism see religion

athletics see running; rowing

Atkins, James H:

friendship with AMT 75–6, 87–8, 129, 136;

after war 368, 489, 520;

also 273, note 8. 67

Atlantic, battle of:

early period 194–5, 200–2, 217–9, 222–4;

crisis of 234–6, 240, 242–5, 259–62;

Allied supremacy 263, 288–9, 312;

atomic fission:

AMT’s early knowledge 149–50, 312, 344;

in USA (Los Alamos) 251, 300, 302, 304, 312;

in Britain 350, 392–3, 438, 440, 502n;

see also hydrogen bomb

Augenfeld, Robert 150–1, 157–9, 193, 206, 239, 264, 389, 396, 427–8, 465

Austen, Jane 426, 475

Austria: skiing 88, 482–3;

Anschluss 144;

Nazi persecution 150–1, 153, 193, 264;

Wittgenstein 153, 381

automata see under Turing machine; brain

Automatic Computing Engine see ACE

B. Dienst (German cryptanalysis) 189, 253, 259–62

B-star wrangler see examinations

Babbage, Charles

known of by AMT 297;

compared with AMT 298, 363;

Analytical Engine 109, 297–8, 317;

related to 1937–45 machines 299, 301–2;

related to computer 303–4, 323–4;

see also Lovelace, Lady Ada

Back to Methuselah (Shaw)

AMT sees 72;

allusions 74, 78–9, 127, 143, 158, 266, 362, 417

Baer, R. 123, 129

Balchin, Nigel 286

ballistics: use of ENIAC for 301, 332–3;

use of ACE for 332–3, 335n, 362

Banburismus, Banbury 197, 233

Bates, Audrey 401

Bates, John A. V. 412

Baudot-Murray code 228, 270–1, 399, 482n

Bayes, Thomas 196; see under

probability

Bayley, Donald: as Delilah assistant 273–4, 276, 278, 284–8;

takes over Delilah 290, 345–6;

as wartime colleague 279–84, 289, 517;

and ACE plans 295, 307, 314–6;

post-war contact 339, 345, 366, 373, 395, 438, 479, 480, 496, 520

Bayly, Prof. 252, 271

BBC see under radio

Behaviourism 98, 107n, 291, 379–81, 416–7, 471

Bell Laboratories (New York):

AMT at 245–53, 274, 286;

speech encipherment at 245–8, 252;

relay calculator at 299

Bennett, Christopher 446, 484

Bennett, John N. P. 47–8

Bensly, W. J. 32

Beobachter Dienst see B. Dienst

Bernal, J. D. 140n, 404, 524

Bernays, P. 117, 119, 133

Beuttell, Alfred W. 56, 68–9, 136, 272

Beuttell, Gerard 136

Beuttell, Ida A. 55–6, 68

Beuttell, Victor F. 55–8, 68–9, 114–5, 127, 136, 272, 381

Bevin, Ernest 311

bicycles, AMT and 20–1, 89, 209, 279, 345, 387, 395, 489

binary numbers see under numbers

biology see under growth; brain; genetics; molecular biology; hormones

Birch, Frank 161, 187

Birkhoff, G. D. 123

birth (of AMT) 5

bishops 122–3, 128, 287, 418, 474, 505

Bismarck 200–1

bit (of information) 250; see also numbers, binary

Black, Gordon 489

Blackett, P.M.S.: in war 230, 307n;

and Manchester computer 340–2, 349, 376, 393;

as socialist 364, 393, 509;

and trial 465

Blackpool 496

Blarney, M. H. 30–1, 36, 45–8, 52, 69

Blenkins, Mr 10, 11

Bletchley, Bletchley Park:

location 160;

see under GC and CS for work at;

see also Shenley

boats, boating:

rowing 62, 76, 89, 115, 354;

canoeing 115;

sailing 114, 136, 158, 369–70

‘Bob’ see Augenfeld, Robert

Bohnenblust, H. F. 145

Bombes (machines for Enigma analysis):

Polish 175–6, 181n

British 176–185, 201, 211, 277;

development of 181, 184, 191, 204, 220–1, 252;

crisis over 224–7, 235–6;

American 235–6, 262–3;

related to computer 181n, 293, 296, 323, 329

Boole, G. 139

Boolean algebra 138–9, 251–2, 271

Boolean (logical) functions on computers 320, 365n, 409

Booth, A. 393

Boothby, Robert 505

Borel, E. 212

Born, M. 86

Bosham, Sussex 158, 369–70

botany, see plants; daisy; fir cone

Boughey, C. L. F. 30–2, 58–9

Brabazon, Lord 505

brain: childhood reading about 12–3, 17, 28, 291, 379;

problem of mind and 63–6, 69;

Turing machine and ‘state of mind’ 105—9;

discussed in wartime period 210–4, 251–2, 265–6;

AMT wants to build 290–5, 304, 327–8, 332–3, 343, 347–9;

and ‘intelligent machinery’ in AMT’s

expositions 357–64, 377–85, 406, 415–26, 441–3, 450–2, 459–60;

discussed further 520–3, 540

physiology of, 360, 372, 379, 386–8, 429, 435–7;

and cybernetics 404, 404n, 411–2;

surgery on 405, 470

Braithwaite, Richard B. 86, 91, 108, 123–4, 450–2, 482–3

branching, conditional 277, 298–9, 301, 323, 338, 343, 391

Brave New World (Huxley) 73, 240, 439–40, 467, 503

Brewster, E. T. see Natural Wonders …

Bristol 441

British Security Coordination (New York) 242–3, 252–3, 271

British Tabulating Machinery see BTM

broadcasts see under radio

Broadhurst, S. W. 226, 268

Brooker, R. A. (Tony) 438, 446, 465, 480, 485, 495, 497

Brookes, Victor M. C. 42

Brunt, D. 393

BSC (British Security Coordination) 242–3, 252–3, 271

BTM (British Tabulating Machinery) 181, 220, 262n

Burgess, Guy 501, 507, 507n, 509

burglary, of AMT’s house 454–6, 464

Bush, Vannevar 155, 157

Butler, Samuel 73–4, 78, 361–2, 382, 388, 406, 424, 473

Byers Brown, W. 477

Cable and Wireless (company) 271–2

Cambridge University:

scholarship to 38, 41–4, 49–51, 55, 57;

AMT’s residence at see under King’s College;

science and mathematics at 59–61;

not in line with AMT’s interests 88, 91, 157, 134;

(no) lectureship at 130, 132, 150, 152, 157, 186, 290, 374;

computer (EDSAC) at 155, 342, 351–2, 374–5, 398, 406–7;

other visits and contacts 195, 215, 239, 281, 407, 448n, 476, 482

Campbell, Archibald 15, 15n

cancer 439, 519n

Cantor, G. 84, 100–2, 109, 114, 142–3, 520

capitalism 49, 72–3, 251, 308, 525

car, AMT’s driving of 128, 132, 142, 395

cards, punched see punched cards

Carey, G. M. 30, 31

Carolina, South 142

Carpenter, Edward 77, 308–11, 362, 371, 381, 419, 453, 458, 517, 521, 526–7

Carse, Duncan 48

Casablanca 13, 14, 253, 416–7, 515

castration 469–71, 505n

cat (Timothy) 279, 280, 283

cathode ray tube: AMT’s ideas for computer use 321n, 322, 340, 354;

as Williams tube 340, 349, 350, 391, 393, 399, 400, 402, 413, 445;

see also Iconoscope

Central Intelligence Agency 497–8, 501n, 507

Central Limit Theorem 88–9, 94, 108, 114

Champernowne, David G. (Champ):

at Cambridge 61–2, 70, 88, 94, 109, 149–51, 157, 209;

and silver speculation 193, 344;

and chess speculation 388;

other contacts 239, 269, 346, 450, 474, 482n, 490–1

Chandler, W. W. 226, 268, 317

Chataway, Christopher J. 395

chemistry: AMT’s experiments 9, 17–9, 22–3, 36, 39, 40, 51–2, 444, 484, 488, 491;

and biological growth 431–5, 445, 447, 466;

in industry 333, 352;

see also hormones

chess: AMT plays 17, 56, 68, 128, 207, 227, 265, 268, 281, 427;

as model for mathematics 81, 91–2;

as model for mechanical thought 211–4, 265, 292, 332–3, 347, 349, 359, 360–1, 382, 387–8, 411, 421, 440, 441n, 452, 478;

masters of 198, 227, 265

Children’s Encyclopaedia 18, 291

Chorley, Lord 505

‘Christopher’, ‘Chris’, see Morcom, Christopher C.

Church see religion; bishops

Church, Alonzo 111–3, 115, 119, 123, 125, 131, 133, 145, 215, 249

Churchill, Winston S.:

meets AMT 205;

AMT writes to 219–221;

relation to AMT’s work 222–3, 237, 240–1, 248, 269, 508, note 5.4;

speech scrambled 287–8

CIA 497–8, 501n, 507

ciphers: in general 8 In, 108, 161–5;

AMT’s early interest in 56, 120, 138–40;

and computer 332, 382–3, 402, 409–10, 445;

British use of 163–6, 189, 259–63, 270–1, 282; also see Rockex; Delilah;

German use of 148; then see Enigma; ‘Fish’;

American use of 262, note 5.4; also see X-system;

Italian use of 176, 262;

breaking of ciphers: see Poland;

GC and CS (Britain); CSAW (United States); B. Dienst (Germany)

Civil War, American 142, 249, 253

Clarke, Joan 195, 206–8, 210–1, 216–7, 234, 236, 263–4, 307, 370, 465, 517

clay-firing 17, 207, 427

Clayton, F. W. (Fred):

at Cambridge 76–7, 88, 94;

and refugees 150, 158, 239;

as writer 253, 264, 487;

post-war contacts 368–70, 395, 450, 454, 464, 490

Club Mediterranée 486

codes (secret) see ciphers

Cold War 386, 393, 409, 413–4, 449, 486, 496–512, 524–6

Colebrook, F. M. 407–8

Colossus (electronic cryptanalytic machine)

in war 267–8, 277–8;

as precursor of computer 292–4, 299, 301–2, 320;

post-war influence 328, 330, 335, 341, 409

communication, mathematical theory of 250, 252, 345

communications (in war) see under radio; ciphers

Communism, communists at Cambridge 71–2, 109, 186, 280, 386, 500–1, 509, 511, 524

complex numbers see under numbers

computable numbers 100, 102, 124, 133

Computable Numbers (shortened title of AMT’s 1936 paper): see under Turing machine; Entscheidungs problem; Universal Turing machine, for content. References here are to the paper itself:

completion 109;

delay in publication 111–3;

initial impact 119, 123–5, 129, 133, 136;

known to von Neumann 131, 145, 145n, 304, 343;

known to Womersley 306—7, 407;

considered as origin of ACE 295, 306–7, 318, 336, 348, 349, 360, 368, 407;

AMT sees as greatest work 373, 438

computer, analogue 295–7; see also differential analyser; zeta-function machine

computer (digital, electronic, stored-program),

plans of 1945 for: AMT’s 290–5, 317–337; in United States 295–305; see also Universal Turing machine; EDVAC, for origins of; see also Cambridge, Manchester, IAS computers

Computing Machinery and Intelligence (AMT’s paper of 1950) see Mind

conditional branching 277, 298–9, 301, 323, 338, 343, 391

confirmation (of AMT) 26

consistency and contradictions, mathematical 82–4, 91–3, 109, 153–4; see also Gödel;

in Enigma analysis 179–84

core-position (of Enigma) 169

Corfu 486

Cornwall 48–9, 68

Cory, D. W. 448n

Courant, R. 86, 117–8

Crawford, Jack and Mary 132, 142, 245, 264

Crawshay-Williams, R. 418

Crick, Francis H. C. 410n, 431

cryptanalysis see under Poland; GC and CS (Britain); CSAW (United States); B. Dienst (Germany)

cryptogram puzzles, AMT bad at 128, 249

cryptography see ciphers

crystallography 410–1, 445, 477

CSAW (US Naval cryptanalysis) 235, 243;

AMT works with 243–4, 252;

and computers 342, 413

cybernetics 343, 403–5, 411–4, 446, 469;

see also Ratio Club

Cybernetics (Wiener) 403

cycle (as used in Enigma analysis) 172

Cypher Policy Board 346

cyphers see ciphers

Czüber 88

Daily Mirror 238–9, 279

Daily Telegraph 348

daisy, growth of 11, 13, 207–8, 494

Dalton, Hugh 370

Darlington, W. S. 10, 16, 17

Darwin, Charles (evolutionist) 33, 78, 108, 377

Darwin, Charles G.:

director of NPL 305, 307;

endorses ACE 336–7;

responsible for ACE 340–2, 347, 349–53, 365–8, 372, 374–6, 407;

wit and wisdom 357, 364–5, 388, 470;

curses AMT, note 6, 47

data processing 332, 401n

David, Robin, prosecutes AMT 471–2

Davies, Donald W. 368

Davis, E. (Ben) 46, 48

death (of AMT) 487–8

deciban, quantity of likeliness 197

decidability, decision problems see Entscheidungs problem; word problem; also trees

Dedekind, R. 82–3

degrees see examinations

delay lines, acoustic, as computer storage:

principle of 315, 322, 328, 334;

AMT’s home-made 315–6, 366;

Post Office developments 328, 336–7, 340;

Cambridge developments 351, 375, 406;

American developments 355

Delilah (speech encipherment system):

AMT’s idea 269–70, 273–76

building of 278, 284–8, 290;

influences of 294, 329, 339, 343;

fate of 346

Denning, N. 187–8

Denniston, Alastair 146–8, 151, 177, 204, 223

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research see DSIR

determinism and free-will:

idea of causality 13, 63–6;

arguments for free-will 78–9, 211, 266, 361–2, 377–8, 414–5, 417, 430–1, 475;

Laplacian determinism 64, 290–1;

and quantum mechanics 66, 79, 137, 441–2;

relation to Turing machine 96, 107–9, 144, 211, 266, 290–1, 384, 417, 441–2

diary, AMT’s at school 54, 62

differential analyser 155, 250, 296, 306, 316, 335, 342, 357

Dinard, Brittany 15, 16, 18

Dirac, P. A.M. 61, 140n, 495

DNA (molecular basis of genetics) 252, 410, 431

Dollis Hill see Post Office Research Station

‘Don’see Bayley, Donald

Dönitz 199, 224n

Donnelly, D. 505

Dorking 346, 353

draughts, on computer 442, 477

dreams 216, 249, 452, 481, 481n, 491

DSIR (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research)

and ACE 333, 336–7, 340, 367;

and Cambridge computer 375

Dudley, H. W. 245

Duffy, Roy 445

Dunn, C. W. 469

Eachus, J. 243

Ebermannstadt, Bavaria 312

Eccles, David 506

Eckert, J. P. 300, 302, 315, 328, 355, 413, 438

economics 71–3, 308, 404

Eddington, Arthur S.:

and astronomy 34, 40, 61;

and significance of quantum mechanics 51, 64–6, 79, 414, 441;

and Central Limit Theorem 87;

and Fundamental Theory 453–4, 512–4

EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) see Cambridge University, computer at

education see school; learning

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer) 302–4, 306–7, 315, 318, 320–1, 323, 326, 342–3, 355, 355n, 365, 390n; see also IAS, computer at

Edward VIII, King 121–3, 131, 140n

Einstein, Albert 34–5, 52, 65, 86, 117–8, 266

Eisenhart, L. P. 118, 130, 144, 371

electron, named by AMT’s relative 16, 225

electronic engineering: at Bletchley 225–7, 231, 263, 267; see also Colossus;

AMT learns 245, 249, 278, 285–6; see also Delilah;

and ACE plan 294, 328–9, 334;

lack of at NPL 338, 365–7, 376;

and Manchester computer 340, 349, 385, 391–4, 402–3, 478

Elizabeth II, Queen: as princess 371;

accession of 455

Ellis, H. Havelock 77, 458

embryology see under growth

Emmet, Dorothy 415

Empress of Scotland (ship) 253, 255, 273

endocrinology see hormones

engagement, to be married 206, 216, 264

engineering and applied science:

AMT’s mother’s family 3, 16, 23;

Morcom family 38, 49;

Beuttell family 56, 68, 136;

AMT and electrical engineering 140, 155, 181;

AMT and mechanical engineering 156–7;

then see electronic engineering

English Electric (company) 339, 366

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) 300–3;

influence 304, 306, 317, 335, 342, 347–8, 355, 365n;

as Turing machine 383, 385

Enigma (cipher machine):

description 166–70, 224;

general German use 147–8, 165;

indicator systems 171, 173;

use by German army 220, 223, 237;

German air force 185–6, 188–191, 200–1;

German navy 172, 187–90, 195–6, 198–201, 217–9, 222–4, 234, 243–4, 252, 260, 262–3, 288;

German security service 175, 187

Ennismore Avenue, Turing family home in see Guildford

Entscheidungs problem (of Hilbert, q.v.):

described 91–3;

AMT attacks 96–109;

and Church’s work 111–4;

related problems 143, 412

Eperson, D. B. 32, 34–5, 38, 43, 51, 129

Erewhon (Butler) 73–4, 361, 382, 406

Evening News 352

evidence, weight of 197, 250, 265–6, 344, 410n

examinations: Common Entrance 18–20;

at Sherborne 26;

School Certificate 31–2;

Higher Certificate 36–8, 50–1, 58;

Cambridge scholarship 42–44, 55, 57;

Cambridge degree (‘Tripos’) 60–1, 67, 88;

AMT is ‘B-star Wrangler’ 88;

doctorate, Princeton 131, 145;

AMT as examiner 145, 152, 482–3

Exeter 450, 490

extra-sensory perception 416

Faster than Thought (Bowden) 478–9

FBI 242, 498

Fellowship see under King’s College

Ferranti 393, 397, 399, 438, 441n, 446, 502n

Festival of Britain 446, 449, 540

Fibonacci numbers see numbers

Finistère (Peters) 486–7

fir cone 208, 281, 430, 435, 494

First World War: AMT as boy in 7;

reaction against 70, 87, 253;

ciphers in 146, 191

‘Fish’ (German cipher machine system) 228–30, 266–7, 276–8, 302, 312;

see also Colossus

Fisher, R. A. 197

floating-point numbers see numbers

flowers see plants; daisy

Flowers, T. H. 226–7, 265, 267–8, 290, 311–2, 317, 328, 336, 341–2

Foreign Office 146, 205, 234, 472n;

communications of 165, 236, 262;

see also GC and CS

formalism (in mathematics) 91, 425

Forrester, J. W. 354

Forster, E.M. 70–1, 73, 78, 254, 310, 388, 511–2, 518, 520, 524

four colour theorem 90n, 341, 341n

Fourier theory 134n, 278, 278n, 280

Fowler, Alex D. 249

Fowler, R.H. 95

Fox, Leslie 316, 344

France: AMT likes 10, 14–6, 18;

role in Enigma 157, 170, 185, 191–2, 194;

AMT in liberated Paris, 311–2;

holidays and saga-ettes 386, 396, 428, 448, 484–6

Frankel, S. 304

‘Fred’, see Clayton, F. W.

free-will see determinism

Freemasons, AMT sheds light on 68

Frege, G. 83–4, 91, 215

Freud, S., Freudian psychology 77, 459

Friedman, W. 248, 250, 252

Friends, Society of see Quakers

Fuchs, K. 499–500, 506

Furbank, P. N. (Nick) 388–9, 397, 415, 446, 483, 490–1, 496

Gabor, D. 345

Galileo 33–4, 418, 472

Gambier-Parry, R. 270, 287, 346

games: mathematical theory of 212–3, 373;

see also chess; draughts; Go; poker; Psychology; hockey; Presents

Gandy, Robin O.: meets AMT 186, 272–3;

as wartime colleague 279–80, 287, 289, 345, 355;

at Cambridge 371, 373, 381, 386, 388;

as friend, student and logician 396–7, 411, 428, 441, 446, 453, 459, 476–7, 479, 480, 482–5, 489–91, 494–6, 512;

writes of AMT 516, 520, 522

gastrulation 431–3, 437

Gauss 60, 83, 93, 134, 378

‘gay’ 448n; see sexuality

GC and CS (Government Code and Cypher School, at Bletchley Park 1939–1945):

origin 146–7;

AMT joins 148–9;

baffled by Enigma (q.v.) 147–8, 151

helped by Poland (q. v.) 157–8, 175–6

moves to Bletchley 160–1;

Enigma solved by Bombes (q. v.) 176–185;

problems of success 191–2;

AMT takes naval Enigma in Hut Eight (q.v.) 186–7;

is ‘creative anarchy’ 203–4;

has intellectual life 210–7;

Churchill’s role 205, 219–221, 240;

1942 crisis 222, 228;

AMT as chief analyst 228, 236–7;

coordination or lack of 217–8, 260–2;

relations with USA 235–6, 244, 260–3;

and battle of Atlantic (q.v.) 201, 217, 263;

electronics at 225–7, 231, 263, 267;

deadly secrecy of 237–40, 289; and computer plans 292, 294, 329, 331–3, 336;

post-war references 369, 374, 382–3, 410n, 448n;

see also GCHQ

GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters) 386, 409, 438, 464, 496, 502n, 507–8

genetics 67–8, 384, 429, 431, 466

see also DNA

geometry: axioms of 41, 82;

also 90, 118, 161, 195

George V, King 109, 121, 462

George VI, King 122, 338, 455

Germany: AMT visits 52, 67, 88–90, 311–2, note 8.46;

anticipates war with 138, 144;

refugees from 86, 150–1, 480;

communications of see Enigma; ‘Fish’;

precursor of computer in 298–9;

see also Nazism; Second World War; Atlantic, battle of

Gervis H. S. 37, 52; Mrs Gervis 20

Gibraltar 48–9

Gillett, Miss 10, 51

Glass, S.J. 468–9

Gleason, Andrew M. 243, 355

Glennie, Alick E. 440–1, 478

Glorious (ship) 189

Gneisenau (ship) 189, 222

Go, game of 116, 128, 212, 249, 264, 443

Gödel, K. 92, 111, 115, 117–8, 133;

incompleteness of mathematics 92, 102, 125, 131, 133, 142–4, 495;

significance of this, if any 109, 144, 360–1, 378, 414–5, 419, 523, 540

Godier, Mme 14

Gold, T. 328, 375, 411, 512

Goldstine, H. H. 300, 355

Golia, F.L. 469

Golombek, Harry 227, 231–3, 265

Good, I.J. (Jack):

and naval Enigma 198, 204, 227–8;

and chess machines 212–4, 265, 360;

and ‘Fish’ 266, 277, 301;

writes on probability 344;

speculates with AMT 386–8, 391n, 411

Goodwin, E. T. (‘Charles’) 316, 337

Göttingen, AMT visits 89

Government Code and Cypher School

see GC and CS

Government Communications Headquarters

see GCHQ

Great War see First World War

Greece 486; Greek 22, 25

Greenbaum, Franz 480–2, 485, 488, 491, 496;

Greenbaum, Hilla and Maria 485–6

Grey Walter, W. 411–2, 446, 469, 469n

Griffith, R.J. 271

groups, algebraic theory of 81;

and AMT’s pre-war work 94–5, 118, 123, 126, 129–31;

and ciphers 81n, 172, 283;

and computers 293, 341;

and word problems 412, 441, 495;

and physics 81n, 495n

growth, biological 12–3, 207;

AMT’s theory of 429–437, 444–5, 447, 466, 476, 492–4; see also hormones

Growth and Form (D’Arcy Thompson) 207–8, 430

Guggenheim, V. 441

Guildford, Surrey: Turings move to 25;

as home from school 39, 44, 49, 58;

AMT visits from Cambridge 88, 109, 114, 126;

in war 206, 216; runs to 346;

visits from Manchester 439, 463–4, 488, 490, 509;

cremated near 528

Gypsy fortune-tellers 15, 496

Haeckel, E. 492n, 493

Haggard, Rider 6

Haldane, J. B. S. 150n, 403–4

Hale, Cheshire 157; AMT lodges at 395, 414

Hall, Admiral ‘Blinker’146

Hall, Philip 62, 94, 123, 130, 144–6, 440, 466, 473

Halsbury, Lord 438, 447

Halsey, R.J.290

Hanslope Park: AMT at 270–316;

revisits 345;

ambience of 270–2, 279–80, 286;

see also Delilah

Hardy, G.H. 60, 117–8;

contact with AMT 117, 155, note 2.11;

compared with AMT 118, 396, 440, 492, 521;

quoted on mathematics 61, 93–4, 120, 135

Hardy, Thomas 207

Harris, Arthur J.M. 22, 54, 59

Harris, David E.B. 54

Harrison, J. Fraser, AMT judged by 471–2

Harrison, Kenneth P. 62, 73–4, 79, 85, 88, 94, 156–7

Hartree, D. R.:

and differential analyser 155, 306, 335;

and ACE 306, 307n, 333, 335, 342, 347–8, 355, 357, 407;

and Manchester computer 341;

and Cambridge computer 342, 351

Harvard University: relay calculator at 299, 300, 302, 306–7, 408;

AMT attends conference at, 353, 356

Hazelhurst (prep. school) 7, 10;

AMT at 10–9, 416

headmasters see Nowell Smith; Boughey

Heatley, Norman G. 43

Hilbert, David 60, 252;

quoted 60, 135, 472, 520;

and foundations of mathematics 82–4;

Hilbert programme 90–4;

Hilbert space 80–1;

see also Entscheidungs problem

Hilton, Peter J. 227, 231–3, 240, 412

Himmler 254

Hiscocks, E. S. 307, 335n, 355, 368

hockey 11, 121, 128, 142

Hodge, W. V. D. 341

Hodgkin, Dorothy 410

Hogben, Lancelot 73, 120, 124, 303

Hogg, Peter 48, 52, 54, 58–9

Hollerith machinery see punched cards

‘Hollymeade’, AMT’s Wilmslow home, life at 426–8, 444, 452–5, 480, 484, 490–1

Home Guard 231–2

Home Office, Secretaries 71, 497, 504–5

homosexuality see sexuality

Hooson, Emlyn, AMT accused by 471–2

hormones, sexual 26, 405; treatment with 467–474, 476, 486, 505, 505n

Hoskin, N. E. 440

Hotelling, H. 344

housemaster see O’Hanlon, G.

Huskey, Harry D. 355, 365, 367, 372

Hut Eight (GC and CS, Bletchley Park):

AMT starts naval Enigma 186, 188–9;

develops new statistical methods 196–7;

more staff 195, 198, 227;

1941 successes 198–201, 217–9;

relations with Navy 187–8, 201–2;

AMT as organiser 204, 227;

complaints to Churchill 220–1;

U-boat Enigma lost 224–5;

Mediterranean war 234;

Hugh Alexander takes over 227, 262, 268;

marred victory 262–3

Huxley, Aldous see Brave New World

Hydra 435, 444

hydrogen bomb 302n, 413, 510, 519, 526

IAS (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton): before war 86, 117;

computer at 342–3, 355–6, 367n, 390n, 413

IBM 243, 299, 391n

Ibsen 74, 494

Iconoscope 321, 343, 356, 413

imaginary numbers see numbers

imitation game 266, 415, 417

index register (on computers) 393n

India, Indian Civil Service 2–5, 15–6, 25, 369

indicators (in cipher systems) 164, 171, 173, 185, 327

information, mathematical theory of 250, 410–1

Ingham, A. E. 62, 130, 133

inquest, on AMT’s death 488

Institute for Advanced Study see IAS

Institution of Radio Engineers 347, 352

instructions, instruction tables:

and Turing machine 106–8, 125, 292–5;

and Colossus 277, 301;

and Babbage 297–8, 302;

and ENIAC 302;

internal storage of 302–3;

and ACE 318, 320–8;

modification of 324, 359–60;

then see under programming

integers see numbers, theory of; Peano axioms

intelligence, human, concept of discussed 362–3, 424–6

intelligence, machine see under brain

Intelligence, Military, British see under GC and CS; also secret service (for MI6); security service (for MI5)

Intelligent Machinery (AMT’s 1948 NPL report) 377–86, 388, 416

Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy (Russell) 81–5

iodine, iodates 18, 22, 39, 51–2, 56, 76

Ireland: AMT’s mother and 3, 4, 16, 132;

holidays 53, 67

Irvine, Lyn see Newman, Lyn

Italy, communications of 147–8, 187, 262, 268

Jabberwocky (Carroll) 66

‘James’ see Atkins, James H.

Japan, communications of 147–8, 234

Jeans, J. 40, 49, 51

Jefferson, G. 404–6, 423, 438–9, 450–2

Jeffries, John R. F. 161, 182

‘Joan’see Clarke, Joan

Johnson, S. Neville 373–4, 387, 396, 426, 464–5, 491, 503

Jones, R. V. 177–8, 204, 423

Jones, W. T. 136–7, 142

Jowett, Lord 505n

Jung, C. G., Jungian psychology 480, 481n, 515, 520

K-ray lighting system 56, 114–5

Karl (refugee boy) 150–1

Keen, H. (‘Doc’) 181, 227, 262n, 267

Keen, R. (‘Dick’) 272

Kendrick, A. M. 147, 195

Keynes, J. Maynard 70, 87, 94, 369;

moral philosophy of 70–1, 137, 309, 499, 518, 524

Kilburn, T. 390, 392, 398, 409

King’s College, Cambridge:

scholarship to 57–9;

AMT resident at 59–115, 133–6, 149–59, 370–89, 396–7, 446;

rows for 62;

Studentship, Fellowship at 88, 94, 144–5, 290, 370, 395, 397, 453, 466;

moral and social ambience 70, 74, 78, 87, 126–7, 149, 371;

as hall of heresy 483, 500, 509, 524;

links with GC and CS 147, 161;

web of connections with 155, 186, 198, 209, 230, 264, 273, 442

Kinsey, A. C. 459, 461

Kirwan, Evelyn W. (née Stoney) (aunt), and family 4, 6

Kjell from Norway, Kjell crisis 476, 483, 494;

significance of 503

Kleene, S. C. 112, 114–5, 117–8, 129, 133

Knightsbridge barracks 58, 397

knitting, AMT’s efforts at 207

Knoop, L. 54, 57

Knox, A. Dillwyn 147, 151, 157, 161, 187, 208, 268

Knutsford, Cheshire 471

Labour party 307–8, 310–1, 362

Lake district 75, 269, 387

lambda-calculus 112, 114, 125, 129, 133, 401n

language, natural, used by computer 382–3, 423–4, 478

languages, programming 326, 332, 358, 367, 372, 401, 478

Laplace 64

Latin 8, 29, 30, 32, 239

law, criminal, on homosexuality 77, 458, 461–2, 466–7, 482;

change of 457, 479, 525n, 534n

learning, learning machines: 266, 358–61, 378–82, 416–7, 442–3, 450–2;

related to brain physiology 360, 379, 436

Lee, W. H. (‘Jumbo’) 271–2, 345, 366;

and Mrs Lee 279–80

Lefschetz, S. 117, 145

Leicester 428, 489, 495

level of description, in science, 64, 96, 107–8, 291, 372;

AMT’s definitions 383–4;

as used in Mind paper 405, 418–26, 522;

and in morphogenesis 432, 434

Levy, H. 404

liberalism 70–5, 264, 308–11, 425, 464, 524

Life Force (Shaw) see under Spirit

Lighthill, M. J. 444, 447, 477

lighting, electric 56, 68–9

Lind-Smith, G. 471–2

Lindeberg 88

Littlewood, J. E. 135

lobotomy 405, 470

Lockspeiser, B. 393

logic, mathematical:

AMT introduced to by

Russell 81–6;

introduced to Hilbert programme by Newman 90–4;

AMT defines computability by Turing machine 100;

settles Entscheidungs problem 103–4;

this related to Church’s lambda-calculus thesis 111–4;

and to Post’s ‘worker’ 125;

further developments 119, 123, 129–31, 133;

ordinal logics 133, 142–5;

AMT and Wittgenstein 136, 153–4;

AMT’s further work (type theory) in war 215–6; and after war 355, 412;

with Gandy 428, 454, 477, 479, 480, 494;

for elementary logic and logical operations see Boole

logical (Boolean) functions on computers 320, 365n, 409

logical control (of computer) 322–3, 328, 393

logistic view of mathematics 83–6, 91

London Mathematical Society:

correspondence over Computable Numbers 112–3;

AMT’s talk to 356–61; also quoted 318–20, 321, 330–1

Los Alamos see under atomic fission

love, love affairs see under sexuality

love letters, of computer 477–8

Lovelace, Ada 297n, 304, 357–8

Lowes Dickinson, G. 71, 87, 310, 524

Lucas, E., method for testing primes 398

Lucas, Frank 149, 161

Luftwaffe, communications of, see under Enigma (German air force)

Lyons, J. (company) 56, 375, 473

Lyttleton, R. A. 113, 132

McCarthy, Senator J. 500, 501n, 525n

McCulloch, W. 252, 304, 343, 404, 411

Machine Intelligence see under brain

Mackay, D.411

Maclean, Donald 501, 507

Maclure, G. 58

MacPhail, Donald C. 155–6, 158

MacPhail, Malcolm 137, 155, 394

McTaggert, John 63, 66

magnetic core storage 315n

magnetic drum, for computer storage 393, 400, 400n

magnetic tape, in speech cipher 245;

for computer storage 314, 321

Maltby, Col. 286–7

Manchester, city of 151, 239, 289, 394, 428–9

Manchester Guardian 394, 396

Manchester University 155, 230, 239, 340;

AMT appointed to 372, 376;

his trial and 465–6;

reappointment 486;

his slight interaction with its intellectual life 394–6, 412, 414–5, 480, 486

Manchester University Computer, Computing Laboratory:

origin of 340–2, 349–50, 372;

first success of prototype 385, 392;

development 390–1, 393–4, 397–9, 403;

arrival of Mark I 437–8;

work on Mark II 478;

AMT’s diminishing role in 394, 397–403, 438, 440–1, 444–5, 478;

as AMT’s personal computer 408–9, 437, 445, 476

Marathon running 346, 369, 386

Marlborough College 10, 19, 21, 30

Martin, A. Venable 119, 127, 142, 153

Marxism see under communism; Bernal; Hogben

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 155, 349, 410

Massinger Society (King’s College) 75

mathematical logic see logic

Mathematical Recreations and Essays (Rouse Ball) 56, 165, 167, 442–3

mathematics: absoluteness of 61;

‘pur’ and ‘applied’ 61;

modern abstractness of 80–1;

logical foundations of 82–6, 90–4;

internationalist view of 60;

nationalist view of 86;

G. H. Hardy on usefulness of 120–1;

Wittgenstein on philosophy of 153–4;

AMT on future of, as career for boys 362–3;

AMT out of touch with 441, 479;

AMT unsatisfied by 520

Matthews, Peter B. C. 372–3, 387, 389

Mauchly, J. W. 300, 302, 355, 413, 438

‘Maurice’ see Pryce, M. H. L.

Maurice (Forster) 78, 310

Medawar, P. 474n

medicine: inspires AMT 7;

sickness not sin 73–4, 459–61;

treatment not punishment 467–71, 505, 505n, 525

memory, of computers see storage

Merchant Navy, communications of 164–5, 259–61

mercury 315, 328

Mercury, AMT as 519

Mermagen, P. H. F. 37, 52, 362

Mersenne primes 134, 397–8, 406, 406n

Meyer, Rollo, Rev and Mrs 14–5

Michie, Donald:

and ‘Fish’ 231, 265–6, 277–8;

and machine intelligence 265–6, 301, 386–8

and silver bars 344–5;

and trial 466–7

militarism see war

Military Intelligence see GC and CS; also secret service (for M16); security service (for MI5)

Mill, J. S. 73, 77, 308, 425

Milner-Barry, P. S. 221

mind, problem of see under brain; determinism

Mind, AMT’s 1950 paper ‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’ in, 415–26, 459–60, 522;

also 290–1, 359, 409

Ministry of Supply:

and ACE 335, 353, 368, 376;

and Manchester computer 393;

also 509

MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 155, 250, 349, 410

modular addition 162, 228–9, 247, 274, 276

molecular biology 252, 410, 431

Montagu, Lord, trials of 504–5, 507, 511

Montgomery, General (later Viscount) 234, 240, 245, 534

Moore, G. E. 137, 153

Moore School (University of Pennsylvania) 300, 342–3, 353 {see also ENIAC. EDVAC)

Moorehead, Alan 499

Moral Science Club, Cambridge 85, 89, 136, 372

Morcom, Christopher C. 35–45;

after death 46–53, 62–3, 67, 70, 75–6, 108, 152, 374, 381

Morcom, Mrs (Christopher’s mother) 38, 42, 46–53, 55, 59, 62–4, 67, 70, 75, 115–6, 208

Morcom, Reginald (Christopher’s father) 38, 51, 53, 63, 116

Morcom, Rupert (Christopher’s brother) 38–40, 44, 48–9, 51, 76, 116, 368

morphogenesis see growth; plants; daisy; fir cone

mountain-climbing 17, 26, 216, 269, 387, 389

Mountbatten, Earl 261–2, 347–9, 369

Muggeridge, Malcolm 163, 210, 237–8

multiplier, electric relay 138–40, 146, 148, 155, 251, 299, 328

Murray, Arnold 449–50, 452–5, 456–8, 463, 471–3, 537

mushrooms 279–81, 490

Nancy, France 395, 403

Nanny Thompson 6, 9

National Bureau of Standards (USA) 316

National Physical Laboratory see NPL

National Research Development Corporation 438, 447

National Security Agency (USA) 507–8;

see also CSAW

Natural Wonders Every Child Should Know (Brewster):

on machine model 13, 96;

on brain 17, 28, 266, 291–2;

on sex, chemicals and growth 11–2, 18, 26, 429–31, 435, 467

Nature (journal) 347, 357

Navy, British: ‘Our Fighting Navy’ 87;

and origin of GC and CS 146;

intelligence, lack of 187–90;

reaction to Enigma decryption 200–2, 218–9, 260–2;

communications of 165, 260–2;

see also Merchant Navy

Navy, US 218, 222, 234–6, 299;

see also CSAW

Nazism 86–90, 140, 150, 253–4, 264, 348

Nelson, G. (English Electric) 339

nerves see under brain

Neumann, John von see von Neumann

‘Neville’ see Johnson, S. N.

New Hampshire 128

New Statesman 73–4, 87, 140, 193, 308

New York City 116, 128, 242, 245, 249, 253

New York Times 501n

Newman E. A. (Ted) 395

Newman, Lyn (Lyn Irvine) 396, 472, 475, 485, 516–7, 519, 528

Newman, M. H. A. (Max):

and mathematics at Cambridge 90–94;

and Computable Numbers 109, 111–3;

collaborates with AMT 215–6;

role at Bletchley 230–1, 266–8, 277;

and origin of ACE 307, 408;

starts Manchester computer 340–2, 344;

offers AMT post 372, 276;

at Manchester 390, 394, 396–8, 406–7, 438, 441

discusses machine intelligence 415, 450–1;

and trial 464–6, 472;

as biographer 531, note 2. 38

News of the World 474

News Review 403–4

‘Nick’ see Furbank, P. N.

Nietzsche 308

Nim, NIMROD 442–3, 446

Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell) 424, 526

Norfolk, C. 1. 306

Norway, Norwegian: in war 189–90, 198;

AMT and Kjell 476, 479, 483, 503

Novikov, P. S. 495

Nowell Smith, C. 20, 22, 24, 26–30; and Mrs Nowell Smith, 20

Noyce, Wilfrid 387, 387n

NPL (National Physical Laboratory):

as organisation 305–7, 338–9;

AMT joins 307, 316;

resigns 376–7;

revisits 407, 483;

computer development at see under ACE

NRDC (National Research Development Corporation) 438, 447

NSA (National Security Agency, USA) 507–8;

see also CSAW

Nuffield Foundation, conference of 466

numbers: theory of numbers 133–5; (see also Riemann)

binary numbers 138, 299, 320–1, 398–9;

complex numbers 82, 134, 141, 152, 249, 278n, 280, 299

computable numbers 100, 102, 124, 133

Fibonacci numbers 207–8, 281, 430, 435, 437, 477

floating-point numbers 325, 367, 400, 478

imaginary numbers 82n

prime numbers 61, 134–5, 156, 397–8

rational numbers 100–1

real numbers 82, 100, 124, 316, 451

numerical analysis 316, 337, 344, 355, 372

Nyquist, H. 248–9

OBE (Officer of British Empire) 338, 472, 472n

O’Hanlon, Geoffrey 20, 23–25, 30–2, 47–8, 53–5, 59, 67–8, 532n

OIC (Operational Intelligence Centre, Admiralty) 188–9, 191, 202, 244, 260

Olympic Games 386–7

On Computable Numbers … see Computable Numbers

one-time pad cipher 162, 164, 284;

see also Vernam

Oppenheimer, J. Robert 511

optics 333, 406

ordinal logics, numbers 131, 142–4, 157, 212, 360

‘organotherapy’ 467–74, 476, 486, 505, 505n

Orwell, George (pseud.) 7–8, 310, 363, 424, 503, 526–7

Oxford 17, 216, 346, 450

pacifism see war

paper tape, teleprinter 228–9, 231, 267, 270, 321, 334, 398–9, 409, 482n

Paris 311–2, 386, 428, 448, 484–6

Parliament 158, 160, 458n, 501, 504–6

patents, in AMT’s name 355, note 6. 36

Pauli, W. 126; exclusion principle 514

Peano, G., Peano axioms 83, 92

Pierce, C. S. 197

philosophy of mathematics, Wittgenstein’s 153–4

philosophy of science: AMT’s 418–9;

see also levels of description; determinism

phyllotaxis 476; see also numbers, Fibonacci

pi, AMT calculates 35, 100

Piaget, J. 480

Pigou, Arthur C. 73, 94, 186, 209, 269, 387, 389, 524

Pilot ACE 407–8, 442, 444

Pitts, W. 252, 304, 343, 404

plants 11, 207–8, 232, 281, 430, 434–5, 437, 439, 476–7

plugboard, of Enigma 169–70, 178

poker 213, 373–4, 382, 388

Poland, and Enigma 157, 170–6, 179, 374

Polanyi, John 485n

Polanyi, Michael 414–5, 419, 421, 431, 480, 523

Popplewell, Cicely 401–2, 441, 447, 465

Post, Emil 125, 412

Post Office Research Station (Dollis Hill, London):

role at Bletchley 226–7, 231, 267, 311;

and speech encipherment 237, 245, 286, 290, 346;

role in ACE 328, 336–7, 340, 349, 350, 355, 366, 376, 408

Presents, game of 397

Price, Francis V. 121, 128, 142, 366

Prigogine, I. 466

prime numbers 61, 134–5, 156, 397–8;

see also Riemann

Princeton University 86, 95, 111–3, 115;

AMT at Graduate College 116–33, 137–146;

ambience of 116–7, 119, 121, 123, 128, 483, 511;

AMT gains PhD 145;

revisits 355, note BP4;

see also IAS

Pringle, John W. S. 411, 466

Prinz, D. G. 441n

probability and statistics:

and gambling system 69;

Central Limit Theorem 87–8;

in cipher work 149, 181n, 184, 243;

AMT’s major new Bayesian ideas 196–7;

development of these 204, 231, 233, 266;

post-war references 344–5, 401n, 410, 450, 474

‘Prof’, AMT as 208, 281, 394

programming of computers:

AMT’s original ideas 325–7;

work done for ACE 337–8, 343, 367, 372;

AMT’s first routines for Manchester 305, 387;

Programmers’ Handbook 399–402;

checking of routines 407

Pryce, Maurice H. L.

at Cambridge 42, 95;

AMT admires at Princeton 117, 121, 126, 128, 130–2;

war work 142, 159, 312

as fellow Fellow 440

psychology see under brain;

behaviourism; Freud; Jung; sexuality

Psychology (game) 128, 373

punched cards: used for astronomy 141;

for cipher work 198, 220n;

for ACE 316, 321, 330, 398

Quakers: as pacifist 65, 87, 88, 310, 368;

and refugees 150, 151, 239

quantum mechanics:

indeterminacy 40, 64–7, 137, 291, 361, 414, 430, 441;

von Neumann and 67, 79–80, 281;

new mathematics and 61, 81, 305;

AMT’s last speculations 495–6, 512, 514

Queen Elizabeth 241–2, 354

radar see TRE; delay line; cathode ray tube

radio: AMT makes receivers 36, 207;

as wartime communication 162, 236, 247, 276;

black broadcasting 270, 288;

BBC broadcasts 349, 441–2, 448, 450–2, 454, 475, 525n

Radiolaria 437, 492–3

Radley, W. G. 267, 290, 340

RAF, communications of 165

Rajchman, J. A. 354

Ramshaw, Mrs 160, 279, 479

Randolph, J. H. 25–6

randomness: and ciphers 163, 230, 276;

of noise 284–5, 287;

of behaviour 379;

electronic generation of 271, 282;

as computer function 402, 477;

and free-will 442

Ratio Club 411–2, 466, 476, 512

rational numbers 100–1

RCA 245–6, 248, 252, 321n, 354

real numbers see numbers

recursive function 133, 136n, 401n

Rees, David 340, 343

reflector, of Enigma 167

refugee, AMT sponsors see Augenfeld, Robert

reincarnation see after-life

relativity 33–4, 52, 127, 373, 495–6, 512

relays, electromagnetic:

AMT makes for multiplier 138–9;

in Bombe 191, 225–6, 329;

in calculators 250–1, 299, 306, 321

religion: AMT moves from belief in 6, 7, 13, 26–7, 30, 49, 68, 75;

to disbelief in 108, 152, 266, 377, 416, 418, 431

Rhode Island 132, 142, 245

Riemann, B.: and distribution of primes 134;

Riemann’s zeta-function 135, 141;

AMT’s papers on 154, 278n, 466;

Riemann Hypothesis 135, 140, 296, 408, 411;

AMT’s zeta-function machine 140–1, 155–8, 293, 295–6, 389;

AMT’s zeta-function computer program 408–9, 411, 466

Rimmer, T. 456–7

ring-setting (of Enigma) 169

Roberts, Keith V. 371, 373, 397, 446

Robertson, H. P. 127, 512

‘Robin’ see Gandy, Robin O.

Robin, Harold 288

‘Robinson’ machines 267–8, 294, 402

robots 372, 382; see brain

Rockex (British teleprinter cipher system) 270–1, 282, 294, 399, 402

Roehm 90

‘Room 40’ 146, 148, 191, 218

Roosevelt, President 128, 162n, 269

Ross, A. H. T 29–32, 35, 39, 48, 423

Rossall School 151, 158, note 5. 8

Rosser, J. B. 117–8, 133

rotors (of Enigma) 166—7;

rotor-setting 168–9;

fourth rotor of U-boat Enigma, 224

Routledge, Norman A. 372, 395, 476, 483

rowing 62, 76, 89, 115, 354

Royal Society: Fellow in family 16;

and zeta-function machine 155;

and Manchester computer 341–2, 372, 376, 390, 393;

AMT is Fellow 438, 447, 531

running 57, 96, 279, 282;

as serious amateur 345–6, 353–4, 369, 372, 386–7, 389, 395–6;

then 427, 434, 518, 519

Russell, Bertrand:

as logician 81–5, 91, 136, 215;

contacts with AMT 418, 438;

also 118, 362

Russia 71–3, 280;

Russian language 137, 280;

communications 147;

computers 387;

see also Cold War

Rylands, G. 371

sagas and saga-ettes 484—5

sailing see boats

St Leonards-on-Sea 6–10

St Michael’s (pre-prep. school) 7, 10

Sark 59, 67–8

Sayers, Dorothy 211, 377–8

Sayre, David 410–1

‘scanner’ of Turing machine 97–9

Scharnhorst (ship) 189, 222, 269

Scholz, H. 124, 152, 216, 253n

schools see St Michael’s; Hazelhurst; Sherborne; also learning

Schrodinger, E. 40, 79, 86, 252, 431

science, philosophy of: AMT’s 418–9;

see also levels of description; determinism

Science Museum, London 52, 109

Science News 494–5

Scotland 7, 9, 10, 11

SCU3 (Special Communications Unit No. 3) 270; see Hanslope Park

Second World War: AMT anticipates 138, 144, 146;

declared 158–9;

fall of France 191–3;

attack on Russia 205–6;

entry of USA 221–2;

El Alamein 240;

turning of tide 251–9;

Normandy landing 276–8, 287–8;

victory 289, 313;

see also Atlantic, battle of;

implications of 289–90, 311, 347, 362, 364, 512;

see also Cold War; atomic fission

secret service (British) (SIS or MI6):

vis à vis GC and CS 146, 163, 177, 191, 201, 205, 221, 237–8, 242;

and Hanslope 270–1;

and CIA 498, 507

secret service (French) 170

security risk, homosexuals defined as 254n, 497–8, 500–3, 506–7

Security Service (British) (MI5) 270, 497, 502

self-reference 84, 103, 215; see also

Godei; types, logical; self-reference

Senate, United States 142, 497–8, 501

sequential analysis 197, 202, 204, 231, 266, 344, 474n

sets, theory of 83–5, 90–1, 95, 215

sexuality, homosexuality:

as natural wonder 12;

at public schools 27–9, 77, 158, 461;

as first love 35–45;

pre-war desires 57–8, 62, 75–8, 115, 122, 127, 129, 132–3, 136, 193, 440;

liberal King’s College ambience 74, 78, 371;

broken wartime engagement 206, 216, 264;

post-war desires 282–4, 309, 370–1, 373–4, 386, 396–7;

AMT as man in the street 428–9, 448–50, 452–5, 519;

legal and medical reaction 458–63, 467–73;

raised consciousness 475—6, 480–2, 484—7;

and politics of insecurity 254n, 500–6

and feminism 516–8

Shakespeare 32, 405

Shannon, Claude E. 250–1, 274, 308, 355, 360, 410–1

Shaw, George Bernard 72, 74, 78–9, 127, 207, 266, 308, 417, 424–5

Shelley 439, 521

Shenley (near Bletchley): AMT lodges at 160, 264, 279;

silver bars at 193, 279, 344–5, 479

Sherborne School:

AMT cycles to 20–1;

finds unscientific 21–3;

is reported upon poorly at 24–6;

studies Einstein at 32–4;

is redeemed by Christopher 35;

AMT is prefect of 54;

is praised for loyalty to 59;

revisits 69, 484;

recalls 132, 158, 369, 381, 427, 447;

compares with trial 473

Sierpinski, W. 62

Sigint see GC and CS

silver bars 193, 279, 344–5, 479

Sinkov, A. 165, 167

Skewes, S., Skewes number 135, 154

Smith, R. A. 349–50

Smith’s Prize, Cambridge 114

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 149, 489

socialism 308, 362, 527;

see also Labour party

sociology 130, 384–5, 460–1

sonnets, appreciation of, lack of 29, 405–6, 423

Soviet Union 71–3, 280;

communications 147;

computers 387;

see also Cold War

Spain 48–9;

communications in 147–8, 176

speech, AMT’s manner of 24, 61, 68, 209, 249, 396

speech, encipherment of 236–7, 245; then see

X-system; Delilah

spinors 495, 495n

Spirit: AMT on nature of 63–4;

related to Eddington 64–6;

and to Shaw’s Life Force 78;

also as Morcom hymn 76;

other references 108, 362

see also after-life; religion

spying see secret service; CIA

stack (for sub-routines) 326n

statistics see probability

Stead, Christopher 122

Stephenson, William see BSC

Stibitz, G. 299, 326

Stoney, origins of family 3, 16

Stoney, Edward Waller (grandfather) 3–5, 11

Stoney, George Johnstone 16, 225, 317, 439

Stoney, Sarah (née Crawford) (grandmother) 3

Stopford, J. 465–6

storage, for computer:

general problem 295, 302–3, 314–5, 319, 321, 334, 384–5;

see also delay line; cathode ray tube; magnetic core; magnetic drum; magnetic tape

Strachey, Christopher 442–3, 446–7, 477–8

Strachey, Oliver and Ray 147, 442

Strange Brother (Niles) 468n

Strauss, E. B. 483n

strikes, general 20; anti-war 71–2

sub-routine 325–6, 367, 400, 401n, 407, 446

suicide 129, 452, 487–492, 520

Sunday Dispatch 501

Sunday Empire News 346

Sunday Express 77, 525n

Sunday Pictorial 460–1, 469, 502–3

Sunday Times 525n

Swan, Joseph 38

Switzerland 10, 387

tables of behaviour see instructions; programming

tape, of Turing machine 97–9;

see also storage

tape, paper, for teleprinter 228–9, 231, 267, 270, 321, 334, 398–9, 409, 482n

Taylor, G. I. 300

Teddington (London suburb) 305;

AMT lodges in 317;

see under NPL

Telecommunications Research Establishment

see TRE

telephone, AMT uses neighbours’ 427

telephone industry see Post Office Research Station; Bell Laboratories; also relays

teleprinter, teleprinter tape 109, 228–9, 231, 267, 270, 321, 334;

at Manchester 398–9, 409, 482n

telescopes 39, 40, 44–5, 48, 50, 132

television 109, 321n, 382, 402, 486

‘Ten Club’ (King’s College) 75, 371

‘Test Assembly’, for ACE 365, 372

The Cloven Pine (F. C.) 264, 368, 370, 458, 460, 487

The Green Bay Tree (Sharp) 74, 467

The Loom of Youth (Waugh) 21, 27–8, 132, 458

The Nature of the Physical World (Eddington) 34, 40, 51, 64–6

The Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan) 9, 515

The Road to Wigan Pier (Orwell) 7, 8, 310, 449

The Small Back Room (Balchin) 286, 422

Thomas, H. A. 366, 372, 407–8

Thompson, D’Arcy 12, 207–8, 430

Through the Looking Glass (Carroll) 66, 140n, 482

tides, tide prediction 141–2, 156, 158

Tiltman, J. H. 204

Times, The 347–8, 357, 386, 405–6

Titchmarsh, E. C. 141–2, 155, 409

Tizard, H. 392

Tolstoy 308, 475–6

Tootill, G. C. (Geoff) 390, 392, 398–9, 402

topology 90, 118, 341, 441, 495

Toulmin, S. 482, note 6. 50

transistor 391n, 478

Travis, E. 177–8, 195, 204, 220–1, 223, 231, 265, 333, 342, 376

TRE (Telecommunications Research Establishment) 225–6, 340, 342, 349–50, 353, 390, 411–2

treasure hunts 128, 142, 149, 397, 489

Treasury 147, 161, 337, 342, 367

trees, for decisions 213–4, 293, 360, 401n

Trethowan, Illtyd 406

Trinity College, Cambridge 41–4, 57, 71, 126

Tripos (Cambridge degree) 60–1, 67, 88

Trollope 287, 426, 475

Trustram Eve, Herbert (uncle) 2, 8

Trustram Eve, Jean (aunt) 2, 73n

tube, vacuum see electronic; cathode ray tube

Turing, origins of family 1, 14

Turing, Alan Mathison:

conceived in British India, born in London (1912)5;

has primitive love of science 19;

but is sent to public school (1926) 20;

beats the system 32;

and studies Einstein 33–4;

loves Christopher, and joins human race 35;

suffers death of Christopher (1930) 45;

writes ‘Nature of Spirit’ at Cambridge 63

is not of the Cambridge élite 74;

but is Anti-war (1933) 71, 87;

and has first affair 75–6;

studies quantum mechanics and mathematical logic 79–86, 90–94;

and becomes King’s College Fellow 94;

invents Turing machine 96–98;

to dispose of Entscheidungsproblem, deep result in mathematics 102;

with implications for nature of mind and for the computer of the future 105–10;

is drawn into world mathematics at Princeton (1936) 112–3, 117;

but suffers frustrations 129;

electrifies multiplication with cryptographic ideas 138;

while pursuing abstruse ‘ordinal logics’ 142–3;

also tackles the problems of prime numbers 135, 140–1;

with a mechanical device 141, 155;

turns down American opportunity (1938) 145–6;

and is recruited to British government cryptanalysis, as its first mathematician 146;

sponsors boy refugee 150–1;

joins up at Bletchley Park (1939) 160;

helps make machines to break Enigma, key to all German communications 181;

heads work on naval Enigma 187, 195;

develops new statistical methods 196–7

with direct impact on Atlantic war (1941) 198;

engaged to fellow cryptanalyst, breaks off 206, 216;

is chief analyst at Bletchley Park in 1942 crises 227–8;

is highest level liaison between Britain and United States, visiting Washington and New York 244, 247;

returns amidst Atlantic convoy fiasco (March 1943) 253, 260;

turns away from Bletchley Park 268;

takes on advanced speech scrambler of his own 273;

has claim as originator of electronic digital computer 295;

but comes second to American developments 304–5;

is recruited to National Physical Laboratory (1945)307;

submits report with detailed, original, ambitious computer plan 333;

persuades NPL of plan (1946) 336;

but sees nothing happen 356;

meanwhile develops ideas of ‘intelligent machinery’ and robots 357–61, 377–82;

becomes Marthon runner 369;

returns for refreshment and another affair at Cambridge (1947–8) 370–3;

then cuts losses at NPL 376–7;

and takes up difficult position at Manchester (1948) 390;

turns aside from computers, uncertain of direction 394, 403, 413;

writes classic paper on machine intelligence with ‘imitation game’ as Turing Test (1950)415–26;

finds new field in biology 429–30;

for which computer is used 445;

but breaks laws of sex and class 448–50;

is found out after burglary 455;

goes to trial (March 1952) 471;

is treated scientifically, with female hormones 473;

seems to beat the system again 476;

and analyses dreams 481;

but fails to explain sinister ‘Kjell crisis’ (1953)483;

sends messages from the unseen world 512;

and dies of cyanide poisoning (June 1954) 487;

without revealing the secret world 502–3

Turing, Arthur (uncle) 2, 496

Turing, Ethel Sara (née Stoney) (mother):

early life 3–4;

and AMT’s schooling 7, 10, 19–20;

school letters and holidays 11–21, 387n;

independence of husband 16, 25, 369;

has Stoney view of science 16, 41, 120, 520;

links with Mrs Morcom 46–51, 53, 59;

and AMT’s ideas 111n, 114, 120, 152, 294, 439;

social manners, presents, relations, church etc. 73n, 126, 132, 151–2, 206, 208, 268, 346;

and AMT’s war work 239–40, 242;

takes in AMT’s washing 354;

and AMT’s Manchester life 439–40, 454, 484, 490, 509;

and trial 463–4, 481;

reaction to AMT’s death 488–9, 491, 491n, 496, 523, 528

biographer and memorialist 531–3, 536, 536n

Turing, Fanny (née Boyd) (grandmother) 2

Turing, Harvey D. (uncle) 2

Turing, John F. (brother): birth 5;

boyhood relation with AMT 8–11, 18, 19, 33;

later tenuous contacts 114, 239, 369;

and trial 463–4;

and AMT’s death 488, 491, 528

Turing, John Robert (grandfather) 2, 369, 488

Turing, Julius Mathison (father):

early life 2–3;

as ICS father 7–10;

premature resignation 15;

and AMT’s schooling 25, 32, 41;

visits Morcoms 63;

life after illness 88, 144, 151;

death 369;

also 377, 464, 464n, 481–2

Turing machines 96–99; used to define a ‘mechanical process’ 100–2;

‘state of mind’ interpretation 105–6;

‘instruction note’ interpretation 106–7;