CIRCA 1100—STATUE OF A CHUNKEY PLAYER
1. Stewart Culin, Games of the North American Indians (New York: Dover Publications, 2012), 421.
2. William R. Iseminger, Cahokia Mounds: America’s First City (Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2010), 85.
3. James Adair, The History of the American Indians (London: Printed for Edward and Charles Dilly, 1775), 401.
4. Quoted in Culin, Games of the North American Indians, 513.
5. Adam King, ed., Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, Contest (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2007), 242.
6. Timothy R. Pauketat, Cahokia: Ancient America’s Great City on the Mississippi (New York: Viking, 2009), 42.
7. Ibid., 44.
8. Timothy R. Pauketat, “America’s First Pastime,” Archaeology Magazine 62, no. 5 (September–October 2009), archive.archaeology.org/0909/abstracts/pastime.html.
9. Timothy Pauketat, “Cahokia: A Pre-Columbian American City,” History Now (n.d.), http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/cahokia-pre-columbian-american-city.
10. “Cahokia: America’s Forgotten City,” National Geographic [January 2011], http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/01/cahokia/burmeister-photography.
11. Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, http://ww.cahokiamounds.org/learn/.
12. “Cahokia: America’s Forgotten City.”
LATE 1600s—OLDEST AMERICAN “LAWN BOWLE”
1. Nancy Struna, “Puritans and Sport: The Irretrievable Guide to Change,” Journal of Sport History 4, no. 1 (1977): 9.
2. “Early Modern Olympians: Puritan Sportsmen in 17th-Century England and America,” Canadian Journal of History (Autumn 2008): 261.
3. “Katherine Nanny Naylor: A Personal Story from Colonial Boston,” Cross Street Backlot, Massachusetts Historical Commission, 2014, http://www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc/mhcarchexhibitsonline/crossstreetbacklot.htm.
4. Common-place: The Journal of Early American Life 16, no. 1 (Fall 2015), http://www.common-place.org/vol-03/no-04/boston/. Partisans of Jamestown, Virginia, might dispute the assertion. In May 1611 Thomas Dale arrived in Jamestown to lead the settlement, which was struggling with hunger despite living in a fertile land rich in fish and game. Dale was disgusted to find that other than “some few seeds put into a private garden or two,” little planting had been done. Instead, he complained, the colonists were busy at “their daily and usuall works, bowling in the streetes.” Archaeologists have unearthed small clay balls that might have been used for such play, but they also might have been used for cooking. So the use of that artifact is ambiguous, while that of the ball from Mrs. Naylor’s privy is not.
5. Struna, “Puritans and Sport,” 11.
6. George Francis Dow, Every Day Life in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (New York: Dover Publications, 1988), 110.
7. Ann-Eliza Lewis, “A Recreation to Great Persons: Bowling in Colonial Boston,” Northeast Historical Archaeology 27, no. 1 (1998): 131, http://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1162&context=neha.
8. Ann-Eliza Lewis, “Boston’s Curious Bowling History,” Cultural Resource Management 23, no. 10 (2000): 29, http://npshistory.com/newsletters/crm/crm-v23n10.pdf.
1823—SOUVENIR FROM THE GREAT MATCH RACE
1. Equivalent to more than $900,000 in 2015.
2. John Eisenberg, The Great Match Race: When North Met South in America’s First Sports Spectacle (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006), 72.
3. Melvin Adelman, A Sporting Time: New York City and the Rise of Modern Athletics, 1820–70 (Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1986), 34.
4. Daniel Russell, “American Eclipse: Glen Cove Thoroughbred,” n.d., www.glencoveheritage.com; www.bloodlines.net.
5. An Old Turfman (Cadwallader Colden), “The Great Match Race,” American Turf Register and Sporting Magazine 2 (September 1830): 3–12.
6. By way of comparison, today’s Belmont, the longest of the Triple Crown races at 1.5 miles, is regarded as a test of endurance.
7. Eisenberg, The Great Match Race, 147.
8. International Museum of the Horse, “Intersectional Match Races,” n.d., http://www.imh.org/exhibits/online/intersectional-match-races.
9. Eisenberg, The Great Match Race, 161, 170.
10. Ibid., ix.
11. Ibid., 171, 173.
12. Ibid., 197.
13. Ibid., 233.
PRE-1845—LACROSSE STICK
1. An Englishman in colonial Virginia might have been referencing lacrosse when he wrote in 1612 of “[a] kind of exercise they have often amongst them much like that which boyes call bandy in English.” William Strachey, The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia (London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1849), 77. But the reference is vague. On the other hand, Strachey’s reference to “the exercise of football” is spot on, describing a game recognizably soccer-ish. Quoted in Culin, Games of the North American Indians, 513.
2. Peter Bailey Lund, “European Discovery and Development,” in Lacrosse: A History of the Game, n.d., http://www.e-lacrosse.com/laxhist4.htm.
3. Peter Bailey Lund, “The American Indian Game,” in Lacrosse: A History of the Game, n.d., http://www.e-lacrosse.com/laxhist3.htm.
4. Thomas Vennum Jr., “The History of Lacrosse,” About the Sport: History, n.d., http://www.uslacrosse.org/about-the-sport/history.aspx.
5. Lissa Edwards, “Deadly Lacrosse Game in Mackinac Straits at Fort Michilimackinac in 1763,” MyNorth, May 16, 2010, http://mynorth.com/2010/05/deadly-lacrosse-game-in-mackinac-straits-at-fort-michilimackinac-in-1763/.
6. Frances Eyman, “Lacrosse and the Cayuga Thunder Rite,” Expedition Magazine (Summer 1964): 16.
1851—STERN ORNAMENT FROM THE AMERICA
1. A brother, Edward, founded the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken. The school would help to design a number of defenders of the America’s Cup. In another cultural context, the Stevens family owned the land in Hoboken (they owned most of Hoboken) where the murdered Mary Rogers was found in 1841. This famous unsolved mystery was the inspiration for Edgar Allan Poe’s story, “The Mystery of Marie Roget.”
2. Thomas R. Neblett, Civil War Yacht: Chronicles of the Schooner America (Mustang, OK: Tate Publishing & Enterprises, 2009), 37.
3. “Arrival of the American Clipper Yacht ‘America,’ of the New York Yacht Club,” Illustrated London News 19, no. 508 (August 9, 1851), 173.
4. Charles Boswell, The America: The Story of the World’s Most Famous Yacht (New York: D. McKay Co., 1967), 29.
5. Thomas Lawson and Winfield Thompson, The Lawson History of the America’s Cup (Southampton, UK: Ashford Press Publishing, 1986 [first published in 1902]), 16.
6. Quoted in Neblett, Civil War Yacht, 77.
7. Royal Yacht Squadron, “About RYS: The Yacht America,” n.d., https://www.rys.org.uk/about/the-yacht-america/.
8. Lawson and Thompson, Lawson History of the America’s Cup, 29.
9. Herbert L. Stone and William H. Taylor, The America’s Cup Races (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrad Co., 1958).
10. Neblett, Civil War Yacht, 241.
11. John Rousmaniere, The Low Black Schooner: Yacht America, 1851–1945 (Mystic, CT: Mystic Seaport Museum, 1986).
12. Neblett, Civil War Yacht, 211.
13. Ibid., 252.
14. Ibid., 85.
1853—SOIL FROM THE ELYSIAN FIELDS
1. “Knickerbocker Rules,” http://www.baseball-almanac.com/rule11.shtml.
2. “Doc Adams,” Society for American Baseball Research, n.d., http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/14ec7492.
3. Quoted in John Thorn, Baseball in the Garden of Eden: The Secret History of the Early Game (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 26.
4. “Daniel Lucius ‘Doc’ Adams—Long Overlooked Baseball Pioneer,” MLB Reports, July 25, 2012, http://mlbreports.com/2012/07/25/docadams/.
5. Richard Sandomir, “Founding Rules of ‘Base Ball’ Sell for $3.26 Million in Auction,” New York Times, April 24, 2016.
6. Monica Nucciarone, “Alexander Cartwright,” Society for American Baseball Research, n.d., http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/09ed3dd4.
7. Monica Nucciarone, Alexander Cartwright: The Life Behind the Baseball Legend (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2009), 159.
8. The Baseball Reliquary, “Soil Sample from Elysian Fields,” n.d., http://www.baseballreliquary.org/about/collections/soil-sample-from-elysian-fields/.
9. Ibid.
10. Mike Pesca, “The Man Who Made Baseball’s Box Score a Hit,” NPR, July 30, 2009, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106891539; “Henry Chadwick,” National Baseball Hall of Fame, n.d., http://baseballhall.org/hof/chadwick-henry.
1860—ABRAHAM LINCOLN’S HANDBALL
1. David Herbert Donald, We Are Lincoln Men: Abraham Lincoln and His Friends (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 13.
2. David Fleming, “The Civil Warrior,” Sports Illustrated, February 6, 1995, http://www.si.com/vault/1995/02/06/133235/the-civil-warrior-on-the-us-frontier-young-abe-lincoln-was-a-great-wrestler----and-sportsman.
3. Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis, eds., Herndon’s Informants (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 554.
4. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (June 1954): 60.
5. David Levinson and Karen Christensen, Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 164.
6. Brand Whitlock, Abraham Lincoln (Boston: Small, Maynard & Company, 1916), 104.
1870—SPORTSMAN’S HALL
1. For a good idea of what this might have looked like, see episode 4 of The Knick on Cinemax.
2. Quoted in Martin Kaufman and Herbert J. Kaufman, “Henry Bergh, Kit Burns, and the Sportsmen of New York,” New York Folklore Quarterly, 28, no. 1 (March 1972): 23.
3. James William Buel, Mysteries and Miseries of America’s Great Cities: Embracing New York, Washington City, San Francisco, Salt Lake City, and New Orleans (St. Louis and Philadelphia: Historical Publishing Co., 1883), 49.
4. “The Band-Box of the Late Kit Burns,” New York Times, January 2, 1871.
1889—JOHN L. SULLIVAN’S DUMBBELL
1. Richard Hoffer, “Fisticuffs John L. Sullivan & Jake Kilrain in The Outlaw Brawl That Started It All: How 75 Rounds of Bare-fisted Boxing in 1889 Crowned America’s First Superstar and Transformed the Face of Sport,” Sports Illustrated, May 6, 2002. http://www.si.com/vault/2002/05/06/8101527/fisticuffs-john-l-sullivan--jake-kilrain-in-the-outlaw-brawl-that-started-it-all-how-75-rounds-of-barefisted-boxing-in-1889-crowned-americas-first-superstar-and-transformed-the-face-of-sport.
2. $259,495 in 2015 dollars.
3. Hoffer, “Fisticuffs.”
4. Christopher Klein, Strong Boy: The Life and Times of John L. Sullivan, America’s First Sports Hero (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2013), 153.
5. Nat Fleischer, John L. Sullivan: Champion of Champions (New York: Putnam, 1951), 120–122.
6. Hoffer, “Fisticuffs.”
7. Ibid.
8. Michael Woods, “125 Years Ago Today, John L. Sullivan Stopped Jake Kilrain in Round 75,” The Sweet Science, July 8, 2014, http://www.thesweetscience.com/news/articles/18924-125-years-ago-today-john-l-sullivan-stopped-jake-kilrain-in-round-75.
9. Christian Stone, “Sullivan’s Last Stand,” Sports Illustrated, October 27, 1992, http://www.si.com/vault/1992/10/27/127455/then--now-100-years-ago-sullivans-last-stand.
10. Fleischer, John L. Sullivan, xi.
1890—ISAAC MURPHY’S SILK PURSE
1. National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame, “Isaac B. Murphy,” 2014, https://www.racingmuseum.org/hall-of-fame/isaac-b-murphy.
2. His given name was Isaac Burns; after his mother’s death, he changed it to her maiden name, Murphy.
3. Katherine C. Mooney, Race Horse Men: How Slavery and Freedom Were Made at the Racetrack (Cambridge, MA: President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2014), 41.
4. “Running Unfinished Races,” New York Times, August 20, 1885.
5. $266,060 in 2015 dollars.
6. Edward Hotaling, The Great Black Jockeys: The Lives and Times of the Men Who Dominated America’s First National Sport (n.p.: Prima Lifestyles, 1999), 255.
7. Jim Bolus, “Honest Isaac’s Legacy: The Greatest U.S. Jockey of the 19th Century Was a Black Man, Isaac Murphy,” Sports Illustrated, April 29, 1996, http://www.si.com/vault/1996/04/29/212372/honest-isaacs-legacy-the-greatest-us-jockey-of-the-19th-century-was-a-black-man-isaac-murphy.
8. “Freeland’s Famous Jockey: Joe Cotton’s Owner Tells How He First Taught the Boy to Ride,” New York Times, August 20, 1885.
9. Pellom McDaniels III, The Prince of Jockeys: The Life of Isaac Burns Murphy (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2013), 353.
10. Ibid., 362.
11. Hotaling, The Great Black Jockeys, 269.
12. Bolus, “Honest Isaac’s Legacy.”
13. Arthur Ashe, A Hard Road to Glory: A History of the African-American Athlete, 1619–1918 (New York: Warner Books, 1988), 50.
14. Hotaling, The Great Black Jockeys, 326.
15. Ashe, A Hard Road to Glory, 47.
16. Charles Hirshberg, “Pilloried at the Post,” Sports Illustrated, June 26, 2006, http://www.si.com/vault/2006/06/26/8380584/pilloried-at-the-post-.
17. Hotaling, The Great Black Jockeys, 327.
18. Arthur Ashe and Arnold Rampersand, Days of Grace (New York: Ballantine Books, 1993), 174.
1891—JAMES NAISMITH’S ORIGINAL RULES OF BASKETBALL
1. Rob Rains, with Helen Carpenter, James Naismith: The Man Who Invented Basketball (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009), 36.
2. Kansapedia, Kansas Historical Society: http://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/james-naismith/12154.
3. James Naismith, Basketball: Its Origin and Development (New York: Association Press, 1941), 37.
4. Ibid., 44–55.
5. The Y can also take credit for volleyball, which was invented by William Morgan of the Holyoke YMCA, about 10 miles from Springfield. Morgan was seeking to create a less strenuous game for older men; he called it “mintonette” (see Rains, James Naismith, 61).
6. Tony Ladd and James Mathisen, Muscular Christianity: Evangelical Protestants and the Development of American Sport (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1999), 61, 63.
7. Ibid., 21. Another apostle of muscular Christianity was Amos Alonzo Stagg, who was a contemporary of Naismith’s at Springfield. A former theology student at Yale, Stagg considered joining the ministry, but decided to reach men’s souls through sports instead; he played in the first game of hoops. In 1892 he went to the University of Chicago, where he became the first nationally known football coach, famous for inventing the huddle and the T-formation.
8. Naismith, Basketball, 115.
9. Ibid., 163.
10. Sister of art historian Bernard Berenson.
11. Ralph Melnick, Senda Berenson: The Unlikely Founder of Women’s Basketball (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007), 1.
12. Sports Illustrated, March 22, 1993.
13. Melnick, Senda Berenson, 23.
14. Ibid., 81.
15. The first women’s intercollegiate game took place in 1895, between Berkeley and Stanford.
1892—RECORD OF PAYMENT FOR FIRST PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYER
1. Allen Barra, “The First Pro Football Player Wasn’t Just First; He Was Also Great,” The Atlantic, November 12, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/11/the-first-pro-football-player-wasnt-just-first-he-was-also-great/265102/.
1892—SAFETY BICYCLE
1. Richard Harmon, “Progress and Flight: An Interpretation of the American Cycle Craze of the 1890s,” Journal of Social History (Winter 1971–1972): 236.
2. This was the English-made Rover; see David Herlihy, Bicycle: The History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 235.
3. Ibid., 246, 252.
4. Sidney Aronson, “The Sociology of the Bicycle,” Social Forces (March 1952): 305.
5. Arabella Kenealy, “Woman as Athlete,” Nineteenth Century, (April 1899): 635–645.
6. Bella Bathurst, The Bicycle Book (New York: HarperCollins, 2011), 104.
7. Aronson, “Sociology of the Bicycle,” 308.
8. Mrs. Reginald De Koven, “Bicycling for Women,” Cosmopolitan 19 (August 1895): 392–394.
9. E. B. Turner, FRCS, “A Report on Cycling in Health and Disease,” British Medical Journal, June 6, 1896.
10. Harmon, “Progress and Flight,” 240.
11. Herlihy, Bicycle, 294.
12. A.M. Godfrey, “Cycling Clubs and Their Spheres of Action,” Outing, July 1897, 4.
13. Aronson, “Sociology of the Bicycle,” 310.
14. Herlihy, Bicycle, 300.
15. Frances E. Willard, updated February 16, 2016, https://www.aoc.gov/capitol-hill/national-statuary-hall-collection/frances-e-willard.
16. Frances Willard, A Wheel Within a Wheel: How I Learned to Ride a Bicycle (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1895), 25.
17. Ibid., 75.
1909—THE YARD OF BRICKS AT THE INDIANAPOLIS MOTOR SPEEDWAY
1. The Indiana Historian (December 1996): 3.
2. Jay F. Hein and Allison Melangton, “In Prospect,” American Outlook (Winter 2011), http://www.americanoutlook.org/in-prospect1.html.
3. https://www.lincolnhighwayassoc.org/info/.
4. “Yard of Bricks & Panasonic Pagoda,” n.d., https://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/at-the-track/yard-of-bricks-pagoda/yard-of-bricks.
1910—ANNIE OAKLEY’S RIFLE
1. Shirl Kasper, Annie Oakley (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992), 43.
1912—JIM THORPE’S RESTORED OLYMPIC GOLD MEDALS
1. Ron Flatter, “Thorpe Preceded Deion, Bo,” ESPN.com, n.d., https://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016499.html.
2. “Jim Thorpe Is Dead On West Coast at 64,” New York Times, March 29, 1953, http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0528.html; Joseph D. O’Brian, “The Greatest Athlete in the World,” American Heritage 43, no. 4 (July/August 1992), http://www.americanheritage.com/content/greatest-athlete-world.
3. “Jim Thorpe Named Greatest in Sport; Top Athlete in Half-Century Poll,” New York Times, February 12, 1950.
4. O’Brian, “The Greatest Athlete in the World.”
5. Kate Buford, Native American Son: The Life and Sporting Legend of Jim Thorpe (New York: Knopf, 2010), 163–164.
6. Alfred E. Senn, Power Politics, and the Olympic Games (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1999), 31.
7. O’Brian, “The Greatest Athlete in the World.”
8. Allen Guttmann, The Games Must Go On: Avery Brundage and the Olympic Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), 28.
9. Quoted in Robert Shaplen, “Amateur,” New Yorker, July 23, 1960.
10. Andrew Denning, “Alpine Skiing and the Winter Games—An Olympic Problem? 1936–1972,” December 2010, 9, 11, 12, https://doc.rero.ch/record/22121/files/Denning_final_report.pdf_attachment_.pdf.
11. Taps Gallagher and Mike Brewster, Stolen Glory: The U.S., the Soviet Union, and the Olympic Basketball Game That Never Ended (Beverly Hills, CA: GM Books, 2012).
12. “Pennsylvania Town Named for Jim Thorpe Can Keep Athlete’s Body,” CBS News, October 23, 2014, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/pennsylvania-town-named-for-jim-thorpe-can-keep-athletes-body/.
1913—FRANCIS OUIMET’S IRONS, BALL, AND SCORECARD FROM THE US OPEN
1. Herbert Warren Wind, The Story of American Golf (New York: Knopf, 1975), 73.
2. Mark Frost, The Greatest Game Ever Played: Harry Vardon, Francis Ouimet, and the Birth of Modern Golf (Hyperion E-book, 2002), 92.
3. Rick Reilly, “The Longest Long Shot: September 18–20, 1913, Francis Ouimet Wins the U.S. Open,” Sports Illustrated, November 29, 1999, http://www.si.com/vault/1999/11/29/270654/the-longest-long-shot-september-18-20-1913-francis-ouimet-wins-the-us-open.
4. Frost, Greatest Game Ever Played, 371.
5. “Ouimet World’s Golf Champion,” New York Times, September 21, 1913.
6. Wind, Story of American Golf, 76.
7. David Owen and Joan Bingham, eds., Lure of the Links: Great Golf Stories (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1997), 4.
8. Wind, Story of American Golf, 86.
9. Bobby Jones and O. B. Keeler, Down the Fairway (New York: Minton, Balch, 1927), 38–39.
10. Frost, Greatest Game Ever Played, 468.
1921—RADIO BROADCAST OF THE DEMPSEY-CARPENTIER FIGHT
1. John Lardner, “Boyle’s Thirty Acres and the Revolution,” New Yorker, November 4, 1950, 135.
2. Thomas Myler, “Georges Carpentier, the Orchid Man,” Boxing Digest, January 2010, 28.
3. Mappen, Marc, “Jerseyana,” New York Times, June 9, 1991.
4. Skip Myslenski, “30 Acres of Romance, Hokum and Balderdash,” Sports Illustrated, December 16, 1968, http://www.si.com/vault/1968/12/16/551662/30-acres-of-romance-hokum-and-balderdash.
5. Lardner, “Boyles Thirty Acres and the Revolution,” 136.
6. There were other connections: Abe Attell, a gambler implicated in the 1919 World Series fix, was present at the negotiations to set up the match. (Dempsey got $300,000; Carpentier, $200,000.) Gene Tunney fought on the undercard. He would later whip Carpentier and take the title from Dempsey. Mike Jacobs, a ticket broker, helped to finance the event; he would become Joe Louis’s manager.
7. To see the whole fight, go to Norman Marcus, “George Carpentier: The ‘Orchid Man’,” July 23, 2012, http://www.boxing.com/georges_carpentier_the_orchid_man.html.
8. Ibid.
9. “First Program Broadcast by KDKA Six Years Ago; Pioneer Station Went on the Air Nov. 2, 1920, with Election Returns—Many Broadcasting Records Are Credited to Pittsburgh Station,” New York Times, October 31, 1926, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9905E6D91639E633A25752C3A9669D946795D6CF.
10. Mark Frost, The Grand Slam: Bobby Jones, America, and the Story of Golf (New York: Hyperion, 2004), 180.
11. Vintage Radio and Communications Museum of Connecticut, http://www.radiomuseum.org/r/rca_aeriola_sr_1.html.
12. Glen Jeansonne, with David Luhrssen, A Time of Paradox: America Since 1890 (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), 196.
1925—THE MODERN FOOTBALL
1. Jim Morrison, “The Early History of Football’s Forward Pass,” Smithsonian Magazine, December 28, 2010, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-early-history-of-footballs-forward-pass-78015237/?no-ist.
2. Sally Jenkins, The Real All-Americans: The Team That Changed a Game, a People, and a Nation (New York: Doubleday, 2007), 234.
3. Ibid., 245.
4. 2015 Official NFL Record and Fact Book (New York: National Football League, 2015), 357.
5. John J. Miller, The Big Scrum: How Teddy Roosevelt Saved Football (New York: HarperCollins, 2011), 218.
6. Dan Revsine, The Opening Kickoff: The Tumultuous Birth of a Football Nation (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2014), 207.
7. Karen Croake Heisler, Fighting Irish: Legends, Lists, and Lore (Champaign, IL: Sports Publishing, 2006), 46; Miller, Big Scrum, 206.
8. New York Times, November 2, 1913.
9. Jenkins, Real All-Americans, 336.
10. Thanks to John J. Miller for the description.
11. Scott Oldham, “Bombs Away,” Popular Mechanics, October 2001, 64–67.
12. Ibid.
1920s—TAD LUCAS’S RIDING BOOTS
1. “Tad Lucas,” n.d., Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame, http://www.prorodeohalloffame.com/inductees/by-category/notableslifetime-achievement/tad-lucas/.
2. “Lucas, Barbara,” Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, ed. David J. Wishart (Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 2011), http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.sr.034.
3. Teresa Jordan, Cowgirls: Women of the American West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992), 200.
4. Sylvia Gann Mahoney, “Rodeos,” Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association, 2010, https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/llr01.
5. Women’s Professional Rodeo Association, “66 Years of Women in Rodeo,” n.d., http://www.wpra.com/pdfs/2014_Wrangler_NFR.pdf.
1925—STATISTICS FROM RED GRANGE’S NFL DEBUT
1. Pro Football Hall of Fame, “Grange’s Debut on Thanksgiving,” January 1, 2005, http://www.profootballhof.com/news/grange-s-debut-on-thanksgiving/. Playing both ways, he ran for 92 yards, threw six passes, and intercepted one.
2. Red Grange (with Ira Morton), The Galloping Ghost: The Autobiography of Red Grange (Wheaton, IL: Crossroads Communications, 1981), 44.
3. Herbert Warren Wind, ed., The Realm of Sport (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1966), 319.
4. John M. Carroll, Red Grange and the Rise of Modern Football (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1999), 78.
5. It was initially known as the American Professional Football Association; the National Football League became its name in 1922.
6. “Red Grange,” ESPN SportsCentury, July 9, 1999.
7. Carroll, Red Grange and the Rise of Modern Football, 99.
8. Jim Reisler, Cash and Carry: The Spectacular Rise and Hard Fall of CC Pyle, America’s First Sports Agent (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009), 71.
9. Ibid., 70.
10. George A. Halas, “My Forty Years in Pro Football,” Saturday Evening Post, November 30, 1957, 108.
11. Carroll, Red Grange and the Rise of Modern Football, 113.
12. “Grange’s Two Days Here Yield $370,000; Gets $300,000 to Act in Movie; Other Sums for Endorsing Numerous Trade Articles. EARNINGS NEARLY $500,000 Likely to Roll Up $1,000,000, He Defends Turning ‘Pro’ as Grasping Opportunity,” New York Times, December 8, 1925, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9406E2DE113AEF3ABC4053DFB467838E639EDE.
13. “Grange Is Booed by Boston Fans; Displays Poor Form, Is Stopped at Every Turn, Gaining Only 20 Yards as Bears Lose, 9-6; 15,000 in the Stands Brave Cold to See Star and Do Not Hesitate to Express Disappointment—Steam Rollers Win,” New York Times, December 10, 1925, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F06EFDB1539E633A25753C1A9649D946495D6CF.
14. John Underwood, “Was He the Greatest of All Time?,” Sports Illustrated, September 4, 1985, http://www.si.com/vault/1985/09/04/643872/was-he-the-greatest-of-all-time.
15. Dave Anderson, “The Bear Who Really Was One,” New York Times, November 2, 1983, http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/02/sports/sports-of-the-times-the-bear-who-really-was-one.html.
1926—HELEN WILLS’S LEATHER TRAVEL BAG
1. Lisa Dillman, “Tennis: Helen Wills Moody Roark Attracts Attention Again, Thanks to Martina,” Los Angeles Times, June 26, 1988, http://articles.latimes.com/1988-06-26/sports/sp-8410_1_helen-wills-moody.
2. Gary Morley, “Suzanne Lenglen: The First Diva of Tennis,” CNN, June 6, 2013, http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/06/sport/tennis/suzanne-lenglen-french-open-tennis/.
3. Larry Engelmann, The Goddess & the American Girl: The Story of Suzanne Lenglen and Helen Wills (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), ix.
4. She withdrew from the quarterfinals in 1924.
5. Sarah Pileggi, “The Lady in the White Silk Dress,” Sports Illustrated, September 13, 1982, http://www.si.com/vault/1982/09/13/624724/the-lady-in-the-white-silk-dress.
6. Engelmann, Goddess & the American Girl, 157.
7. A few bits and pieces can be seen at Suzanne Lenglen vs Helen Wills—1926 Cannes, France, January 11, 2009, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HSsH7V3Ml8.
8. Helen Wills, Fifteen-Thirty: The Story of a Tennis Player (New York and London: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1937), 94.
9. Engelmann, Goddess & the American Girl, 179.
10. Time, February 9, 1948.
11. Robin Finn, “Helen Wills Moody, Dominant Champion Who Won 8 Wimbledon Titles, Dies at 92,” New York Times, January 3, 1998, http://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/03/sports/helen-wills-moody-dominant-champion-who-won-8-wimbledon-titles-dies-at-92.html.
12. Saturday Evening Post, April 4, 1931, 70.
13. Saturday Evening Post, June 17, 1933, 80.
1929—AMELIA EARHART’S GOGGLES
1. Patricia Sullivan, “Pioneering Pilot Elinor Smith Sullivan Dies at 98,” Washington Post, March 24, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/23/AR2010032303758.html.
2. “Breaking Through the Clouds—The Story,” nd., http://www.breakingthroughtheclouds.com/noframes.asp?f=story.html.
3. Gene Nora Jessen, “1929 Air Race,” 1999, http://www.ninety-nines.org/the_1929_air_race.htm.
4. Susan Butler, East to the Dawn, media tie-in ed. (New York: Da Capo Press, 2009), 231.
5. “Goggles. Flying. Amelia Earhart,” Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A19580054000.
6. Victoria Garrett Jones, Amelia Earhart: A Life in Flight (New York and London: Sterling, 2009).
1930—BILL TILDEN’S TENNIS RACKET
1. Tilden never played in Australia, and its tourney was not considered a major at the time. The French was for French players only until 1925; he did not compete at Wimbledon from 1922 through 1926.
2. Australia, however, had a remarkable run: from 1950 through 1967, it won fifteen of eighteen Davis Cups.
3. Marshall Jon Fisher, A Terrible Splendor: Three Extraordinary Men, a World Poised for War, and the Greatest Tennis Match Ever Played (New York: Crown, 2009), 128.
4. New York Times, August 29, 2009.
5. Caryl Phillips, ed., The Right Set: A Tennis Anthology (New York: Vintage, 1999), 64; Fisher, A Terrible Splendor, 33.
6. Fisher, A Terrible Splendor, 120.
7. “Bill Tilden,” International Tennis Hall of Fame, n.d., https://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/inductees/bill-tilden/.
8. Fisher, A Terrible Splendor, 249, 251–252.
9. Frank Deford, Big Bill Tilden: The Triumphs and the Tragedy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976), p.167.
10. Fisher, A Terrible Splendor, 249.
11. Ibid., 258.
12. Time, June 15, 1953.
1930—BOBBY JONES’S PUTTER, CALAMITY JANE
1. Bobby Jones and O. B. Keeler, Down the Fairway (New York: Minton, Balch, 1927), 108.
2. “The Amazing Mr. Jones,” n.d., http://themajorsofgolf.com/features/the-amazing-bobby-jones/.
3. Mark Frost, The Grand Slam: Bobby Jones, America, and the Story of Golf (New York: Hyperion, 2004), 382.
4. Bill Fields, “Jones Had a Trusted Partner in His Putter,” ESPN, March 5, 2009, http://sports.espn.go.com/golf/news/story?id=3954571.
5. Herbert Warren Wind, The Story of American Golf (New York: Knopf, 1975), 201.
6. Frost, The Grand Slam, 393.
7. A number of these can be seen on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=how+i+play+golf+bobby+jones+.
8. Stephen Lowe, “De-marbleizing Bobby Jones,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 83, no. 4: 670.
9. Jones, Robert Tyre, Jr., Lt, Col., n.d., http://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=BattleMemoryExt&ID=42538.
10. Ron Fimwrite, “The Emperor Jones,” Sports Illustrated, April 11, 1994, http://www.si.com/vault/1994/04/11/130825/the-emperor-jones-bobby-joness-reign-over-golf-from-1923-to-1930-was-absolute-but-he-proved-just-as-masterly-off-the-course-as-he-was-on-it.
1932—BABE DIDRIKSON’S UNIFORM
1. “Babe Zaharias Dies; Athlete Had Cancer,” New York Times, September 28, 1956, http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0626.html.
2. Benjamin Rader, American Sports: From the Age of Folk Games to the Age of Televised Sports, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990), 125.
3. Bruce Kidd, “Women’s Olympic History,” CAAWS Action Bulletin (Spring 1994), http://www.caaws-women-atthegames.ca/olympics/2004/history/womens_games.cfm.
4. Jaime Schultz, Qualifying Times: Points of Change in U.S. Women’s Sport (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2014), 78.
5. Rich Wallace and Sandra Neil Wallace, Babe Conquers the World: The Legendary Life of Babe Didrikson Zaharias (Honesdale, PA: Calkins Creek, 2014), 64.
6. Ian Jobling, “The Women’s 800 Meters Track Event Post 1928: Quo Vadis?,” Journal of Olympic History 14 (March 2006): 43–47.
7. Roger Robinson, “‘Eleven Wretched Women’: What Really Happened in the First Olympic Women’s 800m,” Running Times, May 14, 2012, http://www.runnersworld.com/running-times-info/eleven-wretched-women.
8. Ibid.
9. Quoted in Francis Edward Abernethy, ed., Legendary Ladies of Texas (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 1994), 179.
10. William Oscar Johnson, “Babe Part 2,” Sports Illustrated, October 13, 1975, http://www.si.com/vault/1975/10/13/613267/babe-part-2.
11. http://www.babedidriksonzaharias.org/?page_id=74.
12. Babe Didrikson Zaharias and Harry Paxton, This Life I’ve Led: My Autobiography (New York: Robert Hale,1956), 184.
13. Abernethy, Legendary Ladies of Texas, 119.
14. Susan E. Cayleff, “The ‘Texas Tomboy’: The Life and Legend of Babe Didrikson Zaharias,” OAH Magazine of History (Summer 1992): 29.
15. The Vare Trophy, given to the golfer with the lowest stroke average, is named after her.
16. “Ora Washington,” Women’s Basketball Hall of Fame, n.d., http://www.wbhof.com/OWashington.html.
17. Quoted in Pamela Grundy and Susan Shackleford, Shattering the Glass: The Remarkable History of Women’s Basketball (New York: New Press, 2005), 59.
18. Cecile Houry, “American Women and the Modern Summer Olympic Games: A Story of Obstacles and Struggles for Participation and Equality” (PhD diss., University of Miami, 2011), 127.
1932—BABE RUTH’S “CALLED SHOT” BAT
1. Leigh Montville, The Big Bam: The Life and Times of Babe Ruth (New York: Random House, 2006), 310.
2. See this video of part of the action at http://m.mlb.com/video/topic/6479266/v3218817/bb-moments-32-ws-gm-3-babe-ruths-called-shot.
3. Robert W. Creamer, Babe: The Legend Comes to Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974), 364.
4. Quoted in ibid., 367.
5. Babe Ruth (as told to Bob Considine): The Babe Ruth Story (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1948), 194.
6. Quoted in Larry Getlen, “Journalist Debunks Babe Ruth’s Legendary ‘Called Shot,” New York Post, February 1, 2014, http://nypost.com/2014/02/01/chicago-journalist-debunks-babe-ruths-called-shot/.
7. Quoted in Creamer, Babe, 365.
8. In 1998, Sporting News ranked him first in a list of baseball’s 100 best; in 1999, ESPN ranked him the second-greatest athlete in North American history, behind Michael Jordan.
9. Allan Wood, “Babe Ruth,” Society for American Baseball Research, n.d., http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/9dcdd01c.
1935—PROGRAM FROM THE FIRST NIGHT BASEBALL GAME
1. Time, August 6, 1930.
2. Quoted in David George Surdam, Wins, Losses, and Empty Seats: How Baseball Outlasted the Great Depression (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2011), 220.
3. Frank Graham, The New York Giants (New York: Putnam, 1952), 47.
4. John Thorn, Pete Palmer, and Larry Gershman, Total Baseball (Kingston, NY: Total Sports, 2001), 75, 76.
5. Surdam, Wins, Losses, and Empty Seats, 318.
6. Time, June 3, 1935.
7. Surdam, Wins, Losses, and Empty Seats, 227, 229.
8. Ibid., 229.
9. Ibid., 240.
10. “Famous Firsts: Night Games,” Baseball Almanac, n.d., http://www.baseball-almanac.com/firsts/first10.shtml.
11. John Drebinger, “Majors Raise Limit of Home Night Games to 14, Except for 21 at Washington,” New York Times, February 4, 1942, 24; except in New York City, where night games were banned as making the city too visible to German U-boats; John Drebinger, “Dodgers Defeat Giants in Twilight Game Raising $59,859 for Navy Relief,” New York Times, May 9, 1942, 16.
12. Shane Tourtellotte, “Day for Night,” The Hardball Times, May 9, 2012, http://www.hardballtimes.com/day-for-night/.
CIRCA 1935—DUKE KAHANAMOKU’S SURFBOARD
1. Peter Westwick and Peter Neushul, The World in the Curl: An Unconventional History of Surfing (New York: Crown, 2013), 14.
2. Ben Marcus, “From Polynesia, with Love: The History of Surfing from Captain Cook to the Present,” n.d., http://www.surfingforlife.com/history.html.
3. James Cook, Charles Clerke, John Gore, and James King, A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean (n.p., 1784), 3:147.
4. Westwick and Neushul, World in the Curl, 14–22.
5. New Yorker, August 24, 1992, 42.
6. “Surfing Heroes,” n.d., http://www.clubofthewaves.com/surf-culture/surfing-heroes.php.
7. Ellie Crowe, Surfer of the Century (New York: Lee & Low Books, 2007), 13.
8. “About Duke,” n.d., http://www.dukekahanamoku.com/about-duke/.
9. New York Times, February 16, 1920.
10. Westwick and Neushul, World in the Curl, 46.
11. Michael Scott Moore, Sweetness and Blood: How Surfing Spread from Hawaii and California to the Rest of the World, with Some Unexpected Results (New York: Rodale, 2010), 147.
12. Matt Warshaw, The Encyclopedia of Surfing (Orlando, FL: Harcourt, 2005), 309.
13. “Duke Kahanamoku and The Superhuman Rescue,” WaterWays, June 14, 2015, http://www.theinertia.com/surf/duke-kahanamoku-and-the-superhuman-rescue/.
14. Michael Beschloss, “Duke of Hawaii: A Swimmer and Surfer Who Straddled Two Cultures,” The Upshot, August 22, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/23/upshot/duke-of-hawaii-a-swimmer-and-surfer-who-straddled-two-cultures.html
15. “Kahanamoku, Duke,” n.d., http://encyclopediaofsurfing.com/entries/kahanamoku-duke.
16. “Kahanamoku Given ‘Beach Boy’ Funeral,” New York Times, January 29, 1968, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F05E4D81038E134BC4151DFB7668383679EDE.
1936—JESSE OWENS’S BATON FROM THE 4 X 100-METER RELAY
1. Here are some examples of how the story is usually told: Russell Baker, “Sunday Observer; Good Bad Sports,” New York Times, February 1, 1976, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E0CE5DD163FE23BA15752C0A9649C946790D6CF: “[Hitler] blatantly snubbed Owens, a black man, for making a hash of Hitlerian theory about Aryan supremacy.”
Ebony, September 1988, 120: “Jesse Owens delivered the most convincing blow in the fight for Black legitimacy in athletics. With Adolph Hitler looking on, Owens almost single-handedly debunked the German leader’s self-proclaimed doctrine of Aryan supremacy.”
Ebony, September 1988, 144: “The story of an incredible moment of truth when the son of a sharecropper and the grandson of slaves temporarily derailed the Nazi juggernaut and gave the lie to Hitler’s theories on Aryan (read: White) supremacy.”
Phil Taylor, “Flying in the Face of the Fuhrer: August 3–9 1936, Jesse Owens Dominates the Berlin Olympics,” Sports Illustrated, November 29, 1999, http://www.si.com/vault/1999/11/29/270661/flying-in-the-face-of-the-fuhrer-august-3-9-1936-jesse-owens-dominates-the-berlin-olympics: “As he [Owens] raced past his competitors, he was more idea than man, a charcoal rebuttal to Nazi notions of Aryan supremacy.”
“Revolutionary Moments in Sports,” Sports Illustrated, April 26, 2010, http://www.si.com/more-sports/photos/2010/04/26-1revolutionary-moments-in-sports#2: “Olympics in Berlin as a showcase for Nazi Germany and the racial inferiority of African-Americans among ethnic groups.”
Larry Schwartz, “Owens Pierced a Myth,” ESPN, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20000706211910/ http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016393.html: “In one week in the summer of 1936, on the sacred soil of the Fatherland, the master athlete humiliated the master race.”
2. Mack Robinson, Jackie’s older brother, won the silver medal in this event.
3. The image is available at http://www.olympic.org/Assets/MediaPlayer/Photos/TOM%20TREASURES/Jesse%20Owens/960/Jesse-Owens-et-Luz-Long.jpg.
4. Jeremy Schaap, Triumph: The Untold Story of Jesse Owens and Hitler’s Olympics (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007). Schaap notes that technically, Owens also set records in the 200-meter dash and 200-meter hurdles. The metric distances are slightly shorter, but Owens ran the longer distance faster than anyone had ever run the metric ones.
5. Arnd Kruger and William Murray, eds., The Nazi Olympics: Sport, Politics, and Appeasement in the 1930s (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 49.
6. David K. Wiggins, Glory Bound: Black Athletes in a White America (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1997), 66–67; Allen Guttmann, The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games, 2nd ed. (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 60.
7. See, for example, Carolyn Marvin, “Avery Brundage and American Participation in the 1936 Olympic Games,” Journal of American Studies 16, no. 1 (1982): 91, http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=asc_papers.
8. The AAU’s vote was close: 58.25 to 55.75.
9. Guy Walters, Berlin Games: How Hitler Stole the Olympic Dream (London: John Murray, 2012), 195.
10. Williams earned a degree in mechanical engineering from Berkeley. He later became an instructor of the Tuskegee Airmen, who would prove their mettle in the skies above Nazi Germany.
11. Archie F. Williams, “The Joy of Flying: Olympic Gold, Air Force Colonel, and Teacher,” University of California Black Alumni Series, 1993, http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt0v19n496&doc.view=entire_text.
12. LuValle earned a PhD in chemistry and math from Caltech, working under Nobel laureate Linus Pauling.
13. James LuValle, “An Olympian’s Oral History,” 1988, http://library.la84.org/6oic/OralHistory/OHLuValle.pdf.
14. Arthur J. Daley, “Owens Captures Olympic Title, Equals World 100-Meter Record; Beats Metcalfe in 0:10.3 as U.S. Takes Lead in Men’s Track and Field,” New York Times, August 4, 1936, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C00E7DA1E3FEE3BBC4C53DFBE66838D629EDE.
15. He later joined the Dutch Nazi Party and served time in prison after the war for crimes committed during the occupation.
16. William Shirer, The Nightmare Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1984), 234.
17. Quoted in Walters, Berlin Games, 221.
18. Rounding out the African American contingent were four boxers and two weight lifters, but they won no medals; Wiggins, Glory Bound, 73.
19. Quoted in the Guardian, December 21, 2011.
20. “Top Honors Captured by Germany as Olympic Games Are Concluded; Reich Gained More Medals in Berlin Than Any Other Country—Intense Nationalism Gave Its Entries Inspirational Lift,” New York Times, August 17, 1936, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C07E1D8143CE53ABC4F52DFBE66838D629EDE.
21. Kruger and Murray, The Nazi Olympics, 21.
22. “Berlin 1936: Television in Germany,” n.d., http://www.tvhistory.tv/1936_German_Olympics_TV_Program_English.JPG.
23. Frederick William Rubien, ed., Report of the American Olympic Committee: Games of the XIth Olympiad, Berlin, Germany, August 1 to 16, 1936 (n.p.: American Olympic Committee, 1937).
24. Report of the German Olympic Committee.
25. According to an account from a Swiss Olympian, Paul Martin, that extended to sex. Martin said there was a “love garden” in the corner of the village to which specially chosen maidens were given passes in order to sport with the athletes—but only the white ones. They got the Olympian’s identification before sex; if they got pregnant, the state rewarded them. Thus would the Reich’s racial stock be improved. When it comes to the Nazis and race, almost anything is conceivable. Still, the sourcing of this anecdote seemed too thin to include in the text, but the story is too interesting not to mention. From David Clay Large, Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936 (New York: WW Norton, 2007), 182–183.
26. William J. Baker, Jesse Owens: An American Life (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2006), 35.
27. Henry A. Slaughter, “Calls for Fair Play; Reader Would Welcome Tolerance ‘in Fact’ Here,” New York Times, August 15, 1936, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B07E6D91130E13BBC4D52DFBE66838D629EDE.
28. There were American Olympians who had previously won more medals, but either in lightly contested sports or in Olympics with few participants. For example, Marcus Hurley won four golds and a bronze in cycling in the 1904 Olympics, and Anton Heida won five golds and a silver in gymnastics. Only twelve countries participated in the 1904 Games, however, which were a poorly organized sideshow to the St. Louis World’s Fair, and Americans accounted for 526 of the 651 athletes. Owens’s achievement in a bigger, more competitive environment is clearly more impressive.
29. Arthur Pincus, “50 Years Later, Bitter Memories of the Berlin Games,” New York Times, August 10, 1986, http://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/10/sports/50-years-later-bitter-memories-of-the-berlin-games.html.
30. Baker, Jesse Owens, 107.
31. See images at http://www.businessinsider.com/photos-of-abandoned-olympic-village-in-berlin-2015-3?op=1.
1936—THE HUSKY CLIPPER
1. See entries on the 1980 Olympic hockey team and the 1954/1955 Indiana state basketball champions.
2. Daniel James Brown, The Boys in the Boat: Nine Americans and Their Epic Quest for Gold at the 1936 Berlin Olympics (New York: Viking, 2013), 286.
3. Michael J. Socolow, “Six Minutes in Berlin,” Slate, [July 23, 2012], http://www.slate.com/articles/sports/fivering_circus/2012/07/_1936_olympics_rowing_the_greatest_underdog_nazi_defeating_american_olympic_victory_you_ve_never_heard_of_.html.
4. Daniel James Brown, “The Boys in the Boat”, June 12, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blb3k8VTsTM.
5. Saturday Evening Post, June 19, 1937.
6. Dan Raley, “Events of the Century,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, December 21, 1999, http://www.seattlepi.com/sports/article/Events-of-the-century-3835569.php.
7. Brown, The Boys in the Boat, 346.
8. http://www.huskycrew.com/audio-video/BobMoch1936%2010-02.mp3; about 19:00.
9. Brown, The Boys in the Boat, 350.
10. “Washington Rowing: The 1936 Olympic Team,” Husky Crew, n.d., http://www.huskycrew.com/Husky%20Crew%201936%20-%20The%20Boys%20In%20The%20Boat.htm.
11. The times were United States 6:25.4; Italy 6:26; Germany 6.26.4.
12. Alvin Ulbrickson with Richard L. Neuberger, “Now! Now! Now!” Colliers, June 26, 1937, 21.
13. Discussion of The Boys in the Boat, University of Washington Athletics, n.d., http://www.gohuskies.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=30200&ATCLID=209853072.
1938—TOWEL THROWN INTO THE RING AT THE FIGHT BETWEEN JOE LOUIS AND MAX SCHMELING
1. Paul L. Montgomery, “Boxing; Schmeling Still Battles to Grasp the Past,” New York Times, June 19, 1988, http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/19/sports/boxing-schmeling-still-battles-to-grasp-the-past.html.
2. One estimate is that two out of three southerners were rooting for Joe Louis; see David Margolick, Beyond Glory: Joe Louis vs Max Schmeling, and a World on the Brink (New York: Knopf, 2005), 12, 141, 263.
3. Ibid., 171.
4. Joe Louis: America’s Hero Betrayed (HBO documentary film, first aired February 23, 2008); 10:00.
5. Joe Louis vs Max Schmeling, II, January 23, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSE281i5gNM; the fight starts at 6:40. Under US rules, throwing in the towel did not end the fight, and the ref tossed it back—but stopped the fight a few seconds later on his own authority.
6. “The Fight That Didn’t Shake Their World,” Financial Times, September 30, 2005, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/8586e528-31d8-11da-9c7f-00000e2511c8.html.
7. Interview with Maya Angelou, 1992, for The Great Depression, Washington University Film and Media Archive, Henry Hampton Collection.
8. Margolick, Beyond Glory, 334.
9. Joe Louis: America’s Hero Betrayed; 1:04:05
10. Edward Hotaling, The Great Black Jockeys: The Lives and Times of the Men Who Dominated America’s First National Sport (Roseville, CA: Prima Lifestyles, 1999), 326–327.
11. Mark Kram, Ghosts of Manila: The Fateful Blood Feud Between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), 63.
12. Joe Louis: America’s Hero Betrayed; 28:35.
13. Margolick, Beyond Glory, 109.
1943–1954—HANDBOOK FROM THE ALL-AMERICAN GIRLS PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL LEAGUE
1. Merrie Fidler, The Origins and History of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2006), 23.
2. A worker in an explosives factory made about $1 an hour; see https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/scribd/?title_id=4294&filepath=/docs/publications/bls/bls_0819_1945.pdf#scribd-open, page 1.
3. There were cases when women would fill in due to resignations or financial troubles; see Fidler, Origins and History of the All-American, 162.
4. Patricia I. Brown, A League of My Own: Memoir of Pitcher for the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2003), 41.
5. Clement C. GrawOzburn, “The Women of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League: Pioneers in Their Own Right,” UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research 7 (2004): 5.
6. Jack Fincher, “The ‘Belles of the Ball Game’ Were a Hit with Their Fans,” Smithsonian Magazine, July 1989, 92.
7. Fidler, Origins and History of the All-American, 196.
8. Ibid., 196, 174.
9. Carol Pierman, “Baseball, Conduct, and True Womanhood,” Women’s Studies Quarterly 33, nos. 1–2 (Spring 2005): 68–85.
10. Barbara Gregorich, Women at Play: The Story of Women in Baseball (San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace, 1993), 86.
11. Fincher, “The ‘Belles of the Ball Game,’” 89.
12. Gregorich, Women at Play, 92.
13. “The All American Girls Professional Baseball League,” SeanLanham.com, n.d., http://seanlahman.com/baseball-archive/womens-baseball/.
14. Sam Carr, “Before A League of Their Own,” National Baseball Hall of Fame, n.d., http://baseballhall.org/discover/baseball-history/there-is-crying-in-baseball.
1945—10TH MOUNTAIN DIVISION PARKA
1. Fire and Ice: The Winter War of Finland and Russia, August 13, 2013, https://www.youtube.comwatch?v=PMa3w8L92Xs.
2. Captain Thomas P. Govan, Training for Mountain and Winter Warfare, Study No. 23, 1946, http://www.skitrooper.org/agf.htm#BM1.
3. William Johnson, “Phantoms of the Snow,” Sports Illustrated, February 8, 1971, http://www.si.com/vault/1971/02/08/554283/phantoms-of-the-snow.
4. Mountain Fighters (documentary, 1943).
5. Kenny Moore, Bowerman and the Men of Oregon (New York: Rodale, 2006), 69.
6. Charles Wellborn, Official History of the 86th Mountain Infantry in Italy (86th Headquarters Company, 1945), 7, http://10thmtndivassoc.org/86th/.
7. Peter Shelton, Climb to Conquer (New York: Scribner, 2003), 2; for an example of what these patrols were like, see Wellborn, Official History of the 86th Mountain Infantry, 4–5.
8. Shelton, Climb to Conquer, 139.
9. Ibid., 184.
10. John Imbrie, Chronology of the 10th Mountain Division in World War II (n.p.: National Association of the 10th Mountain Division, Incorporated, 2004), 29, http://www.10thmtndivassoc.org/chronology.pdf.
11. Tom Jenkins, “Assault on Riva Ridge,” American History, December 2001, 52.
12. Sports Afield, January 2002, 46.
13. Charles Sanders, The Boys of Winter: Life and Death in the U.S. Ski Troops During the Second World War (2005), 201.
14. One of Vail’s most popular runs is called Riva Ridge.
15. Shelton, Climb to Conquer, 233.
16. Ibid., 139.
17. Bill Pennington, “The Legacy of the Soldiers on Skis,” New York Times, March 10, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/10/travel/escapes/10ski.html.
1947—JACKIE ROBINSON’S JERSEY
1. Kostya Kennedy, “Keeper of the Flame,” Sports Illustrated, April 16, 2012, http://www.si.com/vault/2012/04/16/106181606/keeper-of-the-flame.
2. Jackie’s older brother Mack was also a great athlete, finishing second to Jesse Owens in the 200 meters in the 1936 Olympics.
3. Arthur Ashe, A Hard Road to Glory (New York: Warner Books, 1988), 41.
4. Robert Lipsyte and Peter Levine, Idols of the Game: A Sporting History of the American Century (Atlanta, GA: Turner Publishing, 1995), 174.
5. William Kashatus, “Baseball’s Noble Experiment,” American History, March/April 1997, 32.
6. Herbert Warren Wind, ed., The Realm of Sport (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1966), 62.
7. Jimmy Breslin, Branch Rickey (New York: Viking, 2011), 57.
8. Ibid., 77.
9. Arnold Rampersad, Jackie Robinson: A Biography (London: Random House, 1997), 164.
10. Earl Brown, Amsterdam News, April 19, 1947.
11. Ibid.
12. SABR Biography Project, http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/bb9e2490.
13. Bill James, The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 361.
14. Sports Illustrated, April 15, 2015.
15. Kashatus, “Baseball’s Noble Experiment,” 32.
16. Ira Berkow, “The Doors Were Open, But Reception Was Hostile,” New York Times, April 13, 1987, http://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/13/sports/the-doors-were-open-but-reception-was-hostile.html.
17. Jackie Robinson (as told to Alfred Duckett), I Never Had It Made (New York: Putnam, 1972), 91.
18. Ibid., 7.
19. Lipsyte and Levine, Idols of the Game, 179.
20. Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 16.
21. Ibid., 551.
22. Robinson, I Never Had It Made, 250.
1949—ORIGINAL ICE-RESURFACING MACHINE
1. “Sun Valley, Idaho: History,” n.d., http://www.gonorthwest.com/Idaho/central/Sun-Valley/svhistory.htm.
2. Christian Roman, Times Minute: Origins of the Ski Lift (video), New York Times Magazine, February 21, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/video/multimedia/100000002726690/times-minute-origins-of-the-ski-lift.html.
3. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), 242.
4. See a video showing the 1946 version at Bowling’s Electric Brain (1946)—The World’s First Automatic Pinsetter, February 20, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DogVYVOqMNg.
5. Old Bowling, http://oldbowling.com/.
6. Andrew Hurley, Diners, Bowling Alleys, and Trailer Parks: Chasing the American Dream in the Postwar Consumer Culture (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 143.
7. Paul Harber, “Putting the Cart before the Horse?,” April 18, 1998, http://www.greensandgo.com/history.htm.
8. “The Zamboni Story,” n.d., http://zamboni.com/about/zamboni-archives/the-zamboni-story/.
9. Ibid.
10. Matthews Shaer, “Remembering Frank Zamboni, the original ‘Iceman’,” Christian Science Monitor, January 16, 2013, http://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/2013/0116/Remembering-Frank-Zamboni-the-original-Iceman-video.
11. “The Zamboni Machine Genealogy,” n.d., http://www.zamboni.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Timeline-2013_updated1.jpg.
12. “Fun Facts,” Zamboni, n.d., http://zamboni.com/about/fun-facts/.
13. Los Angeles Times, June 4, 1988.
14. Charlie Brown quotes, ThinkExist.com, n.d., http://thinkexist.com/quotation/there-are-three-things-in-life-that-people-like/565998.html.
1952—TIGERBELLE MAE FAGGS’S SHOES FROM THE HELSINKI OLYMPICS
1. Until 1968, the official name was Tennessee Agricultural & Industrial State University. For the purposes of this book, I credit a medal to any woman who competed for TSU, even if she was not a student at the time.
2. Ed Temple, with B’Lou Carter, Only the Pure in Heart Survive (Nashville, TN: Broadman Press, 1980), 19.
3. Patrick B. Miller and David Wiggins, Sport and the Color Line: Athletes and Race Relations in 20th-Century America (New York and London: Routledge, 2004), 253.
4. John C. Walker and Malina Iida, eds., Better Than the Best: Black Athletes Speak, 1920–2007 (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2010).
5. Tracey Salisbury, “First to the Finish Line: The Tennessee State Tigerbelles 1944–1994” (PhD diss., University of North Carolina/Greensboro, 2009).
6. “Tennessee State University: An Olympic Tradition,” n.d., http://www.tsu-alumni.org/olympic.htm#med; this tally includes Ralph Boston’s medals. He was a TSU student, but obviously not a Tigerbelle.
7. Ibid. The exception was Willye B. White, who left TSU after a year for rebelling against Temple’s strict rules, including no riding in cars. White was the first American to compete in five Olympics (1956 through 1972). A long jumper/sprinter, she won a silver medal in the 4 x 100-meter relay with two other Tigerbelles.
8. The graduation rate for all Tigerbelles from 1944 to 1994 was between 85 and 90 percent, depending on how it is calculated (Salisbury, “First to the Finish Line,” 231).
9. Karen Rosen and Doug Williams, “Ed Temple,” Team USA Hall of Fame, n.d., http://www.teamusa.org/HOF-Class-of-2012-Home/HOF-Class-of-2012-Ed-Temple.
10. Wilma Rudolph, October 2, 2009, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4C5l11QnEQ; Wilma Rudolph, Wilma (New York: New American Library, 1977), 38.
11. Ibid., 17.
12. Ibid., 81.
13. Rob Bagchi, “50 Stunning Olympic Moments No. 35: Wilma Rudolph’s Triple Gold in 1960,” The Guardian, June 1, 2012, http://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2012/jun/01/50-stunning-olympic-moments-wilma-rudolph.
14. David Maraniss, Rome 1960: The Summer Olympics That Stirred the World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009).
15. “Honoring Wilma Rudolph,” New York Times, November 19, 1994, http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/19/sports/honoring-wilma-rudolph.html.
16. “Like Nothing Else in Tennessee,” Sports Illustrated, November 14, 1960.
17. Temple and Carter, Only the Pure in Heart Survive, 29.
18. David K. Wiggins and R. Pierre eds., Rivals: Legendary Matchups That Made Sports History (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2010), 347.
19. Salisbury, “First to the Finish Line,” 208.
20. Jackie Joyner-Kersee (with Sonja Steptoe), A Kind of Grace: The Autobiography of the World’s Greatest Female Athlete (New York: Warner Books, 1997), 85.
1952—MAGAZINE COVER FEATURING TOMMY KONO
1. “Who Is Tommy Kono?,” n.d., http://www.tommykono.com/.
2. Tommy Kono Speaks, series promo, August 24, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4jDsFe-rqo.
3. Burkhard Bilger, “The Strongest Man in the World,” New Yorker, July 23, 2012, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/07/23/the-strongest-man-in-the-world.
4. Joseph R. Svinth, “Tommy Kono,” January 2000, http://ejmas.com/pt/ptart_svinth_0100.htm.
5. “Tommy Kono,” Sports Reference, n.d., http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ko/tommy-kono-1.html.
6. Frank Litsky, “Tommy Kono, Weight-Lifting Champion Raised in Internment Camp, Dies at 85,” New York Times, April 30, 2016.
7. Svinth, “Tommy Kono.”
8. “Tommy Tmnio Kono,” Lift Up, n.d., http://www.chidlovski.net/liftup/l_galleryResult.asp?a_id=274.
1954/1955—MILAN HIGH SCHOOL LETTER JACKET AND OSCAR ROBERTSON’S CRISPUS ATTUCKS JERSEY
1. Wood had also coached at French Lick, where another Indiana hoops legend, Larry Bird, was born in 1956.
2. Greg Guffy, The Greatest Basketball Story Ever Told: The Milan Miracle, Then and Now (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 49.
3. 1954 IHSAA State Championship Milan v.s Muncie Central, September 28, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZ1_4YCGiLw; go to about 32:50.
4. Bob Cook, “Crispus Attucks High, 60 Years Later: Race and the ‘Hoosiers’ Sequel Never Made,” Forbes, December 29, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/bobcook/2014/12/29/crispus-attucks-high-60-years-later-race-and-the-hoosiers-sequel-never-made/.
5. Wayne Drehs, “The Forgotten Hoosiers,” ESPN, February 26, 2009, http://sports.espn.go.com/blackhistory2009/news/story?id=3932017.
6. IHSAA Boys Basketball State Champions, http://www.ihsaa.org/Sports/Boys/Basketball/StateChampions/tabid/124/Default.aspx.
7. New York Times, May 22, 2015.
8. Drehs, “Forgotten Hoosiers.”
9. The movie clip is available for comparison, at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0QTBAWc3tM.
10. Drehs, “Forgotten Hoosiers.”
1955—PAINTING OF STILLMAN’S GYM
1. A. J. Liebling, Just Enough Liebling: Classic Work by the Legendary “New Yorker” Writer (New York: North Point Press, 2005), 370.
2. Edward Rohrbough, “The Tough and Tender at New York’s Stillman’s Gym,” Honolulu Record, November 21, 1957, 4, http://www.hawaii.edu/uhwo/clear/HonoluluRecord/articles/v10n17/The%20Tough%20And%20Tender%20At%20New%20Yorks%20Stillmans%20Gym.html.
3. John Garfield, “Stillman’s Gym: The Center of the Boxing Universe,” WAIL! The CBZ Journal (2001), http://cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/w0502-jg.htm.
4. Budd Schulberg, Sparring with Hemingway (Chicago: I. R. Dee, 1995), 64.
5. Angelo Dundee and Bert Sugar, My View from the Corner: A Life in Boxing (New York: McGraw Hill, 2007), 27.
6. New Yorker, May 11, 1929, 25.
7. Mike Casey, “The Recollections of Whitey Bimstein,” February 1, 2013, http://www.boxing.com/the_recollections_of_whitey_bimstein.html.
8. Franklin Foer and Marc Tracy, eds., Jewish Jocks: An Unorthodox Hall of Fame (New York and Boston: Twelve, 2012), 33.
9. “Louis Watches Pastor; Sees Workout at Stillman’s Gym—Conn Boxes Five Rounds,”New York Times, August 2, 1940, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9406E5DF1638E532A25751C0A96E9C946193D6CF.
10. “Champ and Chump,” The Economist, May 5, 2005, http://www.economist.com/node/3935978.
11. Howard M. Tuckner, “Final Bell Tolls for Stillman’s and Owner Doesn’t Care; Garage Will Replace Boxing Landmark on 8th Avenue,” New York Times, February 8, 1959, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B05E2D81738EF3BBC4053DFB4668382649EDE.
1956—YOGI BERRA’S CATCHER’S MITT
1. “Yogi Berra,” Baseball-Reference.com, n.d., http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/b/berrayo01.shtml.
2. “Most Seasons on a World Series Winning Team,” n.d., http://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/leaders_most_rings.shtml.
3. “Yogisms,” n.d., http://yogiberramuseum.org/just-for-fun/yogisms/.
4. Rob Fleder, ed., Sports Illustrated: Fifty Years of Great Writing; 50th Anniversary, 1954–2004 (New York: Liberty Street, 2004), 36.
5. Yogi Berra, as told to T. Paxton, “Everything Happens to Me,” Saturday Evening Post, April 29, 1950.
6. Tom Verducci, “Remembering the Great American Life of Yankees Legend Yogi Berra,” September 23, 2015, http://www.si.com/mlb/2015/09/23/yogi-berra-new-york-yankees-catcher-dies-90-obituary#.
7. Time, October 22, 1956, 81.
8. The owner of the White Sox, Chuck Comiskey, ranked him third in this regard, for example. See Saturday Evening Post, June 15, 1957, 37.
9. Fleder, Sports Illustrated: Fifty Years of Great Writing, 41.
10. Verducci, “Remembering the Great American Life of Yankees Legend Yogi Berra.”
1958—FIRST MODERN ARTHROSCOPE
1. Hans Passler and Yuping Yang, “The Past and the Future of Arthroscopy,” in Sports Injuries: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation, ed. M. N. Doral et al., 5–13 (Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2012).
2. Sung-Jae Kim and Sang-Jin Shin, “Technical Evolution of Arthroscopic Knee Surgery,” Yonsei Medical Journal 40, no. 6 (1999): 569.
3. R. W. Jackson, “Memories of the Early Days of Arthroscopy: 1965–1975,” Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery 3, no. 1 (1987): 1–3.
4. Marlene DeMaio, “Giants of Arthroscopic Surgery,” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (August 2013), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705061/#CR18.
5. Lorraine Bigony, “Arthroscopic Surgery: A Historical Perspective,” Orthopaedic Nursing (November/ December 2008): 349.
6. William Oscar Johnson, “A Man Who Gets All the Breaks,” Sports Illustrated, February 21, 1983, http://www.si.com/vault/1983/02/21/627228/a-man-who-gets-all-the-breaks.
7. Jane E. Brody, “Knee Microsurgery: Boon to Some, But Overuse Is a Growing Concern,” New York Times, February 25, 1986, http://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/25/science/knee-microsurgery-boon-to-some-but-overuse-is-a-growing-concern.html.
8. Passler and Yang, “The Past and the Future of Arthroscopy,” 12.
9. “Tommy John Surgery: All-Time List,” MLB Reports, n.d., http://mlbreports.com/tj-surgery/.
10. “Tommy John FAQ,” n.d., PitchSmart, http://m.mlb.com/pitchsmart/tommy-john-faq.
11. Stephanie Apstein, “Tommy John Casualties,” Sports Illustrated, July 6, 2015, http://www.si.com/vault/2016/02/11/tommy-john-casualties.
1958—ARTIFACTS FROM THE “GREATEST GAME”
1. Three were coaches: Tom Landry, defensive coach of the Giants; Vince Lombardi, the offensive coach for the Giants; and Weeb Ewbank, head coach of the Colts.
2. Lou Sahadi, Johnny Unitas: America’s Quarterback (Chicago: Triumph Books, 2004), 15.
3. Larry Schwartz, “Unitas Led Colts to Win in NFL’s Greatest Game,” ESPN Classic, June 21, 2004, http://espn.go.com/classic/s/unitasjohnnyadd.html. Mackey would later be diagnosed with CTE (see 2016 entry).
4. Frank Litsky, “Pro Football: There Were Better Games. None More Important,” New York Times, December 16, 1998, http://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/16/sports/pro-football-there-were-better-games-none-more-important.html.
5. $38,745 in 2015 dollars; the Colts’ owner, Carroll Rosenbloom, matched this. The winning share of the 2015 Super Bowl was $165,000. Unitas was making $17,550 in 1958; Ameche, who made $20,000, was the highest paid Colt. Marchetti was making $11,250.
6. Jack Cavanaugh, Giants Among Men: How Robustelli, Huff, Gifford, and the Giants Made New York a Football Town and Changed the NFL (New York: Random House, 2008), 178.
7. For highlights of the game, see Johnny Unitas Defeats New York Giants in 1958 Pro-grid Championship, January 9, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LG3mjPaIwSk.
8. Cavanaugh, Giants Among Men, 181.
9. Mark Bowden, The Best Game Ever: Giants vs. Colts, 1958, and the Birth of the Modern NFL (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2008), 208.
10. Michael MacCambridge, Lamar Hunt: A Life in Sports (Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2012), 115; Dave Anderson, “Sports of The Times: A New York-Baltimore History Lesson for the N.F.L.,” New York Times, January 21, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/21/sports/sports-of-the-times-a-new-york-baltimore-history-lesson-for-the-nfl.html.
1959—STATUE OF LAMAR HUNT
1. Gerald Eskenazi, “Lamar Hunt, a Force in Football, Dies at 74,” New York Times, December 15, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/15/sports/football/15hunt.html?_r=0.
2. Michael MacCambridge, Lamar Hunt: A Life in Sports (Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2012), prologue.
3. Ibid.
4. Eskenazi, “Lamar Hunt, a Force in Football.”
5. Eric Allen Hall, Arthur Ashe: Tennis and Justice in the Civil Rights Era (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014), 149.
6. MacCambridge, Lamar Hunt, ch. 14.
7. Ibid., ch. 15.
8. “The Legacy of Lamar Hunt,” FC Dallas, n.d., http://www.fcdallas.com/club/legacy.
9. MacCambridge, Lamar Hunt, epilogue.
1960—PETE ROZELLE’S TYPEWRITER
1. Sports Illustrated, January 21, 1980.
2. Michael MacCambridge, America’s Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation (New York: Anchor Books, 2004), 144.
3. Ibid., 148.
4. Kenneth Rudeen, “Sportsman of the Year,” Sports Illustrated, January 6, 1964, http://www.si.com/vault/1964/01/06/608138/sportsman-of-the-year.
5. Peter King, Paul Zimmerman, Austin Murphy, and Michael Silver, “The Path to Power: How Did Pro Football Become, at Century’s End, the Titan of American Sports?,” Sports Illustrated, August 30, 1999, http://www.si.com/vault/1999/08/30/265643/the-path-to-power-how-did-pro-football-become-at-centurys-end-the-titan-of-american-sports-eight-landmarks-one-from-each-decade-of-the-nfls-existence-were-critical-to-its-success.
6. MacCambridge, America’s Game, 106.
7. Dale L. Cressman and Lisa Swenson, “The Pigskin and the Picture Tube,” Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media (September 2007): 492.
8. $73.1 million and $214.4 million in 2015 dollars, respectively.
9. Rudeen, “Sportsman of the Year.”
10. MacCambridge, America’s Game, xvii.
11. Larry Felser, The Birth of the New NFL (Guilford, CT: Lyon’s Press, 2008), 97.
12. MacCambridge, America’s Game, 230.
13. Felser, Birth of the New NFL, 8.
1960—ARNOLD PALMER’S VISOR FROM THE US OPEN
1. “1960 US Open at Cherry Hills,” n.d., http://www.arnoldpalmer.com/experience/exhibits/1960_usopen_cherryhills.aspx.
2. Herbert Warren Wind, Following Through (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1985), 201.
3. Ibid., 204.
4. Jack Nicklaus and Ken Bowden, Jack Nicklaus: My Story (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 34.
5. $115,460 and $15,635 in 2015 dollars, respectively.
6. Saturday Evening Post, June 18, 1960 (with Will Grimsley).
7. $28,063 in 2015 dollars.
8. Mike Walker, “After Arnold Palmer Came to St. Andrews in 1960, American Golf Was Never the Same Again,” Golf, July 15, 2010/December 1, 2014, http://www.golf.com/tour-and-news/after-arnold-palmer-came-st-andrews-1960-american-golf-was-never-same-again.
9. Jay Busbee, “How Arnold Palmer Changed Golf Forever,” July 17, 2013, http://sports.yahoo.com/news/golf--how-arnold-palmer-changed-golf-forever-084900662.html.
10. Thomas Hauser, Thomas Hauser on Sports: Remembering the Journey (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2013), 64.
11. $647,366 in 2015 dollars.
12. Ray Cave, “Sportsman of the Year: Arnold Palmer,” Sports Illustrated, January 9, 1961, http://www.si.com/vault/1961/01/09/578878/sportsman-of-the-year-arnold-palmer.
1962—BILL RUSSELL’S 10,000-REBOUND BALL
1. Aram Goudsouzian, “Bill Russell and the Basketball Revolution,” American Studies (Fall–Winter 2006): 65.
2. Gilbert Rogin, “‘We Are Grown Men Playing a Child’s Game’,” Sports Illustrated, November 18, 1963, http://www.si.com/vault/1963/11/18/594385/we-are-grown-men-playing-a-childs-game.
3. Bill Russell with Alan Steinberg, Red and Me: My Coach, My Lifelong Friend (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), xi.
4. In the same draft, the Celtics also took K. C. Jones, who did not compete that year because of a military commitment. This may have been the most successful draft in NBA history—all three made the Hall of Fame.
5. Bob Ryan, “Timeless Excellence,” NBA Encyclopedia, playoff ed., n.d., http://www.nba.com/encyclopedia/players/bill_russell.html.
6. “Bill Russell,” Basketball-Reference.com, n.d., http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/r/russebi01.html.
7. Wilt Chamberlain had 10, including the top 7, and Jerry Lucas had 1. Chamberlain also had more rebounds (23,924) and a slightly higher per game average (22.9).
8. Lew Freedman, Dynasty: Auerbach, Cousy, Havlicek, Russell, and the Rise of the Boston Celtics (Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press, 2011), 84.
9. William F. Russell and Taylor Branch, Second Wind: The Memoirs of an Opinionated Man (New York: Random House, 1979), 140.
10. Ibid., 129; Brown died in 1964.
11. Randy Roberts, “But They Can’t Beat Us”: Oscar Robertson and the Crispus Attucks Tigers (Champaign, IL: Sports Publishing; [Indianapolis, IN]: Indiana Historical Society, 1999), 73.
12. Russell and Branch, Second Wind, 202.
13. Freedman, Dynasty, epilogue. Russell’s attitude has been less unyielding since. When the Celtics moved out of the Garden into new premises in 1995, he went to the grand opening, and when the city unveiled a statue of him downtown in 2013, he went to that, too.
1966—MARVIN MILLER’S UNION CONTRACT
1. Robinson would change his mind, telling a federal court in 1970: “Anything that is one-sided is wrong in America. The reserve clause is one-sided in favor of the owners and should be modified to give the player some control over his destiny.” See Mary Kay Linge, Jackie Robinson: A Biography (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007), 146.
2. Tom Verducci, “[Forty for the Ages]: 7: Marvin Miller,” Sports Illustrated, September 19, 1994, http://www.si.com/vault/1994/09/19/132057/7-marvin-miller#.
3. Larry Burke and Peter Thomas Fornatale, Change Up: An Oral History of 8 Key Events That Shaped Modern Baseball (New York: Rodale, 2008), 103.
4. In 2015 dollars, $47,740 to $68,200.
5. Burke and Fornatale, Change Up, 103.
6. “May 23, 1970: Second CBA Brings Impartial Arbitrator to Baseball,” MLBPlayers.com, May 23, 2016, http://mlb.mlb.com/pa/news/article.jsp?ymd=20160523&content_id=179790802&vkey=mlbpa_news&fext=.jsp.
7. Brad Snyder, A Well-Paid Slave: Curt Flood’s Fight for Free Agency in Professional Sports (New York: Viking, 2006), 81.
8. Flood v. Kuhn, 407 U.S. 258 (1972), https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/407/258/case.html.
9. Robert F. Burk, Marvin Miller: Baseball Revolutionary (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015), 173.
10. Ibid., 180.
11. Ibid., 178.
12. “MLBPA Info: Frequently Asked Questions,” MLBPlayers.com, n.d., http://mlb.mlb.com/pa/info/faq.jsp#minimum.
13. Ibid.
14. Malcolm Gladwell, “Annals of Business: Talent Grab,” New Yorker, October 11, 2010, 87.
15. Vin Getz, “Major League Baseball’s Average Salaries 1964–2010,” Sports List of the Day, December 5, 2011, http://sportslistoftheday.com/2011/12/05/major-league-baseballs-average-salaries-1964--2010/. In 2015 dollars, $17,664 in 1966 is equivalent to $129,392; $245,000 in 1982 is $602,563.
16. “MLBPA Info: Frequently Asked Questions.”
17. $46.5 million in 2015 dollars.
18. New York Yankees, “The Business of Baseball: 2015 Ranking,” Forbes, n.d., http://www.forbes.com/teams/new-york-yankees/.
1967—KATHRINE SWITZER’S BIB FROM THE BOSTON MARATHON
1. Roberta “Bobbi” Gibbs, “A Run of One’s Own,” Running Past, n.d., runningpast.com/gibb_story.htm. With a time of 3:21, Gibbs finished in the top third of the field. She also ran unregistered in 1967, finishing an hour ahead of Switzer, and in 1968, and as a registered runner in 1983, 1996, and 2001.
2. Kathrine Switzer, Marathon Woman: Running the Race to Revolutionize Women’s Sports (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2007), 73.
3. “Famed Runners Kathrine Switzer, Roger Robinson to Speak at AHS, Auburn Citizen,” October 12, 2014, http://kathrineswitzer.com/about-kathrine/kathrine-switzer-faqs/F.
4. “Boston Marathon History: Participation,” n.d., http://www.baa.org/races/boston-marathon/boston-marathon-history/participation.aspx.
5. “Kathrine Switzer, the Woman Behind Those Numbers,” n.d., http://www.261fearless.org/about-261-and-kathrine-switzer/.
6. “Boston Marathon Yearly Synopses (1897–2013),” [2014], http://www.johnhancock.com/bostonmarathon/mediaguide/5-racesynopsis.php.
7. Switzer, Marathon Woman, 116.
8. Ibid., 217.
1967—BENCH FROM THE ICE BOWL
1. Mary Kornely, “The Ice Bowl,” Wisconsin Weather Stories, n.d., http://weatherstories.ssec.wisc.edu/stories/icebowl.html.
2. Shirley Povich, “Even at Top, Lombardi Looked Up,” Washington Post, September 4, 1970, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/general/povich/launch/lombardi.htm.
3. Michael MacCambridge, America’s Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation (New York: Anchor Books, 2004), 243.
4. Jerry Kramer, Instant Replay: The Green Bay Diary of Jerry Kramer, ed. Dick Schaap (New York: World Publishing, 1968), 256.
5. David Claerbaut, Bart Starr: When Leadership Mattered (Dallas, TX: Taylor Trade, 2012), 185.
6. Sports Illustrated, July 7, 2011.
7. Vince Lombardi: A Football Life—The Ice Bowl, March 10, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhNn7ENixBY.
8. Kramer, Instant Replay, 259.
9. David Maraniss, When Pride Still Mattered: A Life of Vince Lombardi (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), 427.
10. The Packers also won three in a row in 1929, 1930, and 1931. No one else has done so.
1968—STATUE OF TOMMIE SMITH AND JOHN CARLOS
1. Harry Edwards, The Revolt of the Black Athlete (New York: Free Press, 1969), 59.
2. Dave Zirin and John Wesley Carlos, The John Carlos Story: The Sports Moment That Changed the World (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2011), 82, 85.
3. Ibid., 91.
4. Harry Edwards put one vote at 13 in favor of competing, 12 against, and one undecided; The Revolt of the Black Athlete, 98.
5. David Zirin, A People’s History of Sports in the United States (New York: New Press; distr. by Norton, 2008), 174.
6. Zirin and Carlos, The John Carlos Story, 100.
7. Norman would pay for his support. Widely criticized back in Australia, he was left off the 1972 Olympic team, though he was still the country’s best sprinter, and wasn’t even invited to the Sydney Olympics in 2000. The US team made him their guest. When he died in 2006, Smith and Carlos traveled to Australia to serve as pallbearers.
8. Smith himself makes the military connection. See Tommie Smith and David Steele, Silent Gesture: The Autobiography of Tommie Smith (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007), 139.
9. The iconography of the various elements is somewhat disputed. Carlos does not mention the scarf; Smith says he wore it to represent black pride. See Kevin Witherspoon, Before the Eyes of the World: Mexico and the 1968 Olympic Games (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2008), 131. In addition, both men take credit for the idea of the glove.
10. 63: Black Power Salute, April 6, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCNkW2kNcjw.
11. Smith and Steele, Silent Gesture, 173.
12. See the BBC coverage from that evening at 1968 Olympics: The Black Power Salute, July 20, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnvCiKUlLAw, at about 39:10.
13. “American Olympic Medal Winners Suspended for Black Power Salutes,” New York Times, October 18, 1968.
14. Michael Llewellyn Smith, Days of 1896: Athens and the Invention of the Modern Olympic Games (New York: Greekworks.com, 2005), 108.
15. “An Olympian’s Oral History: Monique Berlioux,” 2015, http://library.la84.org/6oic/OralHistory/OHBerlioux.pdf, 40.
16. Ibid., 41.
17. Ibid.
18. Smith, Days of 1896, 172. In a truly Orwellian and entirely characteristic post-Games twist, Brundage urged the Mexican authorities not to mention or show the moment in their official report. The Mexicans ignored him.
19. “The Show Goes On,” New York Times, September 6, 1972, http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/09/06/81957931.html?pageNumber=51.
20. Michael Janofsky, “A Departure from the Past,” New York Times, April 9, 1990, http://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/09/sports/a-departure-from-the-past.html.
21. Olympics Games Mexico 68: Vera Caslavska, May 17, 2009, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lksI8O8_u7M; go to the 2:30 mark.
22. In 1985, to his credit, IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch insisted on seeing her in order to give her the Olympic Order, and thereafter the restrictions loosened; Janofsky, “A Departure from the Past.”
23. Simon Burnton, “50 Stunning Olympic Moments No. 41: Emil Zatopek the Triple-Gold Winner,” The Guardian, June 22, 2012, http://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2012/jun/22/50-olympic-stunning-moments-emil-zatopek.
24. Tal Pinchevsky, Breakaway: From Behind the Iron Curtain to the NHL—The Untold Story of Hockey’s Great Escapes (New York: Wiley, 2012), 37.
25. Tomas Bouska and Klara Pinerova, interview with Augustin Bubnik, in Czechoslovak Political Prisoners (published by author, 2009), 97–113.
26. Like Čáslavská, Sohn bowed his head during the Japanese anthem; he also covered the Japanese flag on his jersey with the oak plant given to all winners. South Korea, and Sohn, eventually turned the tables neatly. In 1948 he led the first independent South Korean team at the London Olympics, and in 1988 he lit the torch at the opening ceremonies in Seoul.
27. The People’s Republic had a small delegation in 1952; arriving late, it only competed in one event.
28. “Tommie Smith,” SportsLetter Interviews 18, no. 5 (April 2007), http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SLInterviews/TommieSmith.pdf.
29. “Olympics a Stage for Political Contests, Too,” WBUR, February 28, 2008, http://www.wbur.org/npr/87767864.
1968/1975—ARTHUR ASHE’S RACKETS
1. $95,480 and $40,920 in 2015 dollars, respectively.
2. Prize money, United States Tennis Association, http://www.usopen.org/en_US/about/history/prizemoney.html.
3. $1.6 million in 1979 dollars is $5.23 million in 2015 dollars.
4. $1.49 million in 2015 dollars; Eric Allen Hall, Arthur Ashe: Tennis and Justice in the Civil Rights Era (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014), 208.
5. Peter Bodo, Ashe vs Connors: Wimbledon 1975; Tennis That Went beyond Centre Court (London: Aurum Press, 2015), ch. 9.
6. Aimee Lewis, “Wimbledon: How Arthur Ashe Became Only Black Man to Win Title,” BBC Sport, June 25, 2015, bbc.com/sport/tennis/33228456.
7. Quoted in Bodo, Ashe vs Connors, epilogue.
8. Paul Fein, Tennis Confidential: Today’s Greatest Players, Matches, and Controversies (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 2002), ch. 21.
9. Bodo, Ashe vs Connors, ch. 10.
10. Ray Kennedy, “Howard Head Says ‘I’m Giving Up the Thing World’,” Sports Illustrated, September 29, 1980, http://www.si.com/vault/1980/09/29/825010/howard-head-says-im-giving-up-the-thing-world-the-inventor-of-the-revolutionary-head-ski-and-prince-racket-has-decided-that-the-world-will-have-to-wait-for-a-better-snorkel-at-66-hes-geared-down-savoring-life-and-trying-to-quotr; Howard Head Papers, 1926–1991, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, http://amhistory.si.edu/archives/d8589.htm.
11. Ski magazine, November 20, 2006.
12. 1976: Prince Classic, http://www.princetennis.com/inside-prince/history/1976/.
13. Engineering and Technology, August 2013.
14. Arthur Ashe (with Arnold Rampersand), Days of Grace (New York: Random House, 1993), 109.
15. Ibid., 148.
16. Bodo, Ashe vs Connors, ch. 5.
17. Ashe, Days of Grace, 292.
1968—ROBERTO CLEMENTE BASEBALL CARD
1. Diana Nelson Jones, “Saint Roberto Clemente?: Former Pittsburgh Pastor Seeks Sainthood for the Pirates Great,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 11, 2015, http://www.post-gazette.com/local/pittsburgh-history/2015/01/11/Saint-Roberto-Clemente-Richard-Rossi-Pirates/stories/201501110144.
2. ESPN Deportes Presents The Clemente Effect, November 24, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMnvizAoDUI, at 43:15.
3. Stew Thornley, “Roberto Clemente,” Society for American Baseball Research, n.d., http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/8b153bc4#sdendnote9sym.
4. The metric is “total zone runs”; see BaseballProjection.com for an explanation.
5. Puerto Rico’s Hiram Bithorn debuted in the major leagues with the Cubs in 1942.
6. Sports Century—Roberto Clemente, December 10, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APaxP5e0Lqg, at 10:00.
7. David Maraniss, Clemente: The Passion and Grace of Baseball’s Last Hero (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 2.
8. ESPN Deportes Presents The Clemente Effect, at 17:00.
9. Kal Wagenheim, Clemente! (New York: Praeger, 1973), 186.
10. Wagenheim, Clemente!, 25.
11. Sports Illustrated, March 7, 1966.
12. Maraniss, 220, 232.
13. Ibid., 272.
1969—GAME BALL FROM SUPER BOWL III
1. Michael MacCambridge, America’s Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation (New York: Anchor Books, 2004), 253.
2. Paul Zimmerman, “Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets, Super Bowl III: So, Joe Said It Was So,” Sports Illustrated, January 2, 1989, http://www.si.com/vault/1989/01/02/119175/baltimore-colts-vs-new-york-jets-super-bowl-iii-so-joe-said-it-was-so-the-colts-were-the-nfls-new-standard-bearer-but-few-figured-the-afl-could-win-its-first-title-an-exception-was-joe-namath.
3. “Jets Likely to Use Same Starting Team Against Colts That Played Raiders; Three Will Face Difficult Tasks,” New York Times, January 5, 1969, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0DE0D7123BE73ABC4D53DFB7668382679EDE.
4. Mark Kriegel, Namath: A Biography (New York: Viking, 2004), 268.
5. Ibid., 269.
6. Richard Sandomir, “Super Bowl III Revisited, on ESPN,” New York Times, September 9, 1997, http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/09/sports/super-bowl-iii-revisited-on-espn.html.
7. MacCambridge, America’s Game, 255.
1970—BOBBY ORR’S KNEE BRACE
1. Herbert Warren Wind, “Orr Country,” The Sporting Scene, New Yorker, March 27, 1971, 109.
2. Ibid., 109, 113.
3. S. L. Price, “The Ever Elusive, Always Inscrutable and Still Incomparable Bobby Orr,” Sports Illustrated, March 2, 2009, http://www.si.com/vault/2009/03/02/105783066/the-ever-elusive-always-inscrutable-and-still-incomparable-bobby-orr.
4. Bobby Orr, My Story (New York: Putnam, 2013), back cover.
5. Legends of Hockey—Bobby Orr, April 23, 2009, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k74iUt5bKNs.
6. Mark Mulvoy, “NHL,” Sports Illustrated, October 21, 1974, http://www.si.com/vault/1974/10/21/618527/nhl.
7. Stephen Brunt, Searching for Bobby Orr (Toronto: Knopf Canada, 2006), 114.
8. Ibid., 259.
9. Orr, My Story, 151.
10. Ibid., 156.
11. Russ Conway, Game Misconduct: Allan Eagleson and the Corruption of Hockey (Toronto: MacFarlane Walter & Ross; Buffalo, NY: Distributed in the U.S. by General Distribution Services, 1997), 137–148; Orr, My Story, 152–153.
12. Michael Farber, “Man on a Mission Russ Conway’s Investigative Work May Bring Down a Hockey Power Broker,” Sports Illustrated, February 19, 1996, http://www.si.com/vault/1996/02/19/210076/man-on-a-mission-russ-conways-investigative-work-may-bring-down-a-hockey-power-broker; Conway, Game Misconduct; see chs. 3 and 4 for examples related to disability.
13. Ibid.
14. Ron Base, “Bobby Orr, Me, and the Mystery of Alan Eagleson,” October 17, 2013, https://ronbase.wordpress.com/2013/10/17/bobby-orr-me-and-the-mystery-of-alan-eagleson/.
1970—YELLOW BLAZER FROM MONDAY NIGHT FOOTBALL
1. Michael MacCambridge, America’s Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation (New York: Anchor Books, 2004), 276.
2. “The Titan of Television,” Sports Illustrated, August 16, 1994, http://www.si.com/vault/1994/08/16/131802/on-august-16-1954-sports-illustrated-published-its-first-issue-and-in-the-four-decades-since-the-world-of-sports-has-been-transformed-the-author-traces-the-path-through-those-40-years-by-way-of-four-men-and-a-mall-chapter-one-th.
3. MacCambridge, America’s Game, 276.
4. Marc Gunther and Bill Carter, Monday Night Mayhem (New York: Beech Tree Books, 1988), 29.
5. $52.6 million in 2015 dollars.
6. William Johnson, “TV Made It All a New Game,” Sports Illustrated, December 22, 1969, http://www.si.com/vault/1969/12/22/618805/tv-made-it-all-a-new-game.
7. Gunther and Carter, Monday Night Mayhem, 35.
8. Ibid., 22.
9. Neil Amdur, “The Television Dollars Foster New Perceptions,” New York Times, October 30, 1982, http://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/30/sports/the-television-dollars-foster-new-perceptions.html.
10. Bruce Newman, “Howard Cosell,” Sports Illustrated, September 19, 1994, http://www.si.com/vault/1994/09/19/132042/22-howard-cosell.
11. Amdur, Television Dollars Foster New Perceptions.”
12. New York Times, September 8, 2011.
1971—GOLF CLUB USED ON THE MOON
1. “Golf History and the USGA Museum,” n.d., http://www.usgamuseum.com/about_museum/news_events/news_article.aspx?newsid=177.
2. Mark Aumann, “Remembering Alan Shepard’s Lunar Golf Shots, 44 Years Later,” Golf Buzz, February 26, 2015, http://www.pga.com/news/golf-buzz/feb-6-1971-alan-shepard-plays-golf-moon.
3. Golf on the Moon, August 24, 2006, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZLl3XwlAIE.
4. Shephard gives more detail on the incident at Alan Shepard—Last Interview (1998), May 15, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF3SuruDCwE; go to about 1:02:50.
5. Neal Thompson, Light This Candle: The Life and Times of Alan Shepard (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2007), 450.
1971—PING-PONG DIPLOMACY SOUVENIR PADDLES
1. Xu Guoqi, Olympic Dreams: China and Sport, 1895–2008 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 117.
2. Ibid., 129; Nicholas Griffin, Ping-Pong Diplomacy: The Secret History of the Game That Changed the World (New York: Scribner, 2014), 186.
3. “Ping-Pong Diplomacy,” New York Times, April 10, 1971, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9804E6D81530E73BBC4852DFB266838A669EDE.
4. Zhaohui Hong and Yi Sun, “The Butterfly Effect and the Making of ‘Ping-Pong Diplomacy’,” Journal of Contemporary China 9, no. 25 (2000): 432.
5. Ibid.; Xu, Olympic Dreams, 134–135.
6. Xu, Olympic Dreams, 137.
7. Hong and Sun, “The Butterfly Effect,” 440.
8. Griffin, Ping-Pong Diplomacy, 151–161.
9. Ibid., 265.
10. Ruth Eckstein, “Ping-Pong Diplomacy: A View from Behind the Scenes,” The Journal of American-East Asian Relations 2, no 3 (Fall 1993): 328; Hong and Sun, “The Butterfly Effect,” 442.
11. Griffin, Ping-Pong Diplomacy, 269–270.
1972—MEMORIAL TO DAVID BERGER
1. Brian Cazeneuve, “The American Cleveland-Born and -Bred, David Berger Followed His Olympic Dream to Israel, and Death in Munich,” Sports Illustrated, August 26, 2002, http://www.si.com/vault/2002/08/26/328153/the-american-cleveland-born-and-bred-david-berger-followed-his-olympic-dream-to-israel-and-death-in-munich.
2. For some footage of Berger in competition, see David Berger—Israeli Olympian, June 10, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyzqiFejiOQ.
3. Cazeneuve, “The American Cleveland-Born and -Bred, David Berger.”
4. One Day in September (Documentary film 1999), February 3, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8VHxcb8kFA, at 21:00.
5. Mike Brewster and Taps Gallagher, Stolen Glory: The U.S., the Soviet Union, and the Olympic Basketball Game That Never Ended (Beverly Hills, CA: GM Books, 2012), ch. 24.
6. David Binder, “9 Israelis on Olympic Team Killed with 4 Arab Captors as Police Fight Band That Disrupted Munich Games,” New York Times, September 6, 1972, https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0905.html.
7. The Official Report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXth Olympiad Munich 1972 (Munich: Pro Sport Munchen, 1973), 1:35, http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/1972s1pt1.pdf.
8. New Yorker, August 21, 2000, 163.
9. “Tragedy in Munich,” David Berger National Memorial, n.d., http://www.nps.gov/dabe/tragedy-in-munich.htm.
10. Official Report of the Organizing Committee, 1:38.
11. David Berger Memorial, Mandel Jewish Community Center of Cleveland, http://www.mandeljcc.org/david-berger-memorial/mandel/.
1972—SILVER MEDAL FROM THE US–USSR MEN’S BASKETBALL FINAL
1. David K. Wiggins and R. Pierre Rodgers, eds., Rivals: Legendary Matchups That Made Sports History (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2010), 351.
2. Erving had signed a pro contract. Thompson was too young. Walton had a foot injury.
3. 1972 Olympic Gold Medal Basketball Issues and What Happened to the Medals, January 4, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwZuPi4cbyg.
4. Brewster and Gallagher, Stolen Glory, ch. 26.
5. Ibid., ch. 27.
6. Neil Amdur, “Basketball or Chaos?,” New York Times, September 10, 1972, http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/sports/year_in_sports/09.10.html.
7. Gary Smith, “A Few Pieces of Silver,” Sports Illustrated, June 15, 1992, http://www.si.com/vault/1992/06/15/126660/robbed-of-gold-medals-in-munich-the-72-us-olympic-basketball-team-will-not-betray-its-principles-for----a-few-pieces-of-silver.
8. Randy Harvey and Sergeii L. Loiko, “Untarnished Gold: Controversy? What Controversy? Soviets Still Feel They Deserved Basketball Victory in 1972,” July 18, 1992, http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-18/sports/sp-3572_1_soviet-union-s-basketball.
9. 1972 Olympics Basketball Final USA–USSR, September 6, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NuBm0PRt23I; see 1:10:45.
10. Brewster and Gallagher, Stolen Glory, ch. 26.
1972—IMMACULATA MIGHTY MACS UNIFORM
1. Julie Byrne, O, God of Players: The Story of the Immaculata Mighty Macs (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), 108.
2. Much of this description is derived from Byrne, O, God of Players, particularly chs. 1 and 2.
3. ESPN Mighty Macs, September 19, 2009, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8bztw90sAQA.
4. Benjamin G. Rader, American Sports: From the Age of Folk Games to the Age of Televised Sports (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990), 323.
5. Sports Illustrated, May 28, 1973, 93.
6. Selena Roberts, A Necessary Spectacle: Billie Jean King, Bobby Riggs, and the Tennis Match That Leveled the Game (New York: Crown, 2005), 162.
7. Sports Illustrated, May 28, 1973, 93.
8. Pat Summitt, Sum It Up (Waterville, ME: Thorndike Press, 2013), 73; her team at the University of Tennessee/Martin walked around town with a big glass piggy bank asking for donations.
9. Partisans of West Chester University will object. The Golden Rams did win a national tournament in 1969, but this was an invitational. The AIAW’s 1972 tournament is generally regarded as the beginning of the modern women’s hoops era. Sorry.
10. Joan Hult and Marianna Trekell, eds., A Century of Women’s Basketball: From Frailty to Final Four (Reston, VA: National Association for Girls and Women in Sport, 1991), 310–311.
11. Pamela Grundy and Susan Shackelford, Shattering the Glass: The Remarkable History of Women’s Basketball (New York: New Press, 2005), 161.
12. Immaculata Commemorative Magazine (Spring 2011), http://uc.immaculata.edu/magazine/spring2011/.
13. Byrne, O, God of Players, 181.
14. Immaculata Commemorative Magazine.
15. Byrne, O, God of Players, 185.
16. Welch Suggs, A Place on the Team: The Triumph and Tragedy of Title IX (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 113.
17. Ibid., 123.
18. Ibid., 140.
19. John Irving, “Wrestling with Title IX,” New York Times, January 28, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/28/opinion/wrestling-with-title-ix.html?pagewanted=all; Suggs, A Place on the Team, 125, 129, 135–136, 139.
20. Greta Cohen, ed., Women in Sport: Issues and Controversies (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993), 61.
21. Joe Marshall, “On and Up with the Mighty Macs,” Sports Illustrated, February 3, 1975, http://www.si.com/vault/1975/02/03/616188/on-and-up-with-the-mighty-macs.
22. Cathy Rush’s Basketball Hall of Fame Enshrinement Speech, February 17, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wd2OgJy8KmE.
1973—NAIL FROM SECRETARIAT’S SHOE
1. Lawrence Scanlan, The Horse God Built: The Untold Story of Secretariat, the World’s Greatest Racehorse (New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin’s Press, 2007), 15.
2. Raymond Woolfe Jr., Secretariat (Radnor, PA: Chilton Book, 1974), 28.
3. Scanlan, Horse God Built, 13.
4. Woolfe, Secretariat, 37.
5. Ibid., 39.
6. Sports Illustrated, October 16, 1989.
7. Sports Illustrated, June 4, 1990.
8. William Nack, “Secretariat,” Sports Illustrated, September 19, 1994, http://www.si.com/vault/1994/09/19/132047/17-secretariat.
9. Scanlan, Horse God Built, 151.
10. Ibid., 155.
11. Secretariat—Documentary [ESPN], May 26, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhfi6zOLdK4, at 12:00.
12. This was not straightforward. The track’s electronic timing device broke down. Clockers from the Daily Racing Form and in the press all gave him the record; the official clocker did not. In 2012, however, the Maryland Racing Commission reviewed the evidence and voted to change the official time to 1:53, a record.
13. Whitney Tower, “Putting a New Light on the Derby,” Sports Illustrated, April 30, 1973, http://www.si.com/vault/1973/04/30/615640/putting-a-new-light-on-the-derby.
14. “Ask Penny,” n.d., http://www.secretariat.com/ask-penny/.
15. The race can be seen at Secretariat—Belmont Stakes 1973, May 5, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V18ui3Rtjz4.
1973—BILLIE JEAN KING’S DRESS AND BOBBY RIGGS’S JACKET FROM THE “BATTLE OF THE SEXES”
1. Neil Amdur, “Riggs Defeats Mrs. Court, 6–2, 6–1; No Resemblance Credits Soft Touch Riggs Beats Mrs. Court in 57 Minutes, 6–2, 6–1 Aussies Plan Rematch,” New York Times, May 14, 1973, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E01E7DC133DE630A45757C1A9639C946290D6CF.
2. Tom LeCompte, The Last Sure Thing: The Life and Times of Bobby Riggs (Easthampton, MA: Black Squirrel Publishing, 2003), 313.
3. Bobby Riggs, with George McGann, Court Hustler (New York: Signet, 1974), 17–19.
4. LeCompte, Last Sure Thing, 359.
5. Billie Jean King, with Kim Chapin, Billie Jean (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 177–178.
6. Ed Leibowitz, “How Billie Jean King Picked Her Outfit for the Battle of the Sexes Match,” Smithsonian Magazine September 2003, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-billie-jean-king-picked-her-outfit-for-the-battle-of-the-sexes-match-89938552/?no-ist.
7. Bud Collins, The Bud Collins History of Tennis: An Authoritative Encyclopedia and Record Book (New York: New Chapter Press, 2010), 167.
8. Neil Amdur, “Mrs. King Defeats Riggs, 6-4, 6-3, 6-3, Amid a Circus Atmosphere,” New York Times, September 20, 1973, http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0920.html#article.
9. Billie Jean King, with Frank Deford, Billie Jean (New York: Viking Press, 1982).
10. Neil Amaur, “Take that, Gents!” New York Times, September 21, 1973.
11. Jesse Greenspan, “Billie Jean King Wins the ‘Battle of the Sexes,’ 40 Years Ago,” History in the Headlines, September 20, 2013, http://www.history.com/news/billie-jean-king-wins-the-battle-of-the-sexes-40-years-ago; Kate Torgovnick May, “‘I Beat Bobby Riggs Because I Respected Him’: Billie Jean King Talks the Battle of the Sexes at TEDWomen2015,” TEDBlog, May 29, 2015, http://blog.ted.com/billie-jean-king-on-the-battle-of-the-sexes-at-tedwomen-2015/.
12. Susan Ware, Game, Set, Match: Billie Jean King and the Revolution in Women’s Sports (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 44.
13. Roberts, A Necessary Spectacle, 76.
14. Grace Lichtenstein, “Perfume in the Locker Room; Chrissie and Rosie and the Arm and Billie and Wendy,” New York Times Magazine, May 27, 1973, 28, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B0CE0DD123DE63ABC4F51DFB3668388669EDE.
15. “About the WTA,” n.d., http://www.wtatennis.com/scontent/article/2951989/title/about-the-wta.
16. “This Week” Sunday Spotlight: Billie Jean King, September 22, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyMtOwwtJW0.
17. Roberts, A Necessary Spectacle, 85.
18. Greenspan, “Billie Jean King Wins.”
19. Sports Illustrated, November 6, 1996.
20. King and Chapin, Billie Jean, 76.
1974—HANK AARON’S JERSEY
1. Tom Stanton, Hank Aaron and the Home Run That Changed America (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 22.
2. “Hank Aaron,” Baseball-Reference.com, n.d., http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/a/aaronha01.shtml.
3. Bill Johnson, “Hank Aaron,” Society for American Baseball Research, n.d., http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/5a36cc6f.
4. Jen Christensen, “Besting Ruth, Beating Hate: How Hank Aaron Made Baseball History,” CNN, [April 2014], http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2014/04/us/hank-aaron-anniversary/.
5. Hank Aaron, with Lonnie Wheeler, I Had a Hammer: The Hank Aaron Story (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 141.
1974—NIKE WAFFLE TRAINER
1. “Found: The Waffle Iron That Inspired Nike,” National Public Radio, March 3, 2011, http://www.npr.org/2011/03/03/134239745/Found-The-Waffle-Iron-That-Inspired-Nike.
2. “The Nike Waffle Outsole,” Nike corporate communication, n.d.
3. Kenny Moore, Bowerman and the Men of Oregon (Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2006), 315.
4. US Patent Office, “Athletic shoe for artificial turf,” (Washington, DC, filed 1972, granted 1974), http://www.google/patents/US3793750.
5. This was not the first Bowerman/Nike shoe. The Cortez had come out a few years before; it had a wide heel, thick sole, good arch support, raised heel, and cushioned innersole. Runners loved the Cortez and it sold well; it, too, was important in the development of the company. But at the time the company (then called Blue Ribbon Sports) was still in business with the Onitsuka Company, the Japanese firm it had been working with since 1964, distributing Tiger shoes to the American market (see Moore, Bowerman and the Men of Oregon, 183–184, 314–315). In the movie Forrest Gump, the title character wears Cortez sneakers when he runs across the country.
6. Phil Knight, Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike (New York: Scribner, 2016), 240.
7. “Nike, Inc., 1981 Annual Report,” n.d.;” Nike, Inc., 1982 Annual Report,” n.d. All of Nike’s annual reports can be found at http://investors.nike.com/investors/news-events-and-reports/.
8. “Nike, Inc. Reports Fiscal 2015 Fourth Quarter and Full Year Results,” June 25, 2015, http://news.nike.com/news/nike-inc-reports-fiscal-2015-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-results.
1975—TONY HAWK’S FIRST SKATEBOARD
1. Tony Hawk and Pat Hawk, How Did I Get Here? The Ascent of an Unlikely CEO (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010), 11.
2. Ben Marcus, The Skateboard: The Good, the Rad, and the Gnarly (2011), 197.
3. Hawk and Hawk, How Did I Get Here?, 13.
4. “Bio,” Tony Hawk, n.d., http://tonyhawk.com/bio/.
5. Marcus, Skateboard, 194.
6. Tony Hawk, with Sean Mortimer, Hawk: Occupation Skateboarder (New York: HarperCollins, 2001).
7. TransWorld Skateboarding, September 2008, 166.
8. Tony Hawk and Sean Mortimer, “My Last X Games,” in Tony Hawk: Professional Skateboarder (New York: ReganBooks, 2002).
9. The trick can be seen at Tony Hawk 900, July 23, 2008, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4QGnppJ-ys. Hawk also did the first 720.
10. Marcus, Skateboard.
11. Mark Levine, “The Birdman,” The Sporting Scene, New Yorker, July 26, 1999, 73, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1999/07/26/the-birdman.
12. Tony Hawk—Who You Callin’ A Sellout?, January 27, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wv-SppeJCs.
13. “Tony Hawk on Selling Out Without Being a Sellout,” Entrepreneur, May 2, 2012, http://www.entrepreneur.com/video/223459.
1975—PELÉ’S JERSEY FROM THE NEW YORK COSMOS
1. New Yorker, September 12, 1977.
2. Gavin Newsham, Once in a Lifetime: The Incredible Story of the New York Cosmos (New York: Grove Press; [Berkeley]: Distributed by Publishers Group West, 2006), 129.
3. Jonathan Mahler, “Disco Inferno: When the Cosmos Ruled the Town,” New York Times, July 2, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/02/nyregion/thecity/02cosm.html?_r=0.
4. David Segal, “The New York Cosmos Want to Take the Field Again,” New York Times Magazine, April 17, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/magazine/mag-17Cosmos-t.html.
5. Newsham, Once in a Lifetime, 138.
6. Ibid., 35.
7. Mahler, “Disco Inferno.”
8. Newsham, Once in a Lifetime, 239.
9. Gerald Eskenazi, “Prospects for Cosmos Take a Bullish Turn,” New York Times, June 5, 1975, 43.
10. Segal, “New York Cosmos Want to Take the Field Again.”
11. Forbes, July 20, 2015.
1975—PRE’S ROCK
1. Kenny Moore, Bowerman and the Men of Oregon (Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2006), 328.
2. Daniel Wojcik, “Pre’s Rock: Pilgrimage, Ritual, and Runners’ Traditions at the Roadside Shrine for Steve Prefontaine,” in Shrines and Pilgrimage in Contemporary Society: New Itineraries into the Sacred, ed. Peter Jan Margry (Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Press, 2008), 212, 222.
3. Ibid., 210.
4. “Steve Prefontaine,” USA Track & Field, https://www.usatf.org/HallOfFame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=130.
5. Tom Jordan, Pre: The Story of America’s Greatest Running Legend (Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale, 1997), 41.
6. The last four laps can be seen at HD-Steve Prefontaine 1972 5000m Final (English Commentary), June 2, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iKt8_pkHgY.
7. Phil Knight, Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike (New York: Scribner, 2016), 240.
8. Fire on the Track—The Steve Prefontaine Story, Part 4, December 22, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlFjD9HcXmw&index=4&list=PL3D26589E58850FF6.
9. Ibid.
10. Phil Knight, Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike (New York: Scribner, 2016), 240.
11. Donald Katz, “Triumph of the Swoosh,” Sports Illustrated, August 16, 1993.
12. Donald Katz, Just Do It: The Nike Spirit in the Corporate World (New York: Random House, 1994), 64.
13. Jordan, Pre, 101.
1975—THRILLA IN MANILA BUTTON
1. Robert Lipsyte and Peter Levine, Idols of the Game: A Sporting History of the American Century (Atlanta: Turner Publishing, 1995), 246.
2. Thomas Hauser, “The Importance of Muhammad Ali,” History Now, n.d., http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/civil-rights-movement/essays/importance-muhammad-ali.
3. Michael Powell, “In Muhammad Ali, an Example of a Truer Kind of Bravery in Sports,” New York Times, June 4, 2016.
4. Wesley Morris, “Muhammad Ali Evolved From a Blockbuster Fighter to a Country’s Conscience,” New York Times, June 4, 2016.
5. HBO Thrilla in Manila Documentary, March 6, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUQNKb_1xlc, at 13:45.
6. Thomas Hauser, Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 221.
7. Ibid., 229.
8. Mark Kram, Ghosts of Manila: The Fateful Blood Feud Between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), 149.
9. Ibid., 169.
10. “About Toy Gun, Girlfriend: Ali ‘Explains,’” The Victoria Advocate, September 23, 1975, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19750923&id=shJZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VUYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5235,4284583&hl=en.
11. William Nack, “‘The Fight’s Over, Joe’,” Sports Illustrated, September 30, 1996, http://www.si.com/vault/1996/09/30/208924/the-fights-over-joe-more-than-two-decades-after-they-last-met-in-the-ring-joe-frazier-is-still-taking-shots-at-muhammad-ali-but-this-time-its-a-war-of-words.
12. Joe Frazier, with Phil Berger, Smokin’ Joe (New York: Macmillan, 1996), 164.
13. The Sporting News, June 25, 2001.
14. Mark Kram, “‘Lawdy, Lawdy He’s Great’,” Sports Illustrated, October 13, 1975, http://www.si.com/vault/1975/10/13/613261/lawdy-lawdy-hes-great.
15. Ibid.
16. Kram, Ghosts of Manila, 30.
17. HBO, Thrilla in Manila, 1:27:25.
18. Jeré Longman, “Philadelphia and the Boxing World Pay Tribute to Frazier,” New York Times, November 15, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/15/sports/philadelphia-and-the-boxing-world-pay-tribute-to-frazier.html.
1978—NANCY LOPEZ’S ROOKIE OF THE YEAR AWARD
1. Grace Lichtenstein, “Burning Up the Links; with Her Long Drives, Putts and Sex Appeal, Nancy Lopez Has Become the New Charismatic Headliner of Women’s Golf: Swinging Along with Nancy Lopez,” New York Times Magazine, July 2, 1978, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D04E7DD1E31E632A25751C0A9619C946990D6CF.
2. Annika Sorenstam tied this mark in 2005.
3. “Record 5th for Miss Lopez; Seventh Victory of Year Nine Holes; Four Birdies,”New York Times, June 19, 1978, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B06E4DF1131E632A2575AC1A9609C946990D6CF.
4. New York Times, July 13, 1978.
5. Jim Burnett, Tee Times: On the Road with the LPGA (New York: Scribner, 1997), 90.
6. Investors’ Business Daily, February 27, 2013.
7. Richard Lapchick, ed., 100 Trailblazers: Great Women Athletes Who Opened the Doors to Future Generations (Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology, 2009), 185.
8. Marc Myers, “Golfer Nancy Lopez on Being a Daddy’s Girl,” Wall Street Journal, June 9, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/golfer-nancy-lopez-on-being-a-daddys-girl-1433865127.
9. Lichtenstein, “Burning Up the Links.”
10. Burnett, Tee Times, 20.
11. Gordon S. White Jr., “Golf’s Blazing Rookie Pro; Nancy Marie Lopez Woman in the News Her Swing Criticized on Course at Age 8 Won Collegiate Title,” New York Times, May 31, 1978, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A02E3D91030E632A25752C3A9639C946990D6CF.
12. Burnett, Tee Times, 89.
13. Nancy Lopez, with Peter Schwed, The Education of a Woman Golfer (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), 188.
14. John Papanek, “Out of the Swing of Things,” Sports Illustrated, June 9, 1980, http://www.si.com/vault/1980/06/09/824718/out-of-the-swing-of-things-somehow-nancy-lopez-melton-slipped-out-of-the-groove-and-a-lot-of-folks--but-not-her-rivals--hope-she-gets-back-in.
15. “Nancy Lopez,” LPGA, n.d., http://www.lpga.com/players/nancy-lopez/81218/bio.
16. Roger Vaughan, Golf, the Woman’s Game (New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 2001), 127.
17. Burnett, Tee Times, 126.
1979—LARRY BIRD’S AND MAGIC JOHNSON’S COLLEGE JERSEYS
1. “Highest-rated televised NCAA basketball national championship games from 1975 to 2015,” n.d., http://www.statista.com/statistics/219645/ncaa-basketball-tournament-games-by-tv-ratings/.
2. The Johnson jersey is a replica.
3. N. R. Kleinfield, “How One Man Rescued Basketball, and Its Bottom Line,” New York Times, March 4, 1990, http://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/04/business/how-one-man-rescued-basketball-and-its-bottom-line.html.
4. Vince McKee, The Cleveland Cavaliers: A History of the Wine & Gold (Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2014), 33.
5. David Halberstam, Playing for Keeps: Michael Jordan and the World He Made (New York: Broadway Books, 2000), ch. 9.
6. John Papanek, “Gifts That God Didn’t Give,” Sports Illustrated, November 9, 1981, http://www.si.com/vault/1981/11/09/826097/gifts-that-god-didnt-give-larry-bird-was-blessed-with-his-height-but-lots-of-work-made-him-the-nbas-most-complete-player-since-oscar-robertson.
7. Larry Bird (18-21-9) vs. Moses Malone (8-15-3) 1981 Finals Gm 1—Bird Clutch, November 6, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmTJwLU3ZM0, at 3:20.
8. Sports Illustrated, June 22, 1987.
9. David K. Wiggins and R. Pierre Rodgers, eds., Rivals: Legendary Matchups That Made Sports History (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2010), 70.
10. Jack McCallum, “Leaving a Huge Void,” Sports Illustrated, March 23, 1992, http://www.si.com/vault/1992/03/23/126207/leaving-a-huge-void-magic-johnson-larry-bird-nba.
11. Wiggins and Rodgers, Rivals, 71.
12. Larry Bird and Earvin “Magic” Johnson, with Jackie MacMullan, When the Game Was Ours (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009), v and x.
13. The Philadelphia 76ers won in 1983 and the Detroit Pistons in 1989.
14. “National Basketball Association Nielsen Ratings,” n.d. Gutenberg.us/articles/national_basketball_association_nielsen_ratings.
15. Wiggins and Rodgers, Rivals, 82.
1979—DONNIE ALLISON’S HELMET FROM THE DAYTONA 500
1. Ryan McGee, ESPN Ultimate NASCAR: 100 Defining Moments in Stock Car Racing History (New York: ESPN Books, 2007), 103.
2. A Perfect Storm: The 1979 Daytona 500 (2015), February 13, 2015, http://www.youtube.com.
3. Mark Bechtel, He Crashed Me So I Crashed Him Back: The True Story of the Year the King, Jaws, Earnhardt, and the Rest of NASCAR’s Feudin’, Fightin’ Good Ol’ Boys Put Stock Car Racing on the Map (New York: Little, Brown, 2011).
4. Sports Illustrated, January 28, 1998.
5. Peter Golenbock, Miracle: Bobby Allison and the Saga of the Alabama Gang (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2007), 166.
6. Dave Caldwell, “Recalling a Fight, and Titles,” New York Times, October 26, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/26/sports/othersports/26nascar.html?_r=0.
7. Ed Hinton, Daytona: From the Birth of Speed to the Death of the Man in Black (New York: Warner Books, 2001), 10.
8. Unnoticed at the time, a promising young driver named Dale Earnhardt finished a creditable eighth place. He would win Rookie of the Year in 1979 and go on to become a legend, winning 76 races, including Daytona in 1998. And Daytona is also where the legend died. In third place on the final turn of the final lap, a couple of car lengths behind his son, Earnhardt veered left near the infield and then sharply right, slamming nose first into the retaining wall at 160 miles per hour. His skull fractured, he did not survive the drive to the hospital. That day is forever known as “Black Sunday.” If The Fight is the day that made NASCAR, Black Sunday is the day it got really serious about safety. In the wake of Earnhardt’s death, NASCAR imposed a series of new regulations, including the mandatory use of head and neck restraints.
1980—MIKE ERUZIONE’S STICK FROM THE “MIRACLE ON ICE”
1. This game took place at 5:00 p.m.; ABC television naturally wanted to push it to prime time, but the Soviets said no. As a result, the game was televised after its conclusion, on a tape delay. So all those people who remember where they were when the United States won probably remember where they were when they saw it, not when it was actually played.
2. Do You Believe in Miracles? The Story of the 1980 U.S. Hockey Team [2001], April 25, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-K-mm8Bqik.
3. Wayne Coffey, The Boys of Winter: The Untold Story of a Coach, a Dream, and the 1980 U.S. Olympic Hockey Team (New York: Crown, 2005), 39.
4. Les Krantz, Not Till the Fat Lady Sings: The Most Dramatic Sports Finishes of All Time (Chicago: Triumph Books, 2003), 11.
5. Jim Naughton, “Russia Routs U.S. in Hockey by 10-3; Soviet Coach Puzzled Soviet Six Routs U.S. by 10-3 Spectacular Goal,” New York Times, February 10, 1980, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E01E4D61538E432A25753C1A9649C94619FD6CF.
6. E. M. Swift, “A Reminder of What We Can Be,” Sports Illustrated, December 22, 1980, http://www.si.com/vault/1980/12/22/106775781/a-reminder-of-what-we-can-be.
7. Al Michaels, with L. Jon Wertheim, You Can’t Make This Up: Miracles, Memories, and the Perfect Marriage of Sports and Television (New York: William Morrow, 2014), 109.
8. Sports Illustrated, January 26, 2015.
9. After the game, Eruzione tossed the stick into the stands—and his brother caught it. Eruzione later wrote the score of the game on the upper handle.
10. Swift, “A Reminder of What We Can Be.”
11. Because of the complexities of the Olympic tournament in 1980, which was a round-robin, not single elimination, if the United States had lost to Finland, it would have finished fourth.
12. Michaels, You Can’t Make This Up, 120.
13. Do You Believe In Miracles? (see note 2).
14. Dudley Clendinin, “U.S. Hockey Victory Stirs National Celebration; Nation Is Jubilant Over Victory the Boys from Minnesota Lincoln Center Chimes In,” New York Times, February 25, 1980, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9506E2DA103EE732A25756C2A9649C94619FD6CF.
15. Red Army, May 25, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBi2GicxYiE.
16. Coffey, Boys of Winter, 247.
17. Its victory in the bidding process, however, was not a surprise; it was the only bidder.
18. XIII Olympic Winter Games, Lake Placid 1980: Final Report, February 13–24, 1980, http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/Official%20Past%20Games%20Reports/Winter/EN/1980_Lake_Placid.pdf; equivalent to $487.4 million in 2015 dollars.
1980—ERIC HEIDEN’S GOLD RACING SUIT
1. See, for example, the ranking from a Dutch sports magazine at this Web site: http://wayback.archive.org/web/20060714135102/http://www.teamsupportsystems.com/schaatslijst/lijst_m_allround_top10.htm.
1982—THE BALL FROM “THE CATCH”
1. Michael MacCambridge, America’s Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation (New York: Anchor Books, 2004), 337.
2. Tom Friend, “Montana, Cool to the End, Says Goodbye,” New York Times, April 19, 1995, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/19/sports/pro-football-montana-cool-to-the-end-says-goodbye.html?mtrref=query.nytimes.com&gwh=D35B1F87ACFFA0F96760746BE08A9C42&gwt=pay.
3. “The Catch” & the Birth of a 49ers’ Dynasty/“The Timeline: A Tale of Two Cities”/NFL Network, December 15, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14CKs0rY0jE.
4. Gary Myers, The Catch: One Play, Two Dynasties, and the Game That Changed the NFL (New York: Crown, 2009), xi.
5. Ibid., 68.
1983/1990—CHRIS EVERT’S SHOES AND MARTINA NAVRATILOVA’S WARM-UP JACKET
1. “Martina Navratilova,” International Tennis Hall of Fame, n.d., https://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/inductees/martina-navratilova/; “Chris Evert,” International Tennis Hall of Fame, n.d., https://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/inductees/chris-evert/.
2. Sports Illustrated, August 28, 1989.
3. Sports Century Martina Navratilova Part 2, September 17, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FiIvMcxFz9k.
4. Larry Schwartz, “Martina Was Alone on Top,” n.d., http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016378.html.
5. Johnette Howard, The Rivals: Chris Evert v. Martina Navratilova, Their Epic Duels and Extraordinary Friendship (London: Yellow Jersey, 2005), 232.
6. Sports Century Martina Navratilova.
7. Howard, Rivals, 235.
8. Evert won 6–3, 6–7, 7–5.
9. David K. Wiggins and R. Pierre Rodgers, eds., Rivals: Legendary Matchups That Made Sports History (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2010), 113.
10. Frank Deford, “Yes, You Can Go Home Again: Martina Navratilova Went Home to Czechoslovakia and Found Fans Plentiful at the Federation Cup,” Sports Illustrated, August 4, 1986, http://www.si.com/vault/1986/08/04/113755/yes-you-can-go-home-again-martina-navratilova-went-home-to-czechoslovakia-and-found-fans-plentiful-at-the-federation-cup.
11. Sports Illustrated, August 28, 1989.
12. Robin Finn, “Tennis: Legendary Rivals and Close Friends; Evert and Navratilova Reunite on Court,” New York Times, May 6, 1998, http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/06/sports/tennis-legendary-rivals-and-close-friends-evert-and-navratilova-reunite-on-court.html?mtrref=query.nytimes.com&gwh=0396E7D05FEE5A502C9FFA565BD6176D&gwt=pay.
13. New York Times, September 9, 1984.
14. Caryl Phillips, eds., The Right Set: The Faber Book of Tennis (New York: Vintage Books, 1999), 181.
15. Sports Illustrated, August 28, 1989.
1984—WHEATIES MAGNET WITH MARY LOU RETTON
1. “Bela Karolyi Quotes,” n.d., http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/b/belakaroly539244.html.
2. Mary Lou Retton and Bela Karolyi, with John Powers, Mary Lou: Creating an Olympic Champion (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986), 21–23.
3. Mary Lou Retton—Olympic Gold (Part 1), October 6, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4sSuTdsjxTI.
4. Retton and Karolyi, Mary Lou, 123.
5. Ibid., 146.
6. Bela Karolyi and Nancy Ann Richardson, Feel No Fear (New York: Hyperion, 1994), 180.
7. Anne Marie Tiernon, “Karolyi Camp: Exclusive Look Inside Building an Olympic Dynasty, WTHR, July 23, 2015, http://www.wthr.com/story/29606887/gymnastics-legend-martha-karolyi-to-step-down-as-us-team-coordinator.
1986—JACK NICKLAUS’S DRIVER FROM THE MASTERS
1. Jeff Babineau, “1986 Masters: ‘Nobody That Old Wins the Masters’,” Golfweek, April 4, 2011, http://archives.golfweek.com/news/2011/mar/25/1986-masters-nobody-old-wins-masters/.
2. Ron Furlong, “Jack Nicklaus and the 1986 Masters: A Look Back 25 Years Later,” Bleacher Report, March 2, 2011, http://bleacherreport.com/articles/619550-jack-nicklaus-and-the-1986-masters-a-look-back-25-years-later.
3. Jack Nicklaus, My Story (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 435.
4. Guy Yocom, “Speaking of Miracles,” Golf Digest, January 18, 2011, http://www.golfdigest.com/story/jack-nicklaus-1986-yocom.
5. Herbert Warren Wind, “Nicklaus All the Way Back,” The Sporting Scene, New Yorker, June 2, 1986, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1986/06/02/nicklaus-all-the-way-back.
6. Tiger Woods and Jordan Spieth have since won the Masters at a younger age.
7. Frank Deford, “Still Glittering After All These Years,” Sports Illustrated, December 25, 1978, http://www.si.com/vault/1978/12/25/826315/still-glittering-after-all-these-years-for-20-glorious-years-from-his-first-us-amateur-win-in-1959-to-his-third-british-open-victory-in-july-jack-nicklaus-has-dominated-the-world-of-golf.
8. Six Masters (1963, 1965, 1966, 1972, 1975, 1986), five PGAs (1963, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1980), four US Opens (1962, 1967, 1972, 1980), and three British Opens (1966, 1970, 1978). He also won two US Amateurs.
9. Nicklaus, My Story, 445.
1987—SMU DOORMAT
1. “Year-by-Year Statistics,” SMU, 2015, http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/smu/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/2015-16/misc_non_event/06-Records2015-02.pdf.
2. The cumulative record from 1989 through 2016 is 95–215–3.
3. ESPN documentary, Pony Excess, n.d., http://espn.go.com/30for30/film?page=pony-excess.
4. David Whitford, A Payroll to Meet (New York: Macmillan, 1989), preface.
5. Under a previous set of rules, the University of Kentucky men’s basketball team suffered something like the death penalty in 1952–1953 for point shaving and the University of Louisiana/Lafayette men’s hoops team did also for a truly spectacular mix of academic fraud and pay-for-play violations from 1973 to 1975. In the modern death penalty era (post-1985), Tulane and the University of San Francisco self-administered something like the death penalty, voluntarily shutting down their men’s hoops programs for a time (for payments, cheating, and gambling). So did the University of Western Kentucky in regard to its men’s and women’s swimming and diving teams (for hazing).
6. University of Minnesota Twin Cities Public Infractions Report, October 24, 2000, http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199903/11_newsroom_cheating/infractionsreport.shtml.
7. Cincinnati Enquirer, March 11, 1999.
8. Jay M. Smith and Mary Willingham, Cheated: The UNC Scandal, the Education of Athletes, and the Future of Big-Time College Sports (Herndon, VA: Potomac Books, 2015), 46, 145.
9. Kenneth L. Wainstein, A. Joseph Jay III, and Colleen Depman Kukowski, “Investigation of Irregular Classes in the Department of African and Afro-American Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,” October 16, 2014 (hereinafter Wainstein Report), 38–39, http://3qh929iorux3fdpl532k03kg.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/UNC-FINAL-REPORT.pdf.
10. To see the slide, go to page 22 of the Wainstein Report: http://3qh929iorux3fdpl532k03kg.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/UNC-FINAL-REPORT.pdf.
11. “Senate Panel Hears Manley Tell of Learning Disability,” New York Times, May 19, 1989, http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/19/sports/senate-panel-hears-manley-tell-of-learning-disability.html.
12. “A Trail of Tears: The Exploitation of the College Athlete,” Florida Coastal Law Review XI: 650.
13. “The Shame of College Sports,” The Atlantic, October 2011, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/10/the-shame-of-college-sports/308643/.
14. Emily Kaplan, “Baltimore Hustle,” Sports Illustrated, August 24, 2015, http://www.si.com/vault/2016/02/11/baltimore-hustle.
15. Bruce Selcraig, “As Blue as the Grass,” Sports Illustrated, October 24, 1988, http://www.si.com/vault/1988/10/24/118719/as-blue-as-the-grass-new-charges-of-wrongdoing-make-glum-times-glummer-for-kentucky-basketball.
16. New York Times, November 8, 1989.
17. George Dohrmann, “Troy Burning,” Sports Illustrated, June 21, 2010, http://www.si.com/vault/2010/06/21/105951544/troy-burning.
18. Alexander Wolff, “Broken Beyond Repair: An Open Letter to the President of Miami Urges Him to Dismantle His Vaunted Football Program to Salvage His School’s Reputation,” Sports Illustrated, June 12, 1995, http://www.si.com/vault/1995/06/12/203859/broken-beyond-repair-an-open-letter-to-the-president-of-miami-urges-him-to-dismantle-his-vaunted-football-program-to-salvage-his-schools-reputation.
19. Michelle Brutlag Hosick, “Executive Committee Restores Penn State Football Postseason, Scholarships,” NCAA, September 8, 2014, http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/media-center/news/executive-committee-restores-penn-state-football-postseason-scholarships.
20. “Top 10 Infamous NCAA Sanctions: 1. The Death Penalty,” Real Clear Sports, May 17, 2013, http://www.realclearsports.com/lists/infamous_ncaa_sanctions/smu_football.html. Two minor ones are Division II Morehouse University men’s soccer and Division III MacMurray College’s men’s tennis.
1988—JOHN MADDEN FOOTBALL VIDEO GAME
1. John Madden, with Dave Anderson, All Madden: Hey, I’m Talking about Pro Football! (New York: HarperCollins, 1996), 145.
2. Patrick Hruby, “The Franchise: The inside Story of How ‘Madden NFL’ Became a Video Game Dynasty,” ESPN, n.d., http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/eticket/story?page=100805/madden.
3. Former NFL Coach John Madden, December 9, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYMVLimSV08.
4. See an image from the first year at “Top 25 Features in Madden NFL History,” August 2, 2013, https://www.easports.com/madden-nfl/news/2013/madden-football-history.
5. This video gives an idea of how it worked: “John Madden Football” for the Apple II, April 14, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8EbPghLpK6c.
6. Tom Bissell, “Kickoff: Madden NFL and the Future of Video Game Sports,” Grantland, January 26, 2012, http://grantland.com/features/tom-bissell-making-madden-nfl/.
7. Steven L. Kent, The Ultimate History of Video Games: From Pong to Pokemon and Beyond—The Story Behind the Craze That Touched Our Lives and Changed the World (Roseville, CA: Prima Publishing, 2001), 266.
8. Jeff Jensen, “Videogame Nation: These Are Your Father’s [and Your Grandma’s] Videogames—America’s $6.35 Billion Obsession Has Hollywood Salivating,” Entertainment Weekly, December 6, 2002, 24, http://www.ew.com/article/2002/12/06/videogame-nation.
1989—PETE ROSE AUTOGRAPHED BASEBALL
1. American League and National League, Baseball-Reference.com, n.d., http://www.baseball-reference.com/.
2. Dave Kindred, “Philadelphia Didn’t Appreciate Schmidt as It Should Have,” Los Angeles Times, January 22, 1995, http://articles.latimes.com/1995-01-22/sports/sp-22932_1_mike-schmidt.
3. Rose/Giamatti Agreement, [August 23, 1989], http://seanlahman.com/files/rose/agreement.html.
4. Jeffrey Standen, “Pete Rose and Baseball’s Rule 21,” NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 18, no. 2 (Spring 2010): 135.
5. Pete Rose and Rick Hill, My Prison Without Bars (Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 2004), 320.
1992—CAMDEN YARDS
1. Josh Leventhal, Take Me Out to the Ballpark (New York: Black Dog & Leventhal, 2006), 48.
2. Roger Angell, “The Pit and the Pendulum,” New Yorker, May 21, 1990, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1990/05/21/the-pit-and-the-pendulum.
3. Specifically, from the building of Shibe and Forbes through the first Yankee Stadium.
4. Matt Lupica, The Baseball Stadium Insider: A Dissection of All Thirty Ballparks, Legendary Players, and Memorable Moments (Kent, OH: Black Squirrel Books, 2015), 53.
5. “Baseball: Ruth Outhouse Found in Ball Park,” New York Times, February 11, 1992, http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/sports/baseball-ruth-outhouse-found-in-ball-park.html.
6. Peter Richmond, Ballpark: Camden Yards and the Building of an American Dream (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), 139.
7. Ibid., 257.
8. There were critics. In “Field of Kitsch” in New Republic (August 17, 1992; https://newrepublic.com/article/62280/field-kitsch), Nicholas Dawidoff derided Camden Yards as an “instant antique.” But the thing is, baseball fans like kitsch.
9. An exception is the new Yankee Stadium (2009), which chose instead to replicate the lines of the old one, built in 1923. A wise choice, of course, but the consensus is that there is a certain something lacking in the new, grandiose stadium, whose over-the-top commercialism is also off-putting. The Miami Marlins went with a more contemporary, show-biz, Miami-cool kind of vibe, complete with a many-colored sculpture, featuring pink flamingos and flying fish; it lights up when the Marlins hit a home run. It has not had much use.
10. Alec Brzezinski, “Freddie Gray Protest Outside Camden Yards Turns Violent,” Sporting News, April 25, 2015, http://www.sportingnews.com/mlb/story/2015-04-25/freddie-gray-protest-camden-yards-violent-mlb-baltimore-orioles-baseball.
1993—JACKIE JOYNER-KERSEE’S SHOE
1. Neil Cohen, Jackie Joyner-Kersee (Boston: Little, Brown, 1992), 10.
2. Jackie Joyner-Kersee, with Sonja Steptoe, A Kind of Grace: The Autobiography of the World’s Greatest Female Athlete (New York: Warner Books, 1997), 22.
3. Geri Harrington, Jackie Joyner-Kersee: Champion Athlete (New York: Chelsea House, 1995), 27.
4. Cohen, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, 58.
5. “Jackie Joyner-Kersee at a Glance [and] . . . in Depth,” n.d., http://jackiejoynerkersee.com/CSEP%20-Jackie%20Joyner%20Kersee%20Bio%20-%20Final.pdf.
6. “PLUS: AWARDS; Joyner-Kersee Named Top Athlete,” New York Times, April 24, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/24/sports/plus-awards-joyner-kersee-named-top-athlete.html.
7. “Jesse Owens Award,” USA Track & Field, n.d., http://www.usatf.org/statistics/Annual-Awards/TF/JesseOwensAward.aspx.
8. Jennifer H. Lansbury, A Spectacular Leap: Black Women Athletes in 20th Century America (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2014), 200–210.
9. Ramona Shelburne, “Jackie Joyner-Kersee: ‘Never Forget Where You Come From’,” ESPN, October 10, 2014, http://espn.go.com/espnw/w-in-action/article/11673532/never-forget-where-come-from.
10. “Records and History: Girls Track & Field Records Menu,” IHSA, n.d., http://www.ihsa.org/SportsActivities/GirlsTrackField/RecordsHistory.aspx.
1995/2009—GENO AURIEMMA’S FIRST CHAMPIONSHIP TROPHY AND PAT SUMMITT’S 1,000TH VICTORY BALL
1. David K. Wiggins and R. Pierre Rodgers, eds., Rivals: Legendary Matchups That Made Sports History (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2010), 236.
2. Pat Summitt, Sum It Up (Waterville, ME: Thorndike Press, 2013), 244.
3. Jere Longman, “1998 N.C.A.A. Tournament: Tennessee Redefining the Women’s Game,” New York Times, March 26, 1998, http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/26/sports/1998-ncaa-tournament-tennessee-redefining-the-women-s-game.html.
4. Jere Longman, “Tennessee, a Cornerstone of the Women’s Poll, Falls Out of the Top 25,” New York Times, February 23, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/23/sports/ncaabasketball/tennessee-lady-vols-top-25.html.
5. Harvey Araton, “Game’s Present Yields Floor to Its Past Before a UConn Win,” New York Times, January 4, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/05/sports/ncaabasketball/games-present-yields-floor-to-its-past-before-uconn-defeats-st-johns.html.
6. The longest streak is 131 games, set by the Flying Queens of Wayland Baptist College in Plainview, Texas, from 1953 to 1958. The team got its name from a local basketball-crazy benefactor who flew them to their games. There was no college tournament during this era, but the Flying Queens won four straight AAU titles from 1954 to 1957. In 1958, led by Nera White, the first woman inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame, Nashville Business College (NBC) broke the streak in the AAU semifinals, winning that year and also in 1960. Wayland won in 1959 and 1961. Beginning in 1962, though, NBC went on a great run, winning eight straight titles, beating Wayland in the finals each time. See Pamela Grundy and Susan Shackelford, Shattering the Glass: The Remarkable History of Women’s Basketball (New York: New Press, 2005), 95–101; and Skip Hollandsworth, “Hoop Queens,” Texas Monthly, April 2013, http://www.texasmonthly.com/the-culture/hoop-queens/.
7. Summitt, Sum It Up, 243.
1998—PIECE OF FLOOR FROM MICHAEL JORDAN’S “LAST SHOT” WITH THE BULLS
1. Michael Jordan—“Failure,” February 16, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GuXZFQKKF7A.
2. Michael Jordan’s Basketball Hall of Fame Enshrinement Speech, February 21, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLzBMGXfK4c
3. Sam Smith, There Is No Next (New York: Diversion Books, 2014), 107.
4. David Remnick, ed., The Only Game in Town: Sportswriting from The New Yorker (New York: Random House, 2010), 160. The original article appeared in 1998.
5. Matt Dollinger, “Air Power,” Sports Illustrated, February 1, 2016, http://www.si.com/vault/2016/02/11/air-power.
6. “‘God Disguised as Michael Jordan’,” NBA Encyclopedia, playoff ed., n.d., http://www.nba.com/history/jordan63_moments.html.
7. “Michael Jordan,” Basebell-Reference.com, n.d., http://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.cgi?id=jordan001mic.
8. David Halberstam, Playing for Keeps: Michael Jordan and the World He Made (New York: Broadway Books, 2000), ch. 9.
9. Ibid.
10. Walter Lafeber, Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism (New York: Norton, 2002), 79.
11. Smith, There Is No Next, 48.
12. Michael Jordan—“Failure.”
1999—BALL FROM THE 1999 WOMEN’S WORLD CUP
1. George Vecsey, “Women’s Soccer: 76,481 Fans, 1 U.S. Gold,” August 2, 1996, http://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/02/sports/women-s-soccer-76481-fans-1-us-gold.html.
2. David Wangerin, Soccer in a Football World (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008), 295.
3. Jere Longman, The Girls of Summer: The U.S. Women’s Soccer Team and How It Changed the World (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 30.
4. Ibid., 57.
5. Ibid., 22.
6. The Economist, June 26, 1999, 35.
7. Wangerin, Soccer in a Football World, 297.
8. Graham Hays, “WUSA Collapse Leaves Void in Sports,” ESPN FC, September 15, 2013, http://www.espnfc.com/story/277363.
9. Jacob Pramuk, “For US Soccer Wages, Women Still Fall Far Short of Men,” CNBC, July 6, 2015, http://www.cnbc.com/2015/07/06/for-us-soccer-wages-women-still-fall-far-short-of-men.html.
2000—TIGER WOODS’S SCORECARDS FROM THE US OPEN
1. In second place is old Tom Morris’s 13-stroke win in the British Open in 1862, against a field of six.
2. Rory McIlroy broke the record, shooting a 268 in 2011.
3. David Westin, “1997: Tiger Tracks into History with Masters Win,” Masters, March 24, 2012, http://www.augusta.com/masters/story/history/1997-tiger-tracks-history-masters-win.
4. “45 Great Moments in Golf,” Golf, n.d., http://www.golf.com/tour-and-news/45-great-moments-golf.
5. Official World Golf Ranking, “Tiger Woods,” n.d., http://www.owgr.com/en/Ranking/PlayerProfile.aspx?playerID=5321.
6. From February 1998 to May 2005.
7. Sports Illustrated, April 4, 2006.
8. Bob Harig, “‘Tiger-Proofing’ Augusta Took a Toll on All,” ESPN, April 1, 2011, http://espn.go.com/golf/masters11/columns/story?columnist=harig_bob&page=110329-RTTMasters.
9. “Driving Distance: Y-T-D-statistics through Diners Club Matches, Dec[ember] 15, 1996,” http://www.pgatour.com/stats/stat.101.1996.html.
10. “America’s 100 Greatest Golf Courses,” Golf Digest, January 2015, http://www.golfdigest.com/gallery/americas-100-greatest-golf-courses-ranking.
2000—LANCE ARMSTRONG’S BIKE FROM THE TOUR DE FRANCE
1. Lance Armstrong Ad—I’m on My Bike, What Are You On? [Nike commercial, 2001], August 18, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxnqHvEbGnc.
2. Juliet Macur, Cycle of Lies (New York: HarperCollins, 2014), 289.
3. Lance Armstrong with Sally Jenkins, Every Second Counts (New York: Broadway Books, 2004).
4. November 30, 2005, deposition of Lance Armstrong in lawsuit brought by SCA Promotions; see video of his testimony at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sC7bH_6S7gs.
5. United States Anti-Doping Agency, “Report on Proceedings under the World Anti-Doping Code and the USADA Protocol,” 2012, http://cdn.velonews.competitor.com/files/2012/10/Reasoned-Decision.pdf, 5.
6. Michael McCann, “My Dance with Lance,” Sports Illustrated, March 11, 2013, http://www.si.com/vault/2013/03/11/106296024/my-dance-with-lance.
7. Rick reily, “Sportsman of the Year: Lance Armstrong,” Sports Illustrated, December 16, 2002.
8. “50 Years of Sports in America,” Sports Illustrated, September 27, 2004, http://www.si.com/vault/2004/09/27/8186830/50-years-of-sports-in-america.
9. Trek 5500 bicycle used by Lance Armstrong in the 2000 Tour de France, National Museum of American History, http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1294955.
10. He says as much in The Armstrong Lie, August 16, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g40HoNEPdj8.
11. David Walsh, Seven Deadly Sins: My Pursuit of Lance Armstrong (New York: Atria Books, 2013); the exception is Carlos Sastre, who won the Tour in 2008.
12. Reed Albergotti and Vanessa O’Connell, Wheelmen: Lance Armstrong, the Tour de France, and the Greatest Sports Conspiracy Ever (New York: Gotham Books, 2013), 267.
13. Quoted in Sports Illustrated, July 29, 2007.
14. Emma O’Reilly, The Race to Truth (London: Transworld, 2014), prologue; see ch. 24 for Armstrong’s exact words.
15. Bill Gifford, “Greg LeMond vs. The World,” Men’s Journal, July 2008, http://www.mensjournal.com/magazine/greg-lemond-vs-the-world-20130318?page=7.
16. David Epstein, “Kathy LeMond: Armstrong Embarrassed, Not Truly Sorry,” Sports Illustrated, January 18, 2013, http://www.si.com/more-sports/2013/01/18/lance-armstrong-admission-kathy-lemond-reaction.
17. Quoted in Alexander Wolff, “A Massive Fraud Now More Fully Exposed,” Sports Illustrated, October 22, 2012, http://www.si.com/vault/2012/10/22/106246058/a-massive-fraud-now-more-fully-exposed.
18. Albergotti and O’Connell, Wheelmen, 143, 195.
19. William Fotheringham, Cyclopedia: It’s All about the Bike (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2011), 127; O’Reilly, Race to Truth, ch. 9.
20. The Armstrong Lie, at 1:36:15.
21. Michael Hall, “The Man Who Fell to Earth,” Texas Monthly, March 2013, http://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/the-man-who-fell-to-earth/.
22. O’Reilly, Race to Truth, epilogue.
2003—YAO MING BOBBLEHEAD
1. Brook Larmer, Operation Yao Ming (New York: Gotham Books, 2005), xx.
2. Ibid., 243.
3. He was not the first to play in the NBA, however. Mengke Bateer played for the Denver Nuggets and Wang Zhizhi played for the Dallas Mavericks.
4. “11: Ming Yao,’ NBA.com/Stats, n.d., http://stats.nba.com/player/#!/2397/.
5. Larmer, Operation Yao Ming, ch. 1.
6. The Year of the Yao, Part 2, December 25, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOON9n312bE, at 2:20.
7. Helen Gao, “From Mao Zedong to Jeremy Lin: Why Basketball Is China’s Biggest Sport,” The Atlantic, February 22, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/02/from-mao-zedong-to-jeremy-lin-why-basketball-is-chinas-biggest-sport/253427/.
8. Larmer, Operation Yao Ming, 289.
9. L. Jon Wertheim, “The Full Measure of Yao,” Sports Illustrated, December 6, 2010, http://www.si.com/vault/2010/12/06/106012870/the-full-measure-of-yao.
10. “NBA Rosters Feature 100 International Players for Second Consecutive Year,” NBA Communications, October 27, 2015, http://pr.nba.com/nba-international-players-2015-16-rosters/?ls=iref:nbahpts.
11. “Opening Day Rosters Feature 230 Players Born Outside the U.S.,” MLB.com, April 6, 2015, http://m.mlb.com/news/article/116591920/opening-day-rosters-feature-230-players-born-outside-the-us.
12. “NHL Nationality Breakdown from 191718 to 201516,” n.d., http://www.quanthockey.com/TS/TS_PlayerNationalities.php.
13. “NHL International: Where Players Come from and How Much They Make,” Hockey News, October 8, 2014, http://www.thehockeynews.com/blog/nhl-international-where-players-come-from-and-how-much-they-make/.
2004—CURT SCHILLING’S BLOODY SOCK
1. Dan Shaughnessy, Reversing the Curse: Inside the History-making Red Sox Championship Season (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005), 133.
2. “Events of Thursday, July 1, 2004,” Retrosheet, http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2004/07012004.htm.
3. “The 2004 Boston Red Sox,” Retrosheet, http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2004/TBOS02004.htm.
4. “Even by Their Standards, This Is a New Low,” Boston Globe, October 17, 2004, http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2004/10/17/even_by_their_standards_this_is_a_new_low/.
5. W. Laurence Coker, Baseball Injuries: Case Studies, by Type, in the Major Leagues (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013), 103.
6. A picture of his postsurgical ankle is available at “Curt Schilling Tweets Gross Picture from Bloody Sock Game,” Extra Mustard, Sports Illustrated, November 12, 2014, http://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2014/11/12/curt-schilling-bloody-sock-game-tweet.
7. Allan Wood and Bill Nowlin, Don’t Let Us Win Tonight: An Oral History of the 2004 Boston Red Sox’s Impossible Playoff Run (Chicago: Triumph Books, 2014).
8. Abby Goodnough, “Trouble in Rhode Island for Boston Baseball Hero Trying Out a New Game,” New York Times, May 20, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/21/us/curt-schillings-business-trouble-in-rhode-island.html.
9. Sean Williams, “What Curt Schilling’s Bankruptcy Can Teach Us,” Motley Fool, October 15, 2013, http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/10/15/curt-schilling-bankruptcy-can-teach-us.aspx.
10. “Curt Schilling’s Bloody Sock Sells for $92,613 at Auction,” USA Today, February 24, 2013, http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2013/02/24/curt-schilling-bloody-sock-sells-at-auction/1942457/.
2005—FORREST GRIFFIN’S GLOVES FROM THE ULTIMATE FIGHTER 1
1. “Rules and Regulations,” n.d., http://www.ufc.com/discover/sport/rules-and-regulations.
2. See, for example, Robert J. Szczerba, “Mixed Martial Arts and the Evolution of John McCain,” Forbes, April 3, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertszczerba/2014/04/03/mixed-martial-arts-and-the-evolution-of-john-mccain/#2515da91a3b6.
3. L. Jon Wertheim, Blood in the Cage: Mixed Martial Arts, Pat Miletich, and the Furious Rise of the UFC (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009), 96.
4. L. Jon Wertheim, “The New Main Event,” Sports Illustrated, May 28, 2007, http://www.si.com/vault/2007/05/28/100052951/the-new-main-event.
5. New Jersey State Athletic Control Board, “Law and Public Safety,” [2002], http://www.state.nj.us/lps/sacb/docs/martial.html.
6. Wertheim, Blood in the Cage, 147.
7. Ibid.
8. Luke Thomas, “Dana White Confirms Ronda Rousey Has Signed with UFC,” November 16, 2012, http://www.mmafighting.com/2012/11/16/3654894/dana-white-confirms-ronda-rousey-signed-ufc-mma-news.
9. Erik Hedegaard, “Ronda Rousey: The World’s Most Dangerous Woman,” Rolling Stone, May 28, 2015, http://www.rollingstone.com/sports/features/ronda-rousey-the-worlds-most-dangerous-woman-20150528; Wertheim, Blood in the Cage, 150.
2007—MITCHELL REPORT
1. The Mitchell Report, 22, http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/news/mitchell/report.jsp?p=22.
2. Tom Verducci, “Is Baseball in the Asterisk Era?,” Sports Illustrated, March 15, 2004, http://www.si.com/vault/2004/03/15/365144/is-baseball-in-the-asterisk-era-new-questions-about-steroids-have-cast-doubt-on-the-legitimacy-of-the-games-power-hitting-records.
3. John Schlegel, “The Timeline of the ‘List’,” July 30, 2009, http://mlb.mlb.com/news/print.jsp?ymd=20090730&content_id=6157972&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb.
4. Jose Canseco, Juiced: Wild Times, Rampant ’Roids, Smash Hits, and How Baseball Got Big (New York: It Books, 2006).
5. Sports Illustrated, March 7, 2007.
6. “The Steroids Era,” ESPN, December 5, 2012, http://espn.go.com/mlb/topics/_/page/the-steroids-era; Mitchell Report, 18, http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/news/mitchell/index.jsp.
7. “Event Timeline,” MLB, n.d., http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/news/drug_policy.jsp?content=timeline; see entries from March to November 2007; Mitchell Report, 13–14.
8. See http://www.baseball-reference.com/friv/mitchell-report-players.shtml.
9. George J. Mitchell, “Report to the Commissioner of Baseball of an Independent Investigation into the Illegal Use of Steroids and Other Performance Enhancing Substances by Players in Major League Baseball,” December 13, 2007, Executive Summary, http://files.mlb.com/mitchrpt.pdf.
2008—MICHAEL PHELPS’S SWIM CAP
1. Paul McMullen, Amazing Pace: The Story of Olympic Champion Michael Phelps from Sydney to Athens to Beijing (Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2006), xi.
2. Barry Svrluga, “Men’s 4x100 Freestyle Relay: Some Numbers,” Washington Post, August 11, 2008, http://voices.washingtonpost.com/olympics/2008/08/mens_4x100_freestyle_relay_som.html.
3. Gold Medal Moments: Michael Phelps Makes History in 2008, July 16, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLhTCwor1YQ.
4. “Lezak Runs Down French to Win Relay Gold for U.S,” ESPN, August 11, 2008, http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/summer08/swimming/news/story?id=3528865.
5. See https://search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?p=4x100+freestyle+relay+2008+olympics&ei=UTF-8&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs-002.
6. Phelps makes this point in an interview, “The Golden Boy,” 60 Minutes, September 20, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJ_LXsPFens.
7. Sports Illustrated, December 29, 2003.
8. David Maraniss, Rome 1960: The Summer Olympics That Stirred the World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009), 130–138.
9. See http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1960/SWI/mens-100-metres-freestyle.html.
10. John Findling and Kimberly Pelle, eds., The Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), 169.
11. “Timekeeping at the Olympic Games,” n.d., http://www.swatchgroup.com/en/services/archive/london_2012/timekeeping_at_the_olympic_games_1.
12. Among women, the Soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina has 18 medals, 9 of them gold.
2009—VENUS WILLIAMS’S DRESS AND SERENA WILLIAMS’S SHOES FROM WIMBLEDON
1. In 2012, for example, the Tennis Channel did a series on the 100 greatest players of all time. Venus was the eighth-ranked woman (http://www.tigerdroppings.com/rant/more-sports/tennis-channels-100-greatest-tennis-players-of-all-time/32467108/).
2. The only other was at the first Wimbledon in 1884, when Maud Watson beat Lillian Watson, in what was really the championship of west London.
3. They did play the occasional good, even great, match: of these, the Wimbledon final in 2008 (7–5, 6–4 to Venus); the US Open quarterfinal in 2008 (7–6, 7–6 to Serena); and the 2015 US Open quarterfinal (6–2, 1–6, 6–3 to Serena) stand out.
4. They are not the only African American sisters to excel in doubles. From 1938 to 1941 and 1944 to 1953, Margaret and Roumania Peters won 14 American Tennis Association doubles titles. The ATA ran tennis for black Americans, because the USTA would not allow whites to play blacks. In 1946 Roumania beat Althea Gibson for the ATA singles title. Gibson then won the next 10 straight.
5. Serena Williams with Daniel Paisner, On the Line (New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2009), 9.
6. The 1997 US Open; she is the only unseeded female finalist in the Open era.
7. L. Jon Wertheim, Venus Envy: A Sensational Season on the Women’s Tour (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), 9.
8. Sonja Steptoe, “Child’s Play,” Sports Illustrated, June 10, 1991, http://www.si.com/vault/1991/06/10/124343/childs-play-tenniss-newest-pixie-is-named-venus-at-age-10-she-dreams-of-flying-to-jupiter-others-have-earthier-hopes-for-her.
9. New York Times Magazine, August 19, 2007.
10. L. Jon Wertheim, “The Serena Show,” Sports Illustrated, May 26, 2003, http://www.si.com/vault/2003/05/26/343652/the-serena-show-serena-williams-who-defends-her-french-open-title-next-week-is-now-tenniss-biggest-star-and-no-one-could-be-happier-on-the-grand-stage.
11. Serena Williams Disoriented While Serving at Wimbledon Doubles Match, July 1, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1ovzG5SZDQ.
12. S. L. Price, “Serena Williams,” Sports Illustrated, December 21, 2015, http://www.si.com/vault/2016/02/11/serena-williams.
13. Kurt Badenhausen, ed., “The World’s Highest-Paid Athletes,” Forbes, June 10, 2015, http://www.forbes.com/athletes/.
14. “Venus Williams: What Is Sjogren’s Syndrome?,” ABC News, September 1, 2011, http://abcnews.go.com/Health/w_MindBodyNews/venus-williams-sjogrens-syndrome/story?id=14426884.
15. See http://www.coretennis.net/tennis-player/venus-williams/221/ranking.html.
2010—FIRST BASE FROM ARMANDO GALARRAGA’S “IMPERFECT GAME”
1. “Joyce Tops Survey; Players Nix Replay,” ESPN, June 13, 2010, http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=5281467.
2. A video of Jackson’s catch is available at Austin Jackson INCREDIBLE Over-the-Shoulder Catch, December 1, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BACyz2SSoT0. A video of Mays’s catch is available at Willie Mays Famous Catch, October 2, 2008, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUK9lG-7HTc.
3. Joyce’s comments are available at Umpire Jim Joyce’s Apology for His Call That Ruined Armando Galarraga’s Perfect Game, June 5, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dp8ST0WidfA.
4. Armando Galarraga and Jim Joyce, Nobody’s Perfect: Two Men, One Call, and a Game for Baseball History (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2011), 217.
5. Paul Clemens, “Nearly Perfect in Detroit,” New York Times, June 4, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/05/opinion/05clemens.html.
6. “Joyce Tops Survey; Players Nix Replay,” ESPN, June 13, 2010, http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=5281467.
7. Phil Taylor, “Play It Again, Bud,” Sports Illustrated, August 30, 2010, http://www.si.com/vault/2010/08/30/105976962/play-it-again-bud.
2010—FRAGMENT OF THE AUBURN OAKS
1. 1.5 million views for this one; see Ohio State Marching Band “Hollywood Blockbusters” Themed Halftime Show vs Penn State—10/26/13, October 27, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GxhWyaD_SUQ.
2. Stan Beck and Jack Wilkinson, College Sports Traditions: Picking Up Butch, Silent Night, and Many Others (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2013), 359.
3. Handbook of Stanford University (Palo Alto, CA: Published by the Stanford Axe Committee, 2012–2013), 8, http://web.stanford.edu/group/axecomm/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/2012-Stanford-Handbook-PDF.pdf.
4. Reeves Wiedeman, “King of the South,” New Yorker, December 10, 2012, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/12/10/king-of-the-south.
5. Wright Thompson, “The Life and Times of Harvey Updyke,” ESPN, May 24, 2011, http://espn.go.com/college-football/columns/story?id=6575499.
6. Wiedeman, “King of the South.”
7. “Harvey Updyke Receives 3 Years,” ESPN, March 25, 2013, http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/9086566/harvey-updyke-sentenced-3-years-auburn-tree-poisoning.
8. Tommy Tomlinson, “Something Went Very Wrong at Toomer’s Corner,” Sports Illustrated, August 15, 2011, http://www.si.com/vault/2011/08/15/106097882/something-went-very-wrong-at-toomers-corner.
2013—STUFFED ANIMAL LEFT AFTER THE BOSTON MARATHON BOMBING
1. “Globe Coverage of the First Boston Marathon,” April 20, 1897, http://www.boston.com/zope_homepage/sports/marathon_archive/history/1897_globe.htm.
2. Big Papi David Ortiz “This Is Our Fuckin City!” Boston Strong, April 20, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGMJeVHXsL0.
3. What became known as the “Makeshift Memorial” was taken down in June. Most of the items were collected and are in storage.
2015—MASSILLON TIGERS’ BABY FOOTBALL
1. Heitger Funeral Service, http://www.heitger.com/content.php?sid=70491&ssid=156621.
2. 2015 Official NFL Record and Fact Book, 356–357.
3. The others were the Hammond Pros and Muncie Flyers (Indiana); the Rochester (New York) Jeffersons; and the Rock Island Independents, the Decatur Staleys, and the Racine Cardinals (Illinois). Later that year, the Buffalo (New York) All-Americans, the Chicago Tigers, the Columbus (Ohio) Panhandles, and the Detroit Heralds also joined the league.
4. 2015 Official NFL Record and Fact Book, 356–357.
5. Gary Vogt, Massillon Tiger Football Booster Club historian.
6. He went on to Ohio State and then to Cleveland, where he became so identified with the team that it was named after him.
7. David K. Wiggins and R. Pierre Rodgers, eds., Rivals: Legendary Matchups That Made Sports History (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2010), 192.
8. Go, Tigers! Massillon, Ohio: Where They Live, Breathe and Eat Football (New York: New York Video Group, 2001).
9. Ibid.
10. Wiggins and Rodgers, Rivals, 195.
2016—CTE-RELATED BRAIN SCANS
1. Mark Fainaru-Wada and Steve Fainaru, “How the NFL Worked to Hide the Truth about Concussions and Brain Damage,” Scientific American, March 7, 2014, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-the-nfl-worked-to-hide-the-truth-about-concussions-and-brain-damage-excerpt/.
2. Ben Reiter, “Brain Trust,” Sports Illustrated, December 28, 2015, http://www.si.com/vault/2016/02/11/brain-trust.
3. Gary M. Pomerantz, Their Life’s Work: The Brotherhood of the 1970s Pittsburgh Steelers, Then and Now (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013), 303.
4. Adam Hadhazy, “Concussions Exact Toll on Football Players Long After They Retire,” Scientific American, September 2, 2008, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/football-concussions-felt-long-after-retirement/.
5. Bennet I. Omalu et al., “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player,” Neurosurgery 57, no. 1 (July 2005): 128.
6. “What Is Tau and Its Role in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy?” [interview with Dr. Ann McKee], n.d., http://www.brainline.org/content/multimedia.php?id=4115.
7. “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy,” Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, n.d., http://pnl.bwh.harvard.edu/education/what-is/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy/.
8. Christine M. Baugh, Clifford A. Robbins, Robert A. Stern, and Ann C. McKee, “Current Understanding of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy,” Current Treatment Options in Neurology 16 (2014): 306, http://www.bu.edu/cte/files/2009/10/Baugh-CTE-review-2014.pdf.
9. Jeanne Marie Laskas, “Bennet Omalu, Concussions, and the NFL: How One Doctor Changed Football Forever,” GQ, September 14, 2009, http://www.gq.com/story/nfl-players-brain-dementia-study-memory-concussions.
10. “League of Denial: The NFL’s Concussion Crisis,” Frontline, October 8, 2013, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/league-of-denial/, at 42:30.
11. Jason M. Breslow, “NFL Concussion Settlement Wins Final Approval from Judge,” Frontline, April 22, 2015, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/nfl-concussion-settlement-wins-final-approval-from-judge/.
12. Peter Keating, “Doctor Yes,” ESPN, April 15, 2009, http://espn.go.com/espnmag/story?id=3644940.
13. Ibid.
14. Alan Schwarz, “N.F.L. Acknowledges Long-Term Concussion Effects,” New York Times, December 20, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/21/sports/football/21concussions.html.
15. Breslow, “NFL Concussion Settlement.”
16. League of Denial, at 20:15.
17. Steve Fainaru and Mark Fainaru-Wada, “Mixed Messages on Brain Injuries,” ESPN, November 16, 2012, http://espn.go.com/espn/otl/story/_/page/OTL-Mixed-Messages/nfl-disability-board-concluded-playing-football-caused-brain-injuries-even-officials-issued-denials-years.
18. George Vecsey, “A Decade of Disillusion in U.S. Sports,” New York Times, December 22, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/21/sports/21iht-SRUS.html.
19. NFL Concussion Settlement Program, https://nflconcussionsettlement.com/.
2016—SPECIAL OLYMPICS MEDALS
1. Special Olympics, “What We Do,” n.d., http://www.specialolympics.org/Sections/What_We_Do/What_We_Do.aspx.
2. Special Olympics, http://www.la2015.org/sports.
3. The author’s cousin.
4. National Veterans Wheelchair Games, http://wheelchairgames.org/history/. Britain was actually the first; the 1948 Stoke Mandeville Games, which took place after the London Olympics that year, are considered a precursor to the Paralympics.
5. Maurice Smith, “The Beginning of Wheelchair Sports,” Wheelchair News, October 24, 2013, http://www.karmanhealthcare.com/blog/2013/10/24/beginning-wheelchair-sports/.
6. Karen DePauw and Susan Gavron, Disability Sport (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2005), 83.
7. Harriet May Savitz, A History of Wheelchair Sports (n.p.: Backinprint.com, 2006), 47; women began competing in 1962.
8. Paralympic Movement, http://www.paralympic.org/rome-1960.
9. “Paralympics—History of the Movement,” n.d., http://www.paralympic.org/the-ipc/history-of-the-movement.
10. James Montague, “The Thin Line: Paralympic Classification Causes Controversy,” CNN, August 31, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/31/sport/london-2012-paralympics-classification-arlen/index.html.
11. Richard Aikman, “Chin Denied Silver as Medal Fiasco Worsens,” Guardian, September 14, 2008, http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/sep/14/paralympics2008.
12. “Jordanian Paralympians Pull Out of London Games after Sexual Assault Charges in Northern Ireland,” Daily Telegraph (London), August 23, 2012, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/paralympic-sport/9494310/Jordanian-Paralympians-pull-out-of-London-Games-after-sexual-assault-charges-in-Northern-Ireland.html.
13. Zandi Shabalala, “‘Blade Runner’ Pistorius Found Guilty of Murder on Appeal,” MSN News, December 3, 2015, http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/blade-runner-pistorius-found-guilty-of-murder-on-appeal/ar-AAfYaxl?li=BBnbfcL.
14. “Participation Numbers: London 2012 Paralympic Games,” n.d., http://www.paralympic.org/ipc_results/reports/participation2pdf.php?sport=all&games=2012PG&gender=.
