The Routledge Companion to the Professions and Professionalism

Abbott, A.D. 147, 151, 189, 306, 307, 318, 344, 366, 367, 368

academic professionalism and professoriate: gender, race, class and sexuality movements 321–322;

global knowledge economy, decentred professor 322–325; inequity and knowledge production, research theorizing 320–322; key issues/conclusion 317–318, 325; Lehr and Lernfreiheit (freedom of teaching and learning) 318; third logic argument 317; traditional and comparative studies 318–320

accountability and performance monitoring (medical) see under financial issues

accountancy, finance and banking: accounting and finance profession 235–237, 247; background/key issues 235–238; banking business model/stakeholder agency approach 245–246, 247; banks’ average risk weights and leverages 241 charts;

banks’ leverage and return on equity 239 Table; capital market efficiency project 244–245; conceptual framework 236–237; discussion/conclusions 247; financialized banking business model, accounting 238–242; global banking business model 235–236; governance and stewardship 242–245; income/assets ratios: top 1, 000 global banks 239 Table, see also financial issues

Adams, T.L. 122

Adhikari, R. 304

Adler, P. 181, 219, 223

agents/leadership see organizational change, agents/leadership

Alford, R. 102

Altbach, P. 319–320, 324

Carr-Saunders, A.M. 58

Causor, G. 178, 179, 180

Choy, C. 301

citizenship: choice 51–53; commodification criticisms 52–53; concept 45–46; consensus/battle dialogue 48–49; deliberation 46–51; experience/expertise issues 47–48; key issues/summary 45, 54; negotiation 49–51; representation 47

cooperation see trust and cooperation

cost containment see under financial issues

Currie, G. 222

Czerniawski, G. 335

Darling-Hammond, L. 336, 337

Durkheim, E. 16–17, 27, 118

Duyvendak, J.W. 93

education policy see teacher professionalism, and education policy

emerging economies and global professionalism 231–233

Empson, L. 166, 167, 169–170

English primary care) see under financial issues

entrepreneurial professionalism: background 1, 2, 116; as differentiated concepts, classic research 117–118; divergent/parallel approaches 119–121; entrepreneurship research 119–121; Foucauldian approach 124–125; future alignments 123–125; globalization 125; health professionals 122, 123–124; historical connections 121–123; inter-occupational competition 123; key issues/conclusion 116–117, 125–126; new public management (NPM) 116, 116–117, 121–125, 126; new questions 121–125; professional identity 122–123; professionalism research 119; socio-cultural aspects and ambiguities 125; state–professions relationship 122; as united concepts, classic research 117

Etzkowicz, H. 319

Evans, L. 336

Evertsson, L. 93

Evetts, J. 51, 80, 103, 332

experts see professional experts

Exworthy, M. 178, 179, 180

Fairclough, N. 202

Faulconbridge, J.R. 148, 221

Fenton, E. 166

Ferlie, E. 181, 182

Field, M. 283, 288

finance and banking see accountancy, finance and banking

financial issues 102, 112–113; accountability and performance monitoring (medical) 107–108; ‘Big 4’ accountants 109–112; business development/financial accountability 110–112; cost containment and clinical freedom (medical) 107; English primary care 105–109; incentives 104; practice-based commissioning (PBC) 105; Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) 106; professional context, changes 102–104; Quality and Outcomes (health) Framework (QOF) 105, 106; quality targets and changes in practice (medical) 106–107; restratification findings (medical) 108–109; standardization and regulation (medical) 108, see also accountancy, finance and banking

Foucault, M. 34, 74–75, 93, 124–125, 219

Fournier, V. 75, 93, 359

Freidson, E. 22, 33, 52, 103, 146, 176, 177, 179, 184, 189, 317, 344

Fung, A. 48

Gardner, H. 169

gender, diversity and intersectionality: business management, Finland/USA 66–68; contemporary cases 64–68; gender issues 58–60; historical perspectives 61–64; intersectionality 60; key issues/summary 57, 68; lawyers, Finland/Poland 64–65; neutrality and power 58; pre/post-industrial society 61–62; social divisions/differences 58–60

George, S. 304

Giddens, A. 4, 103, 138

global professionalism and emerging economies 231–233

Goffman, E. 359–360

Goldenberg, D. 358

Goode, W.J. 72

governance: accountancy, finance and banking 242–245; background 31, 89–90; case studies 37–42; consensus model 49; emergent spheres of governance 34–35; Germany 38–39; historic bonds 32–34; hybridization 36–37; key issues/summary 31–32, 42–43; logics of professionalism 33–34; new public management (NPM) 31, 32, 34, 40; organizational change 219–222, 224; polyarchic governance 206–209, 210–211; power and knowledge 75; professional experts and governmentality 93–94; professionals as citizens and mediators 32–33; Sweden 39–40; transnationalism 35–36; trust and cooperation 135–137; Turkey 41–42; welfare governance 33, 94–96

Greenwood, A. 16

Greenwood, R. 20, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 172

health professional migration: chain migration across OECD Countries 303 Fig.; gendered dynamics 303–304; integration experiences 298–299; intersectional analysis, pluralistic framework 305–308; key issues/conclusion 297, 309; macro-level theoretical inputs 307–308; macro/political-economic level of analysis 299–301; meso-level theoretical inputs 306–307; meso/institutional level of analysis 301–302; micro, meso and macro influences 297–298; micro-level theoretical inputs 305–306; micro/individual level of analysis 298–299; migration of professionals 295–297; migration/integration dynamics in source and destination countries 301 Fig.; pluralistic conceptual framework of professional migration and integration 305; pull factors 298; types of transnational professionals 296

health professions, interprofessional working: discussion 351–352; exclusion to delegation to dispute over title 347–348; foot surgery, contested titles and role boundaries (case study 1) 344–348; foot surgery as a medical prerogative 347; GNARTN health project 349–351; key issues/conclusion 343–344, 352–353; rural allied health generalist, establishment of (case study 2) 348–351

Henriksson, L. 98

Hinings, C.R. 20, 165, 167, 169, 172

Hochschild, A.R. 296

Hoff, T.J. 182

Hopmann, S. 334

hybrid professional–manager roles: background 175; drivers of hybridisation 180–181; future research 184–185; general managers 178; horizontal professional/organisational contexts 179–180; key issues/conclusion 4, 176, 184–185; leadership focus 178–179; meaning 175; nature and practice–research on 181–183; nature/extent 177–180; practices 182–183; practising (rank-and-file) professionals 178; restratification and emergence 176–177; roles and identities 181–182; vertical stratification 178–179

Iedema, R. 182

India: corporate law firms 269–271; field and firm emergence for major professions 267 Table; global professions go to 266–271; high-status work, and gender 271–272; information trechnology sector 267–268; IT sector, women’s traditional advantages 272; key issues/conclusion 265–266, 276; management consulting 268–269; management consulting, women’s traditional disadvantage 272–273; market liberalization 266–267; professional emergence, structural characteristics 275 Table; structural conditions 274–276; women lawyers 273–274; women in professional work 271–274

Ingves, S. 239–240

Iwasiw, C. 358

Johnson, T. 1, 33, 74, 76, 77, 93, 147, 179

journalism: acadamization/skills development 375–376; autonomy 375; background 371–372; ethics 375; immediacy 375; key issues/conclusion 372, 380–381; new media 376–378; objectivity 374; pathways of professionalization 372–374; professional ideology 374–375; public service ideal 374; structural changes and new identities 379–380

Kingma, M. 298

Kirkpatrick, I. 96, 97

Kitchener, M. 218

knowledge acquisition: epistemic object/cultures/communities 149; evidenced-based medicine (EBM) 148–149; formal and abstract knowledge (nurses’) 150–152; formal/practical nursing knowledge (nursing), tensions/paradoxes 152–154; functionalism, critical insights into 146–147; key issues/conclusion 144–145, 154–155; knowledge society 144; new public management (NPM) 145; nursing professionalization 150–154; Portugese nurses 150, 152, 154; professional development 145–150; professional work and 148–150; social distance and social closure 147–148; transnational 148

Kogan, M. 321

Kolsaker, A. 324, 325

Krause, E. 318–319, 320

Krizova, E. 52

Kuhlmann, E. 93, 97, 121

Kurunmäk, L. 180

Kwon, S.-W. 223

Larson, M.S. 18, 146, 147

Le Grand, J. 135

leadership/leaderism: accountability shift 205–206; acculturalisation 209; background 200; grit in the oyster 201–202; hybridized institutional forms 206, 207–208, 210–211; key issues/conclusions 200–201, 210–211; leaderism 204–206; national leadership development bodies 209; neo-liberalism 202–204; new public management (NPM) 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 207, 210; plutocratic elite rule 206; polyarchic governance 206–209, 210–211; public service reform 209, see also organizational change, agents/leadership

Macdonald, K.M. 25, 266

McNeil-Walsh, C. 300

Magnussen, J. 182

Malhotra, N. 169, 171, 172

management professionalization: background 188; entrepreneurialism to scientific management (1910–1940) 190; human relations management 191–192; human relations to human resource management (late 1960s–2000) 192–194; human resource management paradigm 193–194; internal labor markets (ILMs), development 192; key issues 188–189; Keynesian crisis and salience of markets and ideologies 194–196; neoliberal/globalization challenges 195, 196–197; new public management (NPM) 195–196; portfolio investment strategies 192–193; professional projects/autonomy 189; scientific management to human relations (1930s–late 1960s) 190–192; sole proprietorships and entrepreneurialism (1860–1910) 189–190; top corporate executives, background shifts 193

management/leadership issues 159–162

Marginson, S. 322, 323, 324, 325

Markowitz, H. 192

Marshall, R. 246

Marshall, T.H. 46

Martinussen, P.A. 182

Marx, Karl 3, 18, 74, 102, 117, 285

Mintzberg, H. 164–165, 166

Muzio, D. 1, 34, 96, 148, 221

Nanus, B. 201

Neiterman, E. 299, 304

new public management (NPM): entrepreneurial professionalism 116, 116–117, 121–125, 126; governance 31, 32, 34, 40; knowledge acquisition 145; leadership/leaderism 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 207, 210, 216; management professionalization 195–196; organizational change 216; power theories 72, 79; professional experts 94–95; sociological/organisational theories 25; trust and cooperation 130, 141

Noordegraaf, M. 97, 217, 218, 219, 223

Olssen, M. 144

organizational change, agents/leadership: background 215; concepts 217–223; discussion 223–225; engaging professionals in 218–219; governmentality 219–222, 224; key issues/conclusion 215–216, 225; new public management (NPM) 216; organized professionalism 217–218; pluralistic organisations, strategic change in 222–223; positive/negative approaches 215–216; professional agency 220–221; professionals and organizations, changing relationships 216–217; unitary view of professionalism 224, see also leadership/leaderism

organizational restructuring see restructuring organizations

organizational theories see sociological/organisational theories

power theories: background 71; benevolent taxonomic approach 72–73; critical perspectives 73–75; current issues 79–82; deprofessionalization/restratification 80–81; dimensions of power 78; discourse analysis 75; Foucauldian approach 34, 74–75; key issues/summary 71–72, 82–83; neo-Marxist approach 74; neo-Weberian approach 18, 27, 33, 71, 75–77; new public management (NPM) 72, 79; organizational professionalism 80; power/interests, concepts/operationalizing 77–79; practitioner–client interaction 81–82; professional dominance/inter-professional working 81; sociological theories 72–75; symbolic interactionism 73

Pratt, M.G. 364

Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) see under financial issues

Prior, D. 46

professional experts: embeddedness 91–93; gender issues 98; governmentality notion 93–94; institutional adaptation of welfare governance 95–96; institutional change 96–97; interplay with organizations 97–98; key issues 91; neo-Weberian perspective 91; new public management (NPM) 94–95; organizational studies 96–98; summary 98–99; welfare governance 94–96

professionalism, entrepreneurial see entrepreneurial professionalism

professions and professionalism: changing world 3–6; discourses espoused by 19; diversity 2; outline of studies 6–7; resilience 1–2

professoriate see academic professionalism and professoriate

Quack, S. 36, 168

Quality and Outcomes (health) Framework (QOF) see under financial issues

quality targets and changes in practice (medical) see under financial issues

Reed, M. 1, 223

restratification findings (medical) see under financial issues

restructuring organizations: background 163; design/restructuring models 164–166; future agenda 170–172; institutional complexity 171; institutional pressures 168–169; inter-professional differences 171; internationalization and globalization issues 172; key issues/conclusions 163–164, 170–172; knowledge-based organizations 172; managed professional business (MPB) 166, 171; market pressures 167–168; pressures 166–169; processes 169–170

Roe, W. 357

Rose, N. 220

Rose, T. 167

Russia: background 280; creative unions 285; key issues/conclusion 280, 291–292; late socialism 288–289; political context (20s/40s) 285–286; post-Soviet, challenges/changes 289–290; pre-socialism developments 280–282; professional organizations (20s/30s) 284; scientific and technical intelligentsia (post-war) 286–287; social equality Marxism-Leninism emphasis 287–288; state socialism, first decades 283–288

Schumpeter, J. 117, 118

Scott, J.C. 48

Scott, P. 324

Scott, W.R. 164, 165, 166, 222

Selznick, R. 207

Sharma, A. 167

Sheaff, R. 183

Shuval, J. 299, 301, 302, 306

Sikka, P. 242

Sjöberg, Agnes 62

Slaughter, S. 319, 320

Smeby, J. 151, 152

Smith, D.E. 320

social work, and professional identity: boundaries, partnership and multi-professional work 365–367; concept/meaning 356–358; customisation of identity in workplace settings 364; institutional logics perspective and the interplay of structure and agency 362–364; key issues 355–356; professional socialisation, workplace relations and identity regulation 358–362

sociological/organisational theories: archetype theory 20; collegiate professions 21–23; conflict theory 18–19; contemporary forms of organisation 21–26; corporate professions 25–26; current issues/controversies 26–27; functionalist accounts 16–18; holism 19–20; key issues 15; limits to professionalism 27–28; managed professional business (MPB) 22; new professions 25–26; new public management (NPM) 25; organisational professions 23–25; private sector organisational professions 23–24; professions in process 21–26; public sector organisational professions 24–25; schools of thought 16–20; traits of professions 16

South Africa: background 251; economic integration 252; employment equity, black economic empowerment (BEE) policies 254–255; engineering/accountancy 254; formal education 254; higher-skilled occupations, professionalisation 261; key issues/conclusion 251–252, 261–262; lawyers 253, 255–256; low-skilled occupations, professionalisation 260–261; medicine and nursing 253, 254; new groups of professionals/occupations 260–261; post-Apartheid legislation 251; professionalisation, state-led project 257–260; public sector, state attempts to professionalise 259–260; public sector, state intervention 257–259; quantitative measures 255; social workers 253; state regulation, new developments 256–257; transformation of composition of professions 252–256

standardization and regulation (medical) see under financial issues

Stromquist, N. 321–322

teacher professionalism, and education policy: background 329; concept/meaning 331–333; continental European vs Anglo-American traditions 334–335; data use in education 339; dichotomies/dilemmas 338–339; Finland 337–338; international policy developments 330–331; key issues/conclusion 329–330, 340; knowledge base and educational programmes 336–338; on-the-job training 337; positive and negative developments 333–334; reconceptualization 338–340; research-based education 336;

responsibility, accountability, and autonomy 333–335; teaching standards 335; tensions 339–340

trust and cooperation: background 4–5, 129; complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) 139–140; confidence to trust, shift 132–133; facework and abstract systems 137–138; General Medical Council (GMC) 131; inclusion and exclusion 130–131; interpersonal trust/system-trust, interaction 131–132; key issues/conclusion 129–130, 140–141; knowledge monopoly, maintenance 132–134; legislation (19th cent.) 130–131; lost trust, politicization 133–134; mainstream professions, challenges to 138–139; medical profession 130; new forms of governance, impact 135–137; new public management (NPM) 130, 141; professional-client interactions, micro-dynamics 139–140; professional–client interactions, impeded by governance 137–138; (re-)emerging professions 138–140; regulation as basis 130–132; regulation and trust, new forms 134–135; regulatory (mis)trust impacting upon clients’ (mis)trust 137; self-regulation, challenges to 132–134; state bureaucratic control and trust within various governance models 136 Fig; transaction costs and inter-professional knowledge exchange 134–137

Walton-Roberts, M. 301

Ward, S. 203

Waring, J. 97

Weber, Max 3, 18, 27, 33, 71, 75–77, 102, 117–118

Welch, A. 320, 322–323

White, L. 222

Whitehead, S. 356, 359