Action
circularity with meaning, 26, 34, 168–170
control of, 107
responses, 66
solution, 55
taking, 159
thinking of, 78
Agency
definition, 159
presupposition, 232
Association, free, 49
Assumption. See also Presupposition
in cheerleading, 108
communication theory, 49
diagnostic, 22
of exceptions, 82
identification, 9
reversing, 58
in solution-focused approach, 10–35
Behavior
learned, 3
normative standard, 29
Behavioral model, 3
Belief
nonpathology, 23
restrictive, 177
wellness, 23
Brainstorming, 111
Brief Family Therapy Center, 7, 73, 77, 111, 126
Case examples
controlled exceptions, 218–225
spontaneous exceptions, 226–227
spouse about other spouse, 237–240
Change
action in, 182
beliefs, 201
client thoughts on, 21
continuing, 142
desired, 76
expectations, 7
goals, 60
inviting in, 203
lack of interest, 256
methods, 10
in others, xiii, 57, 164, 188–198, 228–233, 234
pacing, 257
personality, 28
presupposition in, 220, 232, 235
in procedures, 6
relational, 57
reporting, 8
response to, 106
setbacks in, 152
small leading to large, 18–20, 34, 106, 257
therapist selected, 29
vs. homeostasis, 16
Cheerleading, 106–111, 196, 197, 209, 232, 235
Children
hypothetical solution for, 79
Clarification, 94, 95, 147, 237, 238
Client
blaming therapist, 80
change in goal description, 30–31
confusion, 186
as expert, 28–30, 34, 51, 200–201, 242
feedback for, 41
feelings, 78
guiding to exceptions, 74
involuntary, xiii, 29, 184–185, 243–245, 247–253
orientation, 7
response to compliments, 115
strengths, 6
use of language, 45
wants, 6, 19, 29, 42, 59, 61, 64, 68, 133, 174, 200, 256
Clues (de Shazer), 124
Communication
meaning in, 28
theory, 49
avoidance, 47
vs. goals, xii
Compliments, 127, 129, 130, 132, 219–220, 221, 224, 227, 229, 231, 234–235, 236
responsibility enhancing, 119–120
Constructivism, 6
Control
of desires, 77
Conversation. See also Language
for constructing solutions, 63–65
influencing, 44
on possibilities, 77
supportive, 107
therapeutic, 65
Cooperation, xiii, 88, 200–215
in interaction, 44
Denial, 246
Determinism, structured, 48
arrested, 2
Diagnoses, 65
Difference, introducing, 173–174
Direction, pre-selecting, 1
Disorder, personality, 2
Education, function, 29
Emotion, reflecting, 45
Exceptions, 20, 69–73, 83, 232
assuming, 82
bridging, 92, 94, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 103Fig, 164, 194, 196, 205, 206, 212
contextual differences, 92, 94, 95, 97, 103Fig, 148, 218
deliberate, 73
difficulty with, 76
elicitation, 91–92, 95, 97, 98, 103Fig
encouragement, 14
expanding, 97
frame, xii, 91–103, 146, 148, 149, 161, 173, 180, 194, 196, 204, 218, 224, 228, 236
identifying, 84
scaling down, 104
seen in present, 93
significance, 15
specification, 92, 95, 205, 206, 218, 232, 235
specifications, 97, 103Fig, 180
in worsening situation, 145–148
Exercises
in change, 199
exceptions, 105
feedback, 138
goal definition, 62
goal statements, 75
identification of assumptions, 9
identification of presuppositions, 9
interactional, 187
presupposition of responsibility, 166–167
solution talk, 50
therapy duration, 158
Failure
solution, 58
Family
dysfunctional, 4
structures, 4
Fear
normalizing, 100
of therapist judgment, 114, 116–117
advantages, 106
for client, 41
final, 153
toning down, 136
Focus
on ends, 58
on future, 10–12, 37, 44, 63, 76
intense, 40
on means, 58
positive, 10–12, 37–47, 63, 64, 76
on present, 126
on problems, 91
shifting, 126
solution construction, 112
exceptions, xii, 67–68, 91–103, 146, 148, 149, 161, 173, 180, 194, 196, 204, 218, 224, 228, 236
goal, xii, 67–68, 76, 173, 204, 205, 207, 233, 237, 243, 247, 248
hypothetical solutions, xii, 67–68, 73–74, 76–89, 149, 174, 180, 181, 183, 190, 226, 228, 251
interactional level, 68
“on track,” 78
perceptual level, 68
restrictive problem, 177
Free association, 49
Future
focus on, 10–12, 37, 44, 63, 76
looking back from, 78
Gestures, meaning, 25
Goals
compatibility, 182
criteria, xii, 52–60, 60Fig, 81–82, 87Fig
differing, 241
difficulty with, 76
eliciting, 160
frame, xii, 76, 92, 173, 204, 205, 207, 233, 237, 243, 247, 248
hypothetical solutions, 71
involuntary clients, 184–185, 248
meaning, 26
positive, 94
reaching, 10
redefining, 164
vs. solutions, 61
Homeostasis, 16
Human potential movement, 28
Hypnosis
self, 11
Independence
promoting, 119
Informing, definition, 24
The Inner Game of Tennis (Gallwey), 11
Interaction
cooperation in, 44
escalating, 27
flexibility in, 43
meaning and action, 168
meaning and experience, 24–26, 63, 64
structure, 75
Intervention
cause dictated, 2
paradoxical, 39
Interview, process, 8
Involuntary client, 184–185, 243–245, 247–253
change to voluntary, 248
goal definition, 29
goal identification, xiii
goals with, 248
optimal settings, 245
Labeling, 30
disempowerment in, 65
problems with, 17
Language
in cheerleading, 111
negative, 84
use of tense, 17, 51–52, 54–55, 78, 83
use of tense, 17, 51–52, 54–55, 78, 83
Listening
empathic, 42
Matrix, interactional, 175–186
circularity with action, 26, 34, 168–170
in communication, 28
conceptualization in, 30
differences, 232
Medication, in therapy, 3
Mental Research Institute, 7, 43, 111
Message, 127, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 220, 221, 224, 227, 229, 231, 234–235, 236
normalizing, 123
Misinterpretation, 27
Model
assessment, 29
behavioral, 3
client-centered, 42
consumer, 29, 42, 52, 201, 242
cure oriented, 28
diagnosis, 29
growth, 200
normative, 52
problem-solving, 200
Strategic Therapy, 4
Structural, 4
Neuro-Linguistic Programming, 195n
in psychoanalysis, 49
in cheerleading, 109
Pathology
assessment, 23
symptoms, 2
Patterns, interactional, 4
Patterns of the Hypnotic Techniques of Milton H. Erickson, M.D. (Bandler/Grinder), 46
Peak Performance (Garfield), 11
Personality
change, 28
disorder, 2
Predisposition, organic, 2
Presupposition, 165
in causality, 6
in cheerleading, 107
identification, 9
influence on response, xi–xii, 46
in problem maintenance, 4
in questions, xi, 1, 8, 44, 46, 203n, 204
reversal, 192
Pretending, 58, 68, 79, 130–131, 227
Problems
focus on, 91
initial conceptualization, 43
meaning, 26
in organizational contexts, 4
in psychoanalytic model, 2
self-reinforced, 53
therapist selected, 22
Problem-solving Therapy (Haley), 200
Prophecies, self-fulfilling, 16
problem causes in, 2
Questions
construction, 46
difference-oriented, 177
exception-oriented, xii, 177, 205–206
goal-oriented, 182
hypothetical solutions, xii, 81–83, 178
inviting in, 204
in model development, 1
presupposition in, xi, 1, 8, 44, 46, 203n, 204
Rapport
conscious, 42
defined, 42
unconscious, 42
Reality
hypothetical, 73
objective, 6
problem, 74
suspending, 73
Recursiveness, 26
Reference point, others’, 81, 174, 179–181, 183–184
Reinforcement, 98
in learned behavior, 3
positive, 116
Relations, object, 2
Repression, sexual, 2
Resources, client, 23–24, 34, 151
Response
as accomplished fact, 78
in cheerleading, 110
Responsibility
for change, 151
presupposition, 162
in therapy, 152
Schaumburg Group, 114
Self-actualization, 28
Self-diagnosis, 66
Self-help groups, 30
Self-hypnosis, 11
Self-image, 2
Setbacks, normalizing, 152
Sexual repression, 2
Simplicity, in therapy, 39–40, 179
Solutions
attempted, 4
constructing, xi, xii, 5–8, 8, 63–74, 86, 87Fig, 112, 125Fig
failure, 58
hypothetical, xii, 64, 67–68, 71–74, 76–89, 104, 130, 131–135, 163, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 190, 191, 192–195, 226, 228, 234, 238, 251
interactive construction, 6
meaning, 26
recognizing, 141
rehearsing, 52
remote, 86
vs. goals, 61
Specificity
in goals, 56
Strategic Therapy Model, 4
Structural Model, 4
Support
client feelings, 78
of client position, 43
Symbol, Story and Ceremony (Combs/Freed), 203n
Tasks, 220, 221, 225, 227, 229, 232, 234–235, 236
Tasks, 220, 221, 225, 227, 229, 232, 234–235, 236
hypothetical solutions, 131–135
scaling down, 131
of therapy, 68
time needed, 150
Therapy. See also Case examples
assumptions in, xi
client responsibility, 152
differing goals, 28
function, 29
interactional, 6
models, 4
outcome-oriented, 61
supportive, 3
Transference, 119
Treatment group membership, 31–35
Trust, 42
Verbs
use in solutions, 17
in complimenting, 115
World view