Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Numbers in italics refer to pages on which figures appear.
Abraham (biblical figure), 41, 172
acanthus, 22, 24, 25–26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43. See also rinceaux
Adam and Eve (biblical figures), 6, 41, 42, 43
Africa, 51, 181, 186, 201, 203, 205–6, 209, 210–12; Darwin’s prediction of human origins in, 112, 208
African Eve (Out of Africa) Hypothesis, 209, 211–12
Agassiz, Louis, 13, 69–72, 74, 76, 83, 87, 89, 141, 144–45; “Genealogy of the Class Fishes,” 69, 69–70
Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia and North America (Osborn), 145
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 33
Albert (prince consort of England), 49, 55
Alejos-Grau, Carmen José, 3, 5–7
American Museum of Natural History (New York), 17, 141, 205–6
Anatifera (now Lepas), 86–87
Anatomia statuae Danielis (Anatomy of Daniel’s Statue; Faust), 49, 51
ancestral wax masks (imagines), 22–23
animals: mythic versus real, 5; phylogeny of, 120, 126, 142. See also specific mythic or real animals
Annulosa (W. Macleay), 55
Anthropogenie; oder, Entwickelungsgeschichte des Menschen (Anthropogeny; or, Evolutionary History of Man; Haeckel), 127–29, 128, 130, 205
Apollo (Greek/Roman god), 26
Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace; Rome), 3, 23, 24, 25–26, 52; vegetal frieze on, 24, 26, 29, 31, 32, 39
Archibald, J. David, 13–14, 52, 64, 70, 72–74, 79, 83, 89, 103, 106, 118, 182, 184, 185
Arcibasilica Papale di San Giovanni in Laterano (Papal Archbasilica of St. John Lateran; Rome), 26, 28, 32, 33; baptistery of, 26, 28, 31, 33, 39; mosaic in narthex of bapistery of, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32
Argyll, eighth duke of (George Douglas Campbell), 15–16
Arthur (legendary king of Britain), 42, 43
Articulata (segmented worms and arthropods), 13, 76, 82, 89; phylogeny of, 122
Augustus Caesar, 23, 33; aurea aetas (golden age) of, 26; patron gods of, 26; temple of, in Ankara, 23; tumulus or mausoleum of, 25, 31. See also Ara Pacis Augustae
Australopithecus, 172, 208; A. afarensis, 210; A. africanus, 206
Baer, Karl Ernst von, 66–68
Barbançois, Charles-Hélion de, 66
Barsanti, Giulio, 68, 114
Basilica di San Clemente (Basilica of St. Clement; Rome), 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 39, 41
Basilica di Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio (Basilica of Sts. John and Paul on Caelian Hill; Rome), 33, 35, 37
Batrachian (amphibians), 103
Bible: book of Revelation in, 44; Capuchin’s, 39, 41; King James, 41, 201; Vulgate, 39
Bininda-Emonds, Olaf, 186, 189
Biology & Philosophy (journal), 196
bird, 5–6, 9–11, 26, 27, 33, 35, 37, 52, 54–55, 67–68, 71, 77, 81–84, 87, 95–96, 97, 103, 131, 133, 146, 161–62, 175–76, 179, 181–83, 189, 201; phylogeny of, 81, 132, 177, 180, 183
blood-group polymorphism, 170
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 105
Bowler, Peter J., 66, 129
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, 11–12
Burkhardt, Richard W., Jr., 13, 65
Byzantine (style of art), 31
Cain and Abel (biblical figures), 42, 43
Campus Martius (Field of Mars; Rome), 23, 25
Carnivora (carnivores), 92, 104, 105; phylogeny of, 137
Carpenter, William Benjamin, 66–68
Catarrhini (Old World monkeys, apes), 106
Cathedral of St. Peter (Worms, Germany), 39
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi, 170
Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys), 112, 170
Charles Darwin’s Natural Selection: Being the Second Part of His Big Species Book Written from 1856 to 1858 (Darwin), 95, 98–101
Chesnova, Larisa Vasil’evna, 57
chimpanzee, 14, 15, 106, 111–12, 168–72, 176, 178, 201, 203–6, 204; lineage split of, from humans, 178, 206, 208, 209, 210
chironomid midge, 165; phylogeny and biogeography of, 164
Christianity, 2–3, 7, 22, 26, 29, 31, 33, 37, 39, 43, 51–52
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 2
Cirrepedia (barnacles), 86
Civic Biology, A (Hunter), 143
clades, 100, 103, 117, 129, 157, 160–61, 163, 165, 176, 178, 181, 184, 187, 192, 196–97, 201, 205, 208
classification: binominal system of, 54; bracketing system of, 57, 96, 123; cladistic system of, x, 150, 160–61, 167–68; and construction of trees, 150; domains in, 194, 196; “horizontal” (grades), 150, 151, 152, 157, 205; “vertical” (clades), 150, 151, 152, 157, 205
Clemens, Johan Frederik, 9–10
coelenterates, phylogeny of, 122
cold-bloodedness (ectothermy), 161
Collegio San Clemente (Rome), 29
computer-based algorithms, 166
Constantine (Roman emperor), 26, 33
convergence (convergent evolution, parallel evolution), 70, 92, 100, 125, 136, 138, 152, 160, 160–61, 169, 182
Cope, Edward Drinker, 135–36, 138–39, 143, 145; “Cope’s Bible,” 135; “The Method of Creation of Organic Forms,” 137, 138; as neo-Lamarckian, 134, 141, 144
Corinthian column, 33, 34
Cosmatesque (style of mosaic work), 31
creationism, 11, 56, 72–73, 77, 146; tree or representation of, 69, 69, 71, 71, 74, 75, 89, 141, 144–45, 167, 200
Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) or Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary, 182–83
Cynopithecinae (Old World monkeys [obsolete name]), 108
Darwin, Charles Robert, x, 8, 16, 67, 69–70, 73–74, 76–77, 79, 80–115, 117–19, 121, 125, 129, 134–35, 138, 141, 143–45, 152, 154, 157–58, 160, 172, 175, 183, 191–92, 201, 203–6, 208; barnacle tree of, 86, 86–87; “Big Book” of, 95; bird and fish tree of, 81; concentric-circle diagrams of, 88, 90; coral-of-life metaphor of, 81, 81–82, 85; diagrams and hypothetical trees of, in Natural Selection, 95, 98–101; on embryology in evolution, 92–95; geologic time on tree of, 87–90, 88; hybridization networks of, 96, 97; hypothetical diagram tree of, in On the Origin of Species, x, 74, 77, 79–80, 99, 101–3; hypothetical trees of, x, 74, 79, 96, 98, 98–103, 99; “I think” tree of, 82–83, 86; mammalian carnivore and herbivore tree of, 92–95, 93, 94; marsupial and placental trees of, 89, 90, 91, 92, 103–6, 104, 105; Notebook B of, 77, 80–86, 81, 83, 101; on pangenesis and gemmules, 94, 134; pigeon-breeding tree of, 93, 94; primate trees (including humans) of, 106–12, 107, 109, 110; seaweed (tree-like) form of, 85, 85; “tangled bank” metaphor of, 158, 191
Darwin, Henrietta Emma (Etty), 106
David (biblical figure), House of, 39
De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things; Lucretius), 26
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 168; double-stranded, 175–76; nucleotide bases of, 179; rDNA, 170; single copy, 175–76; single-stranded, 175
Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, The (Darwin), 106, 108, 201
development, embryological or ontogenetic, 12, 14, 17, 57, 66–69, 77, 92–93, 119, 135–36, 138–39, 202
d’Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry, baron 12
Diana (Roman goddess), 43
Didelphidae (marsupials), 104
Die Knochen und Muskeln der Extremitätenbei den schlangenähnlichen Sauriern (Fürbinger), 131
Domitian (Roman emperor), 23
Donoghue, Philip C. J., 189, 191
Eanthropus dawsoni (Piltdown Man), 206
echinoderms, phylogeny of, 122
Elementary Geology (Hitchcock), 71–74
elements (air, fire, water, earth), 1, 9
Elenchus zoophytorum (Pallas), 52, 57
elephant, 5, 41, 43, 136, 143, 186; evolution of, 17, 18, 117–18, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 146, 148. See also Proboscidea
embryo, 12, 14, 64, 66–69, 67, 76–77, 92–95, 106, 136, 139, 202; as showing evolution, 67
Enantiornithes (extinct birds), 182, 183
Encyclopédie méthodique: Botanique (Lamarck), 63–64
endosymbiosis, endosymbiotic theory, 194, 196
Escherichia coli (E. coli), 194
Etymologiae: De summo bono (Isidore of Seville), 49
Eubacteria (prokaryotes), 196
Eulipotyphla (shrews, moles, hedgehogs), 105
Europe, ix, 2, 9, 43, 51, 53, 57, 118, 129, 201, 203, 206, 209, 211
Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature (Huxley), 14–15, 15, 202
Evolution Emerging (Gregory), 144–48
Explosive model (placental origination and diversification), 186
extinction, x, 72–73, 77, 82–83, 89, 98–102, 107, 112, 117, 121, 131, 133, 136, 141, 143, 145, 150, 154, 182–86, 188, 201, 211
family tree: of Italian family, 48, 48; of Queen Victoria, 48, 49; stereometric or three-dimensional, 131
Fasti (The Festivals; Ovid), 23
Faustulus (Roman shepherd), 23
Fischer de Waldheim, Gotthelf, 55
fish, x, 5–6, 9–10, 14, 17, 19, 52, 67–73, 77, 81–83, 94, 103, 145–46, 148; genealogy (nonevolutionary) of, 69
Flore françoise (Lamarck), 61–63
Fort Union of the Crazy Mountain Field, Montana, and Its Mammalian Faunas, The (Simpson), 154
fossil, 14, 16, 17, 56, 69–70, 73, 76–77, 79, 82, 83–86, 103, 107, 113, 115–17, 121, 135, 139, 152, 154, 158, 168, 171–72, 178, 182–84, 189, 197, 201, 203, 206, 208, 210–11; ranges of, 14, 71, 72, 74, 78, 79, 198
France, French (language), 3, 31, 33, 62, 66, 76, 107, 117, 203
Freeman, Richard Broke, 84
Friedman, William E., 192
Galápagos tanagers (finches), 83–84
Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (General Morphology of Organisms; Haeckel), 119–21, 123, 125–26
genetics, 16, 92, 113, 127, 134, 168, 193; Mendelian, 145, 152, 154, 157
genome, noncoding parts of, 171
Genovese, E. Nicholas, 26
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Étienne, 11
geologic time, 14, 70, 73, 76–77, 79, 83, 87–89, 123, 125–26, 136, 139, 141, 145, 148, 152–53, 157–58, 212
Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man (Lyell), 203
Glires (rabbits and rodents), 148
God (god and goddess), 1–3, 6, 12, 23, 26, 29, 42–44, 51, 53, 69, 73, 172, 199–200
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 125
Gould, Augustus Addison, 87, 89
Gould, Elizabeth, 84, 119
Graywacke (Cambrian–Silurian period [obsolete name]), 72
Greece, 2, 9, 22, 25–26, 31, 33, 37, 39, 43, 51, 107, 117
Grünbaum, Albert S. F., 168
Grundzügeeiner Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik (Outlines of a Theory of Phylogenetic Systematics; Hennig), 159, 160, 161–63
Haeckel, Ernst, x, 79, 89, 111–12, 114, 118–21, 123, 125–29, 131, 133, 136, 145, 159, 162, 168, 184, 186, 189, 194, 202–6; “Genealogical Tree of Mammals,” 128, 128; on human family (Erecta), 203–4; on human origins, 121; “Monophyletic Family (or Genealogical) Tree of Organisms,” 119–21, 120; on ontogeny, 89, 118, 162; on phylogeny, 89, 119, 128, 162; rectilinear tree of, 118, 125–26; “Stammbaum des Menschen” (Genealogical Tree of Humans), 129, 130, 205; “Uebersichtüber das phylogenetische System” (Overview of the Phylogenetic System), 128, 128; “Urstamm” of, 125
Hawkins, Benjamin Waterhouse, 14
Henry II (Holy Roman Emperor), 49, 51
Henry II the Quarrelsome (duke of Bavaria), 49
Herrad von Landsberg (abbess of Hohenburg Abbey), 3
Hirsch-Reich, Beatrice, 44
Historia Animalium (The History of Animals; Aristotle), 1
History of Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere, A (Scott), 139, 141
Hitchcock, Charles, 71, 73
Holmes, Samuel Jackson, 67
hologenetic relationships, 161
Homo, 110–11, 172, 203, 208; H. erectus, 203, 211; H. primigenus, 203; H. sapiens, 1, 19, 21, 197, 200, 206, 211. See also human
horizontal (lateral) gene transfer, 194, 196
horse: evolution of, 15, 16, 17, 18, 113, 116, 117–18, 136, 143–44; phylogeny of, 170
Hortus deliciarum (Garden of Delights, Herrad von Landsberg), 3, 4
human: x, 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 25, 26, 33, 37, 41, 42, 43, 44, 52, 57, 76, 101, 105; evolution of, 14–16, 15, 19, 20, 106, 108, 109, 110–12, 112, 114, 121, 122, 123, 126, 127, 127–28, 129, 130, 143, 146, 168, 169, 170–72, 173, 174, 176, 178, 178, 199–212, 202, 204, 207, 209; lineage split of, from apes, 171–72, 212; lineage split of, from chimps, 178, 206, 208, 209, 210
Humboldt, Alexander von, 126
Hunter, George William, 143–44
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 14–16, 56, 112, 118, 133, 139, 202–3; debate of, with Wilberforce, 202
Hyracoidea (hyraxes), 136, 186
immunological distance, 171
Inherit the Wind (Jerome and Lee), 143
inheritance: of acquired characteristics, 95; particulate, 134
Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (Galton), 205
insect, 7–8, 10, 52, 82, 127, 129, 160, 161, 162, 197
Insectivora (insectivores), 104, 184
intermediary form, 55, 115
International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature, 161
invertebrate (nonvertebrate), 1, 13, 63, 66, 113, 174. See also specific groups
Isaac (biblical figure), 41
Jacob (biblical figure), 41
Jardin des Plantes (Jardin du Roi; Paris), 61
Joachim of Fiore, 44, 52, 59; trees of, 45
Job (biblical figure), 41–42
Justiniani Instiutiones juris reconcinnatae (Placcius), 47
Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane, 23, 46
Kuznetsov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 131
Lacordaire, Théodore, 126
ladder, of life, 2–7, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9–11, 13, 16, 21–22, 53–54, 57, 63–64, 118, 121, 123, 125, 129, 146, 200–201; as visual metaphor, ix, x, 52–53, 60, 76, 82, 212
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, x, 11–12, 59–66, 69, 73, 119, 198; as Cuvier’s mentor, 12–13; early evolutionary thought of, 63–65; first evolutionary tree of, x, 11, 60, 61, 198; as Lamarckian and neo-Lamarckian, 16, 95, 134–35, 139, 141, 143–44, 206; tables of life of, 62, 63; tabular and bifurcating scala naturae of, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66; on use and disuse of organs and limbs, x, 64, 95
Lankester, E. Ray, 95, 204
Le règne animal (The Animal Kingdom; Cuvier), 12–13
Lee, Sarah Bowdich, 11–12
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 11
Lepadidae, or, pedunculated cirripedes, The (Darwin), 86
Leuckart, Friedrich Sigismund, 57
Liber concordie novi ac veteris Testamenti (Book of Harmony of the New and Old Testaments; Joachim of Fiore), 44
Liber figurarum (Book of Figures; Joachim of Fiore), 44
Lipotyphla (shrews, moles, hedgehogs), 105
Liudolf (duke and king of Saxony), 49
Long Fuse model (placental origination and diversification), 186
Longrich, Nicholas R., 182
Louis (Ludwig) III (duke of Württemberg), 46
Lovejoy, Arthur Oncken, 3
Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus), 2
Macleay, William Sharp, 55–56
Macropodidae (kangaroos, wallabies), 104
Maison Carrée (Nîmes, France), 33–34, 35
Mammalia (mammals), x, 5–6, 9, 16, 19, 37, 41, 54, 54–55, 67–68, 77, 81–82, 84, 92, 94, 94, 103–7, 111–13, 117–18, 128–29, 136, 138–39, 141, 144–46, 148–49, 149, 154, 161, 169–70, 172, 174, 182–86, 189, 191, 201; common ancestor of, 104, 104; embryos of, 67–68, 92; evolution and phylogeny of, 89, 90, 92, 104, 105, 111, 117–18, 122, 123, 128, 128, 136, 137, 139, 140, 149, 184–86, 185, 187, 188, 189, 191, 203
“Mammalian Phylogeny: Shaking the Tree” (Novacek), 184
marsupial, 89, 90, 91, 92, 103, 104, 105, 106, 146, 147, 183–84; Australian, 146, 147
Martin, William Charles Linnaeus, 106
mastodon, molars and evolution of, 17, 18, 19
Matthew, William Diller, 143
Mayr, Ernst, 1; on Hennig, 159
Meaning of Evolution, The (Simpson), 154, 157
Men of the Old Stone Age: Their Environment, Life and Art (Osborn), 206
microcomplement fixation, 171
Mivart, St. George Jackson, 107–8, 114–15, 168, 170, 201, 203; primate tree appendicular skeleton of, 114, 115; primate tree axial skeleton of, 114, 115; rejection of natural selection by, 108
“Molecules as Documents of Evolutionary History” (Zuckerkandl and Pauling), 170
monophyly, 106, 119–20, 123, 125–26, 159, 160, 161–63, 162, 181, 196, 205
mosaic, 23, 25–26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33–34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43
Multiregional Hypothesis, 211
Museo del Centrale Montemartini (Rome), 23
Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty’s Ships Adventure and Beagle, Between the Years 1826 and 1836, Describing Their Examination of the Southern Shores of South America and the Beagle’s Circumnavigation of the Globe (FitzRoy), 84
National Socialist Party (Nazi), 204, 205
natura non facitsaltum (nature does not make a leap), 192
natural philosophy and Urphänomen, 125
natural selection, x, 16, 67, 77, 80, 92, 95–96, 98, 100–103, 108, 113–14, 129, 134–35, 141, 145, 152, 154, 171, 203
Naturalis Historia (Natural History; Pliny), 2
Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte (The History of Creation; Haeckel), 121, 125–27, 127, 202–3
Neger (German word now regarded as ethnic slur), 204, 205
Nero (Roman emperor), 23, 29
Noah (biblical figure), 42, 43, 201
Numerical Taxonomy (Sneath and Sokal), 165, 167
Nuremberg Chronicle (Schedel), 49
Oeuvres d’histoire naturelle et de philosophie: Contemplation de la nature (Works of Natural History and of Philosophy: Contemplation of Nature; Bonnet), 10
O’Malley, Maureen A., 196
On the Genesis of Species (Mivart), 114
“On the Origin of Genera” (Cope), 135
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (Darwin), 16, 56, 69–70, 74, 76–77, 79–81, 87, 92, 95–96, 98–99, 99, 101–3, 112–15, 119, 121, 135, 144, 152, 191–92, 201, 204
“On the Real Nature of Transantarctic Relationships” (Brundin), 165
Ontogeny and Phylogeny (S. J. Gould), 68, 162
Oolitic (Jurassic period [obsolete name]), 72
operational taxonomic unit (OTU), 166–67
Origin of the Fittest, The (Cope), 138
orthogenetic-like diagram, 143
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 17–19, 139, 141, 143–46, 205–6, 211; “Ancestral Tree of the Anthropoid Apes and of Man,” 206, 207; “Final Diagram (1935) Showing the Adaptive Radiation of the Forty-three Generic Phyla of the Proboscidea,” 141, 142; “Hypothetical Phylogeny of the North American Mammalia,” 139, 140, 141; “Phylogeny of Moeritherioidea, Deinotherioidea, and Mastodontoidea,” 141, 142, 143; at Second International Eugenics Congress, 205–6; on straight-line evolutionary change, 141
“Our True Dawn” (Brahic), 208
Out of Africa (African Eve) Hypothesis, 209, 211–12
Packard, Alpheus S., 61, 63
Palazzo Colonna (Rome), 23
parsimony, principle of, 170
“Patterns of Phyletic Evolution” (Simpson), 152–53
Pedunculata (barnacles), 86
percentage-based phenons, 166, 167
Phanerogames (Augier), 59
phantasmagorical monsters, 49
Philosophie zoologique (Lamarck), 61, 65
Phylogenetic Systematics (Hennig), 159–63, 167
phylogeny, 11, 68, 80, 89, 99, 111, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 128, 136, 138–39, 141, 143, 154, 157, 162, 170, 172, 174, 178–79, 181–87, 192–94, 196, 198, 206, 208, 212
Piazza Augusto Imperatore (Rome), 25
Pictet, François Jules, 73
Pietsch, Theodore W., 83, 108, 111, 121, 123, 129, 131, 145, 170
Pithecanthropus, 169, 203; P. alalus, 203; P. erectus (Java Man), 169, 203; P. primigenus, 203
placenta, 89–91, 90, 91, 103–6, 104, 105, 146, 148–49, 149, 183–87, 185, 187, 189, 190, 191
Planorbis multifromis (now Gyraulus kleini), 117
plants: angiosperm, 59, 62, 121, 123, 125, 192; composite, 131; gymnosperm, 59, 121, 125, 129; monocotyledonous, 63. See also specific plants
Platyrrhini (New World monkeys), 106
“Pontifex” (leader, pope), 7
Primary (Proterozoic aeon or Precambrian era [obsolete name]), 72
Primary Factors of Organic Evolution, The (Cope), 136
Primates, 14, 16, 80, 105, 107–8, 111, 114–15, 123, 154, 157, 172, 174, 178, 203; phylogeny of, 107, 109, 110, 115, 156, 169, 173, 178, 202
Principles of Animal Taxonomy (Simpson), 157, 159
Principles of General and Comparative Physiology (Carpenter), 66–67
Principles of Numerical Taxonomy (Sokal and Sneath), 165
Principles of Zoölogy (Agassiz and A. A. Gould), 87
progression (biological and evolutionary), 6, 9, 14, 16–17, 62–63, 73, 128, 135, 139, 202, 211
Quadrumana (Blumenbach), 105
Queen of Sheba (biblical figure), 41
Recherches sur les poissons fossils (Agassiz), 70, 83
Recherches sur l’organisation des corps vivans (Lamarck), 63
Reptilia (reptiles), x, 16, 55, 67–68, 74, 77, 83, 103, 131, 133, 148, 161–62, 162
Res gestae Divi Augusti (Acts of Divine Augustus), 23
Resurrection and Judgment, 41
Rhetorica Christiana ad concionandi et orandi usum (Valadés), 3–7, 5, 6
ribonucleic acid (RNA), 168; rRNA, 170; 16S ribosomal RNA, 196
Rift Valley (East Africa), 208
“Rise of the Mammalia in North America, The” (Osborn), 139, 141
rodent, 37, 38, 39; phylogeny of, 89, 90, 92, 104, 104, 105, 138, 150, 151
Rome, 2, 3, 7, 22–23, 25–26, 29, 31, 33–34, 37, 43, 49, 51, 57, 121
Romer, Alfred Sherwood, 144, 146, 148–49, 150, 152, 157–59, 184, 185, 205; “Chronologic Distribution of Placental Mammals,” 148–49, 149; “Diagrammatic Family Tree” (placental mammals), 148–49, 149
Rudwick, Martin J. S., 12
Sala dell’Orante (Rome), 33, 34, 35
Saliferous (Triassic period [obsolete name]), 72
Samuel (biblical figure), 41
San Luigi dei Francesi (St. Louis of the French; Rome), 34, 36
Santa Maria del Popolo (Our Lady of the People; Rome), 34, 36, 37
Santa Maria Maggiore (St. Mary Major; Rome), 34, 37, 38
Sant’Agostino (St. Augustine; Rome), 34, 36, 37
Satan, 3–4, 5, 41; “Satanic Temptations and the Ladder of Life,” 4
scala naturae, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13–14, 16–17, 19, 21, 52, 59, 61, 63–66, 118, 139, 141, 143, 145–46, 200
Schedel, Hartmann, 49, 51
Schulz, Katje-Sabine, 196
Schweigger, August Friedrich, 57
“Scopes Monkey Trial,” 143
Scott, William Berryman, 139, 141, 146; “Evolution of the Proboscidea,” 139, 140
“Selenodont Artiodactyls of the Unita Eocene, The” (Scott), 139, 141
Semnopithecinae (Old World monkeys [obsolete name]), 108
Short Fuse model (placental origination and diversification), 186
Simiadae (Old World monkeys, apes [obsolete name]), 106
similarity coefficients, 166–67
Simpson, George Gaylord, x, 117, 144–45, 152–55, 158–59, 172, 175, 208; on adaptational regimes, 172; on “explosive” evolution, 154, 155, 157; on Hennig, 159; on hominid zone, 172, 173; and Modern Synthesis, 152, 154, 172; on primate evolution, 172, 174; use of word “phylum” by, 154
Solomon (biblical figure), 41
spindle diagrams, 70, 148
St. Lamberti (Münster, Germany), 39, 40
Steinheim Basin (Germany), 115, 117
Strickland, Hugh Edwin, 96
Summer for the Gods (Larson), 143
Swainson, William John, 55
Systema naturæ (Linnaeus), 54, 85
systematics, 12, 128, 158, 163; evolutionary, 159; molecular, 174–75, 179, 191; phylogenetic (cladistics), 119, 128, 150, 159–60, 165, 167–68
teeth: occlusal surface of, 146, 147; selens on, 139
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 17
Temple of Nature (E. Darwin), 8
Tempo and Mode in Evolution (Simpson), 154–55
Terme dei Sette Sapienti (Baths of the Seven Sages; Ostia Antica, Italy), 33, 35
Testimony of the Rocks (Miller), 14, 56
total evidence, in phylogenetic reconstruction, 114
Traité d’insectologie (Treatise on Insects; Bonnet), 7–9, 8
tree: of all life (creationist and evolutionary), 71, 75, 120, 126, 142, 195, 198; first evolutionary, 61; of life, 57, 64, 69–70, 72, 73–74, 77, 80–81, 101, 103, 112, 129, 192, 194, 196; super-, 186; as visual metaphor, ix, x, 52–53, 60, 76, 82, 212. See also creationism: tree or representation of
Tree of Life (ToL) Web Project, 194, 195, 196
Tree of Shared Blood, 50, 51
unrooted network, 96, 196
Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vögel, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Anatomie der Stütz- und Bewegungsorgane (Studies on the Morphology and Systematics of Birds, also a Contribution to the Anatomy of the Locomotor Organs; Fürbinger), 131, 132, 133
Valadés, Didaco, 3–7; “Ecclesiastical Hierarchy,” 6, 6–7; “Ecclesiastical Temporal Hierarchy,” 6, 6–7
Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, The (Darwin), 94–95
Velleius Paterculus, Marcus, 23
Venus (Roman goddess), 26
“Versucheüber Pflanzen-Hybriden” (Experiments in Plant Hybridization; Mendel), 134
Vertebrata (vertebrates), 1, 11–13, 16, 55, 57, 66, 69, 76–77, 89, 113, 121, 128, 131, 135, 144–46, 160, 162, 168, 170, 174, 184, 197, 202; phylogeny of, 122, 145, 162
Vertebrate Body, The (Romer), 148–50
Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (Chambers), 56, 67–68, 73, 76
Victoria (queen of England), 55; family tree of, 48, 49
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 8
Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (Darwin), 83–84
Voyager 1 (spacecraft), 197
warm-bloodedness (endothermy), 162
Washburn, Sherwood. L., 172
Waterhouse, George Robert, 89
zonation of vegetation, altitudinal, 126
Zoologia specialis (Eichwald), 57–58
Zoölogical Science, or, Nature in Living Forms (Redfield), 74, 76
Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, The (Darwin), 83; Birds volume of (J. Gould), 83–84