Abadinsky, Howard, 269
Akers, Ronald, 26, 77, 294, 298, 302, 361
Anderson, Elijah, 309
Apologia pro vita, 347-348, 352-358.
See also Neutralizations/accounts.
Athens, Lonnie, 36
Attractions of crime. See Rewards.
Becker, Howard, 33-34, 36, 173, 363
Bernard, Thomas, 34
Bordua, David, 11
Bourdieu, Pierre, 8, 38, 181, 213, 265
Braithwaite, John, 36
Burglars/burglary, 43-47, 59-67, 69
and passim; skills and pecking order, 46, 71-77,147
stages in committing burglary, 60-64
conditions for success at, 64-68
See also Change/stability
Crime skills
Professional criminal.
Change/stability in crime/underworld, 223-228, 252-263
in identity theft/fraud, 224-225, 262
in Internet crime, 225
in drag trade, 224-227, 258, 318
new crime syndicates, 277
shifts in law enforcement, 226-227, 257
in stolen goods market, 260-262
Cloward, Richard, 25, 28-29, 211, 214
Commitment, 26, 33-35, 171-181, 348-351, 356-358
cumulative commitment processes, 309-310
commitment portfolio, 174
and passim. See also Structural commitment; Personal commitment; Moral commitment; Learning-opportunity-commitment frame-work.
Contacts/networking, 137-146, 155-169
and passim; as element of opportunity theory, 26-28
as criminal capital, 127, 145.
See also Crime opportunities; Criminal social capital; Homosocial reproduction; Racism; Sexism; Underworld stratification.
Cressey, Donald, 266
Crime as work, a business, 87-91, 125-127. See also Criminal/illegal enterprise; Fencing stolen goods; Professional criminal.
and passim, 59, 80-86, 96-99, 166
as structural commitment, 31-32
motivational side of, 31, 67, 212, 299
incarceration effects, 51-52, 300, 330-332
in differential association/social learning, 20-24
in learn-ing-opportumty-commitment perspective, 180. See also Changes/stability in crime/ underworld; Commitment [structural]; Contacts/networking; Incarceration; Organization of crime; Racism; Sexism; Skills/attributes.
Crime skills and attributes, 54-57, 75-80, 125-137, 147-154, 276, 369
and passim; as element of opportunity theory, 26-28
as element of structural commitment, 31-32, 176-178
for burglary, 59-68, 75-78, 147, 376
and passim; as criteria for underworld stratification, 213-219. See also Crime opportunity; Criminal capital; Commitment [structural]; Professional criminal.
Criminal careers, 5-10, 26-36, 57, 59, 127-129, 171-181, 216-219, 293-298,301-311,348,351, 358. See also Pathways into and out of crime.
Criminal/illegal enterprise, 37, 87-96, 125-127, 223-224
as running a fencing business, 96-98, 101-122, 127-137
theft vs. rackets, 217-219, 265
and passim. See also Change/stability in underworld; Criminal social capital; Organized Crime.
Criminal receivers, 90
legal obstacles facing, 117-122
conditions for successful fencing career, 125-127. See also Fences; Fencing stolen goods.
Criminal social capital, 31, 127-129, 358
as skills/attributes, 129-137, 147-154
as reason for mafia successes, 274-276. See also Contacts; Commitment [structural]; Organized crime; Skills/attributes; Underworld stratification.
Crowell, Paul, 91
Cullen, Francis, 39
Decker, Scott, 4, 68, 88, 363, 365
Developmental perspectives in criminology, 10-12, 304-307, 309, 359-361, 363-364. See also Moffitt, Terrie.
Differential association/social learning theory, 7, 26-36, 41-46, 55, 57, 59, 294, 298, 302, 366
and commitment, 173, 175, 180, 348, 357
Differential social organization, 29, 32, 211, 223, 231, 365-366
as normative conflict, 27-28. See also Crime opportunity; Fields.
Distribution/marketing of stolen goods, 94-97,114-116, 158-167
Ethnographic case method/life history method, 4, 8-10
Felson, Marcus, 39
Female thieves/hustlers. See Women criminals.
skills and attributes of, 87, 96-97, 127-137
contacts/networking side of, 125, 137-144; 155-169; 203-205
as busi-nessman, 8, 7, 96-97,101, 108-114, 134
coping with legal obstacles, 89, 98-99, 117-123, 167, 198-200
as infor-mant, 98, 122, 135, 153, 239
prose-cuting fences, 98, 117-122, 167-169
conditions for success at, 125-127. See also Crime skills; Criminal receivers; Fencing stolen goods.
Fence’s contacts/network, 137-136, 155-170, 203-205. See also Fence.
Fencing stolen goods, 90-99; 101-123
mixed state of competition in, 116, 281
running a fencing business, 95-98, 101-117
sell-ing/marketing of, 114-116, 162-166
covering/concealing of, 98-99,117-124
for success at, 125-127. See also Criminal receivers; Fence.
Fields, 5, 8, 38-39, 213, 365-366. See also Social worlds.
Giordano, Peggy, 223
Goffman, Erving, 32, 90, 133, 181
Good thief, 71, 74, 80, 158, 216, 219, 231, 265, 296. See also Professional criminal.
Gottfredson, Michael, 56, 90, 145, 301, 359-362
Greenberg, David, 361
Hagan, John, 39, 56-58, 295, 361, 365
Haller, Mark, 89
Hirschi, Travis, 28, 56, 145, 359-362
Hochstetler, Andy, 211
Homosocial reproduction in crime networks, 220-221, 243, 252, 275. See also Racism, Sexism.
Human agency, 7, 36-37 and passim
Identity theft, 224-225, 262-264
Illegal markets. See Change/stability in underworld; Criminal/illegal enterprise; Organized crime; Underworld.
Images of criminals, 5, 10-12, 304, 307,358-365
Incarceration, 46-47, 84-85, 328-330
effects of, 299-301, 327-328, 331-332, 342-343. See also Labeling theory.
Internet crime: for identity theft, 264
ebay for buying/selling stolen goods, 91-95; 225
Italian-American organized crime, 265-290
forms of, 266-268, 277-278, 284, 290-292
hierarchical vs. patron-client views, 266-268, 271-278, 290-291
as racketeers but not mafia, 284
differences across localities, 270-274, 279
and passim; future of, 277, 290-292. See also Organized Crime.
Jacobs, Bruce, 226, 293-295, 309, 349
Jensen, Gary, 361
Johnson, Michael, 33, 173, 356
Klockars, Carl, 91, 142, 303, 356
Labeling theory, 26, 36-37, 299
Larceny sense, 133-134, 147-148
as eye for clipping, 133
Learning-opportunity-commitment framework, 7, 25-28, 180, 311
Lemert, Edwin, 11, 34-37, 89, 174-175, 220, 299, 362
Letkemann, Peter, 303
Life course perspective, 7, 34-35, 301-307
Lindesmith, Alfred, 365
Lipsey, Mark, 306
Luckenbill, David, 37, 61-64, 68
Mafia. See Italian-American; Organized Crime.
Matza, David, 11, 26, 347, 352, 354, 365
Merton, Robert, 28
Miller, Jody, 222
Military service, as pathway into/out of crime, 316-317
Moffitt, Terrie, 301, 304-306, 311, 359-362
Moonlighting at crime, 171-172, 174-178, 187, 193, 201, 332-335, 340
Moral commitment, 33-34, 173, 175, 356-358. See also Commitment.
Naylor, Robert, 39
Networking. See Contacts/networking.
Neutralizations/accounts, 352-356. See also Apologia pro vita.
Opportunity theory, 6-7, 25-26, 28-31. See also Criminal opportunity; Structural commitment; Learning-opportunity-commitment framework.
Organization of crime, 211
and passim; stratification aspect, 213-219; 231-234, 268-270
mafia element, 265
and passim; racism in, 223; 240, 252-255
sex-ism, 220-222; 240-251. See also Contacts/networking; Organized crime; Underworld.
Organized crime, 265
and passim; definition of, 265
ranking in under-world ranking of, 19-20, 216-219, 268, 285-289
competing views of mafia, 266-267, 277-278
success reasons, 274-276, 289-287
as mafia, 265
and passim; as local clique, 106-107, 121, 265-283
mafioso as crime catalyst, 268-270
new syndicates, 226. See also Italian-American organized crime; Organization of Crime.
Pathways into and out of crime, 7, 26, 34-35, 171-173, 183-187,293-294, 301-311, 313, 332-343. See also Shifts and oscillations in criminal careers.
Pecking order of crime/underworld. See Underworld stratification.
Personal commitment, 33-34, 173-174, 178-179, 348-351. See also Commitment.
Podolny, Joe, 143
Professional crime, 54-59, 76, 127
as good thief, 219. See also Good thief.
Prosecuting fences: difficulties in, 116
fence’s response to, 98, 114-123. See also Criminal receivers; Fencing stolen goods.
Prus, Robert, 35, 39, 57, 65, 88, 178
Racism in underworld, 196, 220-223, 240-245, 252-255, 314
as homoso-cial reproduction, 220
effects on crime opportunities, 212-213
Rational choice theory, 25, 33, 181, 298-299, 362, 364
Rewards/attractions of crime/hustling, 178, 347-351, 373-375, 380
as element of differential association/ social learning, 28-30
as element of personal commitments, 178. See also Personal commitment.
Rosenfeld, Richard, 226
Routine activities theory, 39
Ruggerio, Vincenzo, 223
Safe-cracking, 51, 62-63, 71, 77-80. See also Burglary.
Sampson, Robert, 34, 176, 303, 311
Sexism in underworld, 220-222; 240-248
as homosocial reproduction, 221-223
effects on crime opportunities, 212-213
Shifts and oscillations in criminal careers, 172, 206-208. See also Pathways into and out of crime.
Shover, Neal, 8, 57-59, 68, 176, 293, 300-303, 349
Skills/attributes for burglary/theft. See Burglary; Crime skills.
Skills/attributes for fencing. See Fence; Crime skills.
Social worlds, 5, 8, 38, 365-366. See also Fields.
Specialization/versatility, 137, 319-332
as explained by differential association/social learning, 28, 32
Stable criminal propensity, 35-36, 302-307, 358-364, 366
Stebbins, Robert, 34
Strauss, Anselm, 5, 8, 10, 36, 38, 362, 365
Structural commitment, 33-34, 174-178. See also Commitment.
Sutherland, Edwin, 12, 25-27, 31, 54-59, 88, 127-128, 145, 216, 296-297, 302, 365
Sutton, Michael, 91
Sykes, Gresham, 26, 347, 352, 354
Symbolic interactiomst perspective, 36-37, 181, 362. See also Commitment; Labeling theory; Social worlds; Human agency; Differential association.
Task environment of crime, 89
Thieves/hustlers, 46, 51, 107-111, 158-162, 195, 318
and passim. See also Burglars/Burglary.
Turning points, 7, 34, 179-180, 302, 335, 341. See also Pathways into and out of crime; Life course perspective.
Typologies: of crime opportunities, 24-29, 211-212
of criminal receivers/fences, 90-94
of organized crime, 266-268, 277-278
of specialization/versatility continuum, 293, 297-298
Uggen, Christopher, 137
and passim; definition of, 213
as loosely coupled system, 213
pecking order/stratification in, 211-219, 231
change/stability in, 223-229, 256-263, 290
place of mafia in, 265-290. See also Crime opportunities; Crime skills; Organization of crime.
Underworld code, 134, 231-239, 281-283; 288. See also Underworld stratification.
Underworld racism. See Racism.
Underworld sexism. See Sexism.
Underworld stratification, 211-219, 220-223, 231, 240-252, 268-269, 288, 380
of criminal specialties, 216, 218-219
effects on criminal career, 220-221
network as marker of, 145. See also Organization of crime; Racism; Sexism; Specialization/Versatility; Underworld code.
Warr, Mark, 32
Weerman, Frank, 58
Women, 17-19, 49, 70-73, 10-169, 186-187, 199-200, 338, 372, 376, 382, 385. See also Sexism.
Women criminals, 72-73, 149, 220-223, 240-252, 258-263. See also Sexism; Underworld stratification.