absorption: of carbon, 47, 51; chemical, 110–11, 115; energy, 71, 163; light, 49, 145–6; spectrum, 61, 67, 71–2
absorptivity, 65
acetic acid, 3
acrylate, 3
acrylic acid, 3
adhesive tape, 3–4. See also glue
agroforestry, 13
AirBus, 28
air-conditioning, 11, 181–2, 184–5
aircraft: altitude of, 60; electric, 27–8, 76; flight paths of, 75; hybrid-electric, 27
Alaska, 21
allotrope, 177
alloy-separation technology, 203
aluminum oxide, 159
Amazon, 107
ammonia: carbon footprint of, 164; production of, 102, 126–7, 138, 140, 164–5, 200; as a refrigerant, 183–4; solar, 164
anaerobic digestion, 168
An Inconvenient Truth, 54
Anishinaabe, 89
anthracite, 48
Apple, 95
aqueous, 133
aragonite, 44
Archimedes, 145
argon, 42
Arnold, Polly, 22
Arrhenius, Svante, 57
Asia, 92
Atlantic Ocean, 7
atmospheric chemistry, 37
aurora borealis, 60
aviation: about, 28, 74–6; carbon footprint of, 17, 74; fuel, 108, 124
batteries: about, 27, 150–2, 154, 202; lead–acid, 150; lithium-ion, 27, 84, 150–1, 154, 177, 203; liquid-sodium, 151; redox flow, 150
Berners-Lee, Mike, 82
Berzelius, Jöns Jacob, 138
biocomposites, 169
biodegradable products, 168, 189
biodiesel, 14–15, 47, 51, 93, 108, 159
biomass: about, 14–15, 50; for aromatic production, 201; for carbon sequestration, 14–15, 107, 109; conversion, 108–9, 125, 200–3; for hydrogen production, 147, 149, 200; methane emissions from, 179; for olefin production, 201; pyrolysis of, 147, 200; restoration, 14–15
biomineralization, 44
biopolymer, 168
biorefineries, 108
biotechnology, 193
bitcoin, 31
bituminous, 48
Black, Joseph, 52
Bonn, Germany, 93
Boron, 174
Bosch, Carl, 164
Bosco Verticale, 14
Boundary Dam Carbon Capture Project, 112
brackish water, 144
Bradbury, Ray, 157
Brazil, 33
BTX aromatics, 201
Buckminster Fuller, 123
buildings: carbon capture of, 182–3; emissions from, 11, 17, 86; health effects of, 99; retrofitting, 14, 22, 99, 208
caffeine, 127
calcite, 44
calcium carbonate, 46–7, 52, 114–15, 127, 170–2
calcium hydroxide, 52, 114, 172
Callendar, Guy Stewart, 57
Campaign for Science and Engineering, 210
Canada, 21, 31, 96, 112, 114, 152, 162, 207, 210
Carbfix, 173
carbohydrate, 49
carbon budget, 9
Carbon Capture (Herzog), 121
carbon capture and storage (CCS): economic viability, 118–19; policy, 119, 121; politics, 121–2, 193; projects, 118, 122; technology, 109–14. See also direct air capture
CarbonCure, 171
carbon cycle, 15, 44–7, 51, 54–5, 92, 107, 113, 172–3
carbon dioxide: in the atmosphere, 5–6, 60, 97–8; to biomass, 107–9; in the Bosch-Meiser process, 162–3; capture (see carbon capture and storage (CCS)); in the carbon cycle (see carbon cycle); to carbon nanotubes, 177–8; in catalysis (see catalysis); in cement production, 16, 170–3; for chemicals and fuels, 4, 123–5, 204 (see also carbon dioxide utilization); chemistry of, 130–2; for desalination of water, 148–9; in dry reforming, 180–1; for enhanced oil recovery, 115, 119–22; emissions, 7, 12–14, 27, 32–5, 104, 125, 164, 189, 104, 170, 175–6 (see also emissions); to gasoline, 161–2; geological storage of, 115–17; greenhouse effect of, 5, 56–8, 67, 70–2; history of, 52; in jet streams, 75; for manufacturing plastics, 167–8; to methanol, 159–61; neurological effects of, 98–9; origins of, 40–3; for rechargeable batteries, 154; as a refrigerant, 184–5; in the Sabatier reaction, 166; for space travel, 165–6; in steelmaking, 173–77; tracing, 53
carbon dioxide removal, 106. See also carbon capture and storage (CCS); direct air capture
carbon dioxide utilization: about, 124–5: cement production, 171; chemical industry, 125; chemistry, 130–2; energy requirements of, 137, 149; market, 191; public support for, 192; viability of, 154, 191, 194–5, 197, 205
Carbon Engineering, 114–15, 196
carbon footprint: of ammonia, 164, 200; of the Bosch-Meiser process, 163–4; calculation, 31, 189–90; of cement (see cement); of the copper-chlorine cycle, 143; of diet, 13, 207; of electric vehicles, 26; of households, 208; of hydroelectric power, 20; individual, 33–4, 82, 206; of natural gas, 12; of nuclear power, 22; of oil, 120–1; of plastics, 166–7; of shopping, 209; of steelmaking, 174–5; of urea production, 163–4
carbonic acid, 45
Carboniferous period, 48
carbon intensity, 26, 32–3, 35
carbon-isotope tracing, 53
Carbon Majors Report, 83
carbon monoxide: about, 43, 69, 103, 126, 200–1; for methanol production, 159; in steam methane reforming, 103; in syngas, 113
Carbon Recycling International, 160–1
carbon tax, 95, 118–19, 191, 194
Caribbean Sea, 7
carotenoids, 49
Carrier, Willis, 182
catalysis: about, 131–6; biological, 132; electrochemical, 135, 151; energy storage, 151–2; heterogeneous, 132–3; history, 138–9; homogeneous, 132–3; photoelectrochemical, 135; photothermal, 135; solar, 137; thermal, 136, 151
catalysts: in carbon nanotube manufacturing, 177–8; chemistry of, 131–5, 138–9, 160; coking of a, 181; in the Fischer-Tropsch process, 158; in gasoline production, 161; in the Haber-Bosch process, 164, 200; in hydrogen production, 143; in methanol production, 159; in polymer manufacturing, 167, 189; poisoning, 197
catalyst support, 159
CBC, 85
cement: about, 16, 170–2; for carbon capture, 109, 111, 171; carbon footprint of, 16, 170, 172; production, 16, 170–1
Center for International Environmental Law, 166
cetane number, 159
chemical manufacturing, 102–3, 105, 123, 127, 196, 200–2, 204
Chernobyl nuclear disaster, 23
chewing gum, 32
China: air-conditioning in, 181; clean technology from, 84; coal consumption in, 12; electric bicycles in, 26; electricity consumption, 31; emissions, 21, 33, 83; renewables in, 24–5; steelmaking in, 176
chlorophylls, 49
Chory, Joanne, 15
chromatography, 127
circular economy, 89, 124, 126, 169
Circumstances Affecting the Heat of Sun’s Rays (Foote), 56
Citizens’ Climate Lobby, 210
Claiming Anishinaabe: Decolonizing the Human Spirit (Gehl), 89
clathrate hydrates, 148
climate refugee, 7
climate scientists, 44–5, 54, 62, 79, 80, 86
Climeworks, 114
clinker, 170
coal: carbon content of, 18; carbon monoxide production, 201; coke production, 174, 202; electricity generation, 29, 112, 167; emissions, 11–12, 33; energy supply, 19, 30, 137, 157–8; Germany, 94; graphite production, 202; growth, 24; natural gas production, 113; natural resources, 3; Scotland, 95; steam methane reforming, 141; steelmaking, 174–5; types of, 48
cobalt, 158
coccolithophores, 44
coking, 181
colonialism, 89
“Coming Calamity, The” (Haberkorn), 87
commodity chains, 88. See also supply chains
consumer: behavior, 82, 94, 209; economy, 1; education, 94, 206; lifestyle, 31; power, 82–3, 192, 199; products, 1–4, 127, 154, 199, 203, 205
copper-zinc oxide catalyst, 159–60
coral bleaching, 6
cosmetics, 32
crayons, 32
crude oil. See oil
cryogenic, 110
Das, Runa, 208
decarbonization, 11, 78, 95, 101, 120, 122, 172
deep saline aquifers, 119, 148
depolymerization, 169
Detraz, Nicole, 34
Deutch, John, 46
deuterium, 41
diatoms, 48
Dipple, Greg, 173
direct air capture, 113–15, 119, 182–3, 196–7. See also carbon capture and storage (CCS)
dry ice, 52
Earth Day, 5
economic growth, 33, 35, 81, 176
economic inequality, 33
ecosystems, 15–16, 19, 38, 50, 54, 117
Ecuador, 93
electrical energy, 22, 150, 154
electrical utilities, 74
electricity: consumption, 28, 31, 153, 182; cost, 142; generation, 12, 25, 29, 104, 142, 144, 149, 205; grid, 23, 28, 142, 150–3, 183, 187, 197; infrastructure, 29, 151; production, 11, 18, 20, 22, 105; renewable, 25, 28–30, 105, 142–3, 150–1, 172, 199; storage, 153
electric vehicles, 17, 25–7, 29, 82, 105, 140, 150, 152, 154, 208
electrochemistry, 136–7, 172, 203
electrolysis, 103–4, 141–3, 147, 149, 151, 153, 160–1, 164, 183, 191, 195, 198, 200
electromagnetic radiation, 58. See also blackbody; infrared radiation; microwaves; nuclear radiation; solar radiation; ultraviolet radiation; visible light; X-rays
electromagnetism, 41
electrons, 42, 110, 130–1, 143, 154, 174
electropolymerization, 146
Emiliania huxleyi, 45
emissions: anthropogenic, 38, 47, 74, 79, 106, 120; carbon dioxide (see carbon dioxide); cumulative, 9–10; global, 5, 10, 16–17, 83, 165, 200; industrial, 16, 83, 122; lifestyle, 33, 82; methane (see methane); mitigation, 14, 34, 51, 78, 82, 91, 105, 120, 124, 187, 189; reductions, 8, 27, 33, 101, 118, 176, 194, 208; targets, 9, 22, 29, 84, 96, 101, 105, 118, 188, 194, 205–6, 208; trajectory, 30
endothermic, 163
Energiwende, 94
energy consumption, 25, 31–3, 35, 82, 91, 111, 176, 208
energy density, 27, 48, 152, 158–9
energy efficiency, 26, 99, 136, 145, 197, 209
energy projections, 30
energy sector, 11–13, 17–18, 25, 96, 102
energy storage, 25, 150–4, 158
energy trends, 18
Energy Vault, 152
engineering plastics, 167
enhanced oil recovery (EOR), 115, 119–22
environmental philosophy, 91
enzymes, 132
Eunice Newton Foote, 56
Eurocentrism, 89
euthanasia, 127
Evidence for Democracy, 210
excited state, 143
exothermic, 163
extinguishers, 127
extreme weather, 7, 38, 90–1, 94, 99, 205
Facebook, 95
family-planning, 34
Faraday, Michael, 52
Farman, Joe, 61
feedstock, 102–5, 108, 123–4, 127, 132, 138–9, 147, 158, 167, 180, 187, 190, 199
female education, 34
fertilizer, 4, 32, 101–2, 109, 124, 127, 138, 140, 162–4, 175, 199–200, 202
firefighting, 98
fission, 22
flaring, 180
flight shaming, 208
fluorosilicone, 3
flying, 17, 27–8, 31, 74–6, 208
food preservation, 182
food security, 101, 162, 193, 200
food waste, 207
forest: boreal, 15, 50; deforestation, 13, 16; ecosystems, 15; fires, 38, 53, 92 (see also wildfires); natural, 13, 15–16; rain, 15; vertical, 14
fossil fuels: carbon content of, 18; combustion of, 7, 12, 17, 37, 54, 57, 102, 163, 170, 181, 202; consumption, 8, 30–1, 175; subsidies, 30
Fourier, Joseph, 56
fracking, 12
free energy of formation, 130
Friedmann, Julio, 109
fuel cell. See hydrogen fuel cell; methanol fuel cell
Fukushima nuclear accident, 23
fumigants, 127
galaxies, 41
Gardiner, Brian, 61
gasoline, 3, 102, 158–9, 161, 169, 198
Gehl, Lynn, 89
Gender and the Environment (Detraz), 34
genetically modified (GM) organisms, 193
geological carbon storage, 115–17
Geostationary Carbon Cycle Observatory, 51
Germany, 94, 122, 153, 175, 183, 198
Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute, 195
Global CO2 Initiative, 126
Global Commission on the Economy and Climate, 9, 205
Global Energy and CO2 Status Report, 7
Global Temperature Change Potential, 71
Global Warming of 1.5°C, 9, 37
Global Warming Potential, 70, 179, 184
glue, 108. See also adhesive tape
Gore, Al, 54
graptolites, 97
gravitational force, 41–2, 152–3
Great Dying, the, 97
Great Plains Synfuels Plant, 113
green economy, 125
greenhouse effect, 21, 36, 42, 54–8, 62–3, 69–70, 72–4, 125
greenhouse gas: about, 67–76; absorption spectrum of, 59, 68; emissions (see emissions); most potent, 73
Green New Deal, 95
grid. See under electricity
Haber, Fritz, 164
Haber-Bosch process, 140, 164, 200
Haberkorn, Tobias, 87
half-life, 54
Henry, Joseph, 56
Herzog, Howard, 121
Himalayas, 6
Hoicka, Christina, 208
Honda, 140
Hopkins, William, 56
How Bad Are Bananas? (Berners- Lee), 82
human health, 27, 98–9. See also public health
human-nature relationship, 88
human rights, 92
Humphry, Davy, 52
hybrid catalyst, 161. See also catalysts
hydrocracking, 140
hydrodesulphurization, 140
hydroelectricity, 19–20, 24, 29
hydrogen: about, 41, 139–41, 200; in the atmosphere, 42–3; as a constituent of synthesis gas (see synthesis gas); energy density of, 159; as a fuel for heat production, 175; in the Haber-Bosch process, 140, 164, 200; production of, 103–5, 130, 138–9, 141–3, 146–7, 149, 198; in the Sabatier reaction, 166; transportation of, 142
hydrogen bond, 148
hydrogen carbonates, 127
hydrogen fuel cell, 140–2, 159, 165, 200, 205
hydrogen ions, 47
hydrogen sulfide, 202
Hyundai, 140
ice age, 97
Indigenous: Environmental Network, 210; leadership, 93; nations, 89
industrial emissions. See emissions
industrial revolution, 5, 21, 36, 54–5, 70, 75, 78, 98, 179
INERATEC, 198
information-deficit model, 80
infrared radiation, 57, 62, 68, 70–3
intergenerational responsibility, 89, 92
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 9–10, 37, 82, 107
intermittency, 28, 150, 152–4, 187
internal combustion engine, 17, 25
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, 7
International Energy Agency, 7, 12, 118, 158, 174
International Space Station, 60
Inuit, 92
iron, 16, 109, 164, 174–6, 180
isotope, 53
isotope tracing, 53
Italy, 25
Joule, 36
Kaya, Yoichi, 32
Keith, David, 37
Kim, Jim Yong, 180
Ki Moon, Ban, 180
Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation, 65–6
Klein, Naomi, 81
Kongsberg, 28
landfills, 1, 106, 168, 178, 181, 207, 209
land management, 13
land restoration, 13
La Niña, 6
lasers, 127
Leap Manifesto, 96
Le Bourget, France, 4
life-cycle analysis (LCA), 188–9
light-emitting diode (LED), 17, 191
lignite, 48
lignocellulose, 200
limestone. See calcium carbonate
liquid fuels, 161, 183, 188, 198, 204
lithium-ion batteries, 27, 84, 150–1, 154, 177, 203
Lorentzen, Gustav, 184
Los Angeles Times, 1
Mango Materials, 168
Manhattan Project, 79
Mariotte, Edme, 56
Markey, Ed, 95
Mars, 42
medical imaging, 73
membrane technology, 114
mesosphere, 60
metal casting, 73
metal organic frameworks (MOFs), 111
methane: from anaerobic digestion, 168; anthropogenic sources of, 179; in the atmosphere, 42; for carbon nanotubes, 177; for chemicals, 124, 198; emissions, 7, 12, 179–81, 189, 207; greenhouse effect of, 67, 70–1; from hydroelectric power, 20; from landfills, 168; natural sources of, 179; as a product of the Sabatier reaction, 166; pyrolysis of, 147; steam reforming (see steam methane reforming); in steelmaking, 174
methanogenesis, 168
methanol: about, 158–9, 199–200; as a chemical feedstock, 126–7, 138, 158; as a fuel, 117, 158–9, 198; production of, 140, 159–61, 188; in steelmaking, 176
methanol fuel cells, 159
Mexico, 98
micro catalytic reactors, 197
Microsoft, 95
Middle East, 144
Milan, 14
Mildenberger, Matto, 85
mineral trapping, 116
mine tailings, 173
mobile refineries, 198
mobile telephone, 93
modular reactors, 23
modular refineries, 198
molecular biology, 13
molecular vibrations, 69
Molina, Mario, 60
molybdenum, 174
Montreal Protocol, 61, 70, 184
morphogenesis, 44
mountain reservoirs, 152
nanocomposites, 169
nanoparticles, 177
nanowires, 203
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 79
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 5
natural gas: carbon content of, 18; emissions from, 11–12, 33, 179–80; extraction of, 179–80; growth of, 24, 30; origins of, 48; production of, 113, 179; in steelmaking, 175–6; storage of, 117. See also methane; steam methane reforming
Nature, 94
nebula, 42
Netherlands, 92
net present value, 81
New Zealand, 93
nitrogen, 42–3, 50, 60, 69, 110, 148. See also fertilizers
nitrous oxide, 7, 60, 67, 70–1, 207
North Dakota, 113
North Sea, 118
nuclear fission, 22
nuclear waste, 22
nucleosynthesis, 38
NuScale Power, 23
Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria, 95
ocean acidification, 46–7, 78, 98, 117, 125
oceanic sink, 46–8, 50–1, 53–5, 63, 107, 117, 125
octane number, 158
oil: carbon content of, 18, 120; consumption of, 12, 30, 105; emissions from, 11–12, 120, 180; extraction of, 30, 119–20; growth in, 24; origins of, 48, 56. See also enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
oil crisis, 140
Olah, George, 158
one-child policy, 34
Ontario, 152
Ordovician period, 97
Ostwald, Wilhelm, 138
Ovako, 175
oxidation state, 131
oxy-fuel combustion, 112
oxygen: in the atmosphere, 43, 60–1, 69; chemical bonding of, 43, 72, 130–1; in clathrate hydrates, 148; in the copper-chlorine cycle, 142; in fuel cells (see hydrogen fuel cell); in the oceans, 97; origin of, 41–2; in oxy-fuel combustion, 112; as a product of electrolysis (see electrolysis); to sustain life, 43, 165, 210
palm oil, 108
Paris Agreement, 5, 7–8, 18, 29, 35, 38, 84, 94–5 188
pharmaceuticals, 16, 101, 125, 202
phase transitions, 148
photocatalysis, 135, 139, 149, 164
photons, 143
photosynthesis, 13–14, 50, 97, 107, 109
PhotoSynthetica, 14
photothermal effect, 145
photovoltaics, 18, 25, 30, 136–7, 147, 150
Planck’s law, 58
plastics: about, 166–70; engineering, 167; from lignin, 108; manufacturing of, 125, 166–8, 201; recycling of, 167, 169–70, 203; standard, 167; waste, 169–70
plutonium, 22
policy: for carbon capture and storage, 118–19, 193–4; for carbon dioxide utilization, 124, 191–2, 194–5; for electric vehicle adoption, 26, 29; for electrification, 105; for enhanced oil recovery, 121; for population-control, 34; for reducing emissions, 35, 80, 83, 85, 88, 90, 93, 99, 206, 210
policymakers, 80, 86, 124, 210
pollution pricing, 206
polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), 168
polymers, 3, 108, 124, 126–7, 146, 167–70, 189, 201
polyols, 168
polypropylene, 167
polypyrrole, 146
polystyrene, 167
polyvinylchloride, 167
population: effect on emissions, 32–3, 35; growth in, 31, 143, 162, 182; inequality, 23, 33
population-control, 34
population dynamics, 34
post-combustion, 112
Postman, Neil, 84
potassium, 50
Pouillet, Claude, 56
Prakash, Varshini, 83
pre-combustion, 112
Priestley, Joseph, 52
propane, 184
propellant, 60
propylene, 167
prosumer, 183
public education, 87. See also consumer: education
public health, 23, 99. See also human health
pulp and paper, 108. See also paper
quark-hadron transition, 41
Quebec, 152
radiation. See blackbody; electromagnetic radiation; infrared radiation; microwaves; nuclear radiation; solar radiation; ultraviolet radiation; visible light; X-rays
radiation spectrum of the earth, 68
radiative forcing, 62
radiocarbon dating, 54
recycling: of carbon dioxide, 124, 165; in general, 1, 203, 206; of graphite, 202; in life-cycle assessments, 188–9; of paper, 203; of plastics, 167, 169–70, 203; of scrap metal, 203
redox flow batteries, 150
reducing agent, 174
reforestation, 15
renewable energy: challenges with, 29, 36, 81, 105, 150–4 (see also intermittency); for chemical manufacturing, 102, 200–3; for CO2 utilization, 137, 149, 162, 188, 190, 192, 195–6; cost of, 25, 29, 142; for desalination technologies, 144–5; for electrolysis, 183 (see also electrolysis); for fuel cells, 141; in Germany, 94; growth in, 18, 74, 101, 142, 205; in Iceland, 121; in steelmaking, 175; storage of, 25, 155; worldwide production of, 31; worldwide trends in, 24–5
Reykjavik, Iceland, 160
risk perception, 90
Rolls-Royce, 28
rotational energy, 152
rotational states, 72
Rowland, Frank Sherwood, 60
rubber, 4, 167 (see also synthetic rubber)
Sabatier reaction, 166
salicylic acid, 127
Saskatchewan, 112
Scientific American, 204
Scotland, 95
sewage treatment, 179
Shanklin, Jonathan, 61
Siberia, 97
Siemens, 28
single-layer atmospheric model, 63–7
Sleipner and Snøhvit project, 118
Smithsonian, 56
social justice, 95
social movement coalitions, 211
soil, 13, 15, 20–1, 46, 50–1, 55, 107, 163, 189
solar ammonia, 164. See also ammonia
solar farms, 25
solar irradiance spectrum, 59
solar nebula. See nebula
solar panels, 84
solar power, 109, 137, 145–6, 198
solar radiation, 36–7, 56, 61, 64. See also solar irradiance spectrum
Solvay process, 127
Sony, 154
sorbent, 111
South Korea, 21
Spain, 25
Squamish, British Columbia, 115
standard plastics, 167
steam methane reforming, 103, 141, 146–7, 161, 164, 180, 200
Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 65
storms, 7
stratosphere, 37, 43, 60–1, 75
stratospheric aerosol injection, 37
strong nuclear force, 41
Styring, Peter, 124
suberin, 15
sulfur hexafluoride, 73
sulfur oxide, 27
Sunrise Movement, 210
supercritical fluid, 116
supernova, 42
supersaturation, 21
supply chains, 11, 13, 82, 84, 124–6, 132, 157, 160, 164, 188, 192, 207–8
support. See catalyst support
surface area, 133
surfactants, 201
syngas. See synthesis gas
synthesis gas, 113, 159–60, 174, 176, 180, 198
synthetic rubber, 3, 125, 201. See also rubber
telecommunications, 167
termites, 179
tetrafluoropropene, 184
tetraphthalate, 167
Texas, 92
thermal distillation, 144–6, 149
thermodynamics, 49, 111, 138, 172
thermoelectric generator, 136
thermoplastics, 169
thermoset polymer, 169
thermosphere, 60
This Changes Everything (Klein), 81
Thunberg, Greta, 83
toothpaste, 32
Toronto Science Policy Network, 210
Toyota, 140
transportation sector, 11, 17–18, 25, 27–9, 91, 101, 105, 113, 135, 149– 50, 158, 196, 208–9. See also public transit
tree planting, 15
trees, 13–16, 48–51, 89, 93. See also chemical tree
trilobites, 97
toluene, 201
ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 43, 58–60, 62, 69
Union of Concerned Scientists, 210
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 4
UN Environment Emissions Gap Report, 8
United States: beliefs on climate change, 90; chemical industry, 204; emissions, 12, 35, 180; enhanced oil recovery, 121; Green New Deal, 95; mining, 21; Paris Agreement, 94–5; plastics recycling, 167; shale gas extraction, 179; steelmaking, 176
uranium, 22
vanadium, 174
van Helmont, Jan Baptista, 52
Venus, 42
vertical farming, 13
vibrational modes of the CO2 molecule, 72
volcanic eruptions, 37, 48, 96, 98
Volkswagen, 185
Volta, Alessandro, 150
Walmart, 95
water desalination, 143–9, 153–4
water electrolysis. See electrolysis
water vapor, 43, 56, 60, 69, 71, 140, 142
weak nuclear force, 41
weather patterns, 37, 50, 88, 181, 189. See also extreme weather
Western worldview, 89
wildfires, 90. See also forest: fires
wildlife, 20
wind turbines, 18, 30, 84, 150, 197
winemaking, 127
World Economic Forum’s Global Future Councils, 204
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 6
X-rays, 58
xylenes, 201
Yucatán Peninsula, 98
zeolites, 111
zero-point vibrational energies, 53
Zero Routine Flaring, 180