CONTENTS
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List of Figures	ix
Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xxi
PART I. Radical Microsociology
CHAPTER 1 The Program of Interaction Ritual Theory	3
Situation rather than Individual as Starting Point	3
Conflicting Terminologies	7
Traditions of Ritual Analysis	9
Subcognitive Ritualism	9
Functionalist Ritualism	13
Goffman’s Interaction Ritual	16
The Code-Seeking Program	25
The Cultural Turn	30
Classic Origins of IR Theory in Durkheim’s Sociology of Religion	32
The Significance of Interaction Ritual for General Sociological Theory	40
CHAPTER 2 The Mutual-Focus / Emotional-Entrainment Model	47
Ritual Ingredients, Processes, and Outcomes	47
Formal Rituals and Natural Rituals	49
Failed Rituals, Empty Rituals, Forced Rituals	50
Is Bodily Presence Necessary?	53
The Micro-Process of Collective Entrainment in Natural Rituals	65
Conversational Turn-Taking as Rhythmic Entrainment	66
Experimental and Micro-Observational Evidence on Rhythmic Coordination and Emotional Entrainment	75
Joint Attention as Key to Development of Shared Symbols	79
Solidarity Prolonged and Stored in Symbols	81
The Creation of Solidarity Symbols in 9/11	88
Rules for Unraveling Symbols	95
CHAPTER 3 Emotional Energy and the Transient Emotions	102
Disruptive and Long-Term Emotions, or Dramatic Emotions and Emotional Energy	105
Interaction Ritual as Emotion Transformer	107
Stratified Interaction Rituals	111
Power Rituals	112
Status Rituals	115
Effects on Long-Term Emotions: Emotional Energy	118
Emotion Contest and Conflict Situations	121
Short-Term or Dramatic Emotions	125
Transformations from Short-Term Emotions into Long-Term EE	129
The Stratification of Emotional Energy	131
Appendix: Measuring Emotional Energy and Its Antecedents	133
CHAPTER 4 Interaction Markets and Material Markets	141
Problems of the Rational Cost-Benefit Model	143
The Rationality of Participating in Interaction Rituals	146
The Market for Ritual Solidarity	149
Reinvestment of Emotional Energy and Membership Symbols	149
Match-Ups of Symbols and Complementarity of Emotions	151
Emotional Energy as the Common Denominator of Rational Choice	158
I. Material Production Is Motivated by the Need for Resources for Producing IRs	160
II. Emotional Energy Is Generated by Work-Situation IRs	163
III. Material Markets Are Embedded in an Ongoing Flow of IRs Generating Social Capital	165
Altruism	168
When Are Individuals Most Materially Self-Interested?	170
The Bottom Line: EE-Seeking Constrained by Material Resources	171
Sociology of Emotions as the Solution to Rational Choice Anomalies	174
The Microsociology of Material Considerations	176
Situational Decisions without Conscious Calculation	181
CHAPTER 5 Internalized Symbols and the Social Process of Thinking	183
Methods for Getting Inside, or Back Outside	184
Intellectual Networks and Creative Thinking	190
Non-Intellectual Thinking	196
Anticipated and Reverberated Talk	197
Thought Chains and Situational Chains	199
The Metaphor of Dialogue among Parts of the Self	203
Verbal Incantations	205
Speeds of Thought	211
Internal Ritual and Self-Solidarity	218
PART II. Applications
CHAPTER 6 A Theory of Sexual Interaction	223
Sex as Individual Pleasure-Seeking	228
Sex as Interaction Ritual	230
Nongenital Sexual Pleasures as Symbolic Targets	238
Sexual Negotiation Scenes rather than Constant Sexual Essences	250
Prestige-Seeking and Public Eroticization	252
CHAPTER 7 Situational Stratification	258
Macro- and Micro-Situational Class, Status, and Power	263
Economic Class as Zelizer Circuits	263
Status Group Boundaries and Categorical Identities	268
Categorical Deference and Situational Deference	278
D-Power and E-Power	284
Historical Change in Situational Stratification	288
An Imagery for Contemporary Interaction	293
CHAPTER 8 Tobacco Ritual and Anti-Ritual: Substance Ingestion as a History of Social Boundaries	297
Inadequacies of the Health and Addiction Model	299
Tobacco Rituals: Relaxation / Withdrawal Rituals, Carousing Rituals, Elegance Rituals	305
Ritual Paraphernalia: Social Display and Solitary Cult	317
Failures and Successes of Anti-Tobacco Movements	326
Aesthetic Complaints and Struggle over Status Display Standards	327
Anti-Carousing Movements	328
The End of Enclave Exclusion: Respectable Women Join the Carousing Cult	329
The Health-Oriented Anti-Smoking Movement of the Late Twentieth Century	331
The Vulnerability of Situational Rituals and the Mobilization of Anti-Carousing Movements	337
CHAPTER 9 Individualism and Inwardness as Social Products	345
The Social Production of Individuality	347
Seven Types of Introversion	351
Work-Obsessed Individuals	351
Socially Excluded Persons	353
Situational Introverts	354
Alienated Introverts	355
Solitary Cultists	356
Intellectual Introverts	357
Neurotic or Hyper-Reflexive Introverts	360
The Micro-History of Introversion	362
The Modern Cult of the Individual	370
Notes	375
References	417
Index	435