NOTES

. . . . . . . . . . .

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES

ARCL	Annual Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses to the Secretary of Commerce, for the Year Ending ___
ARLHB	Annual Report of the Lighthouse Board, for the Year Ending ___
LSB	Lighthouse Service Bulletin
NAB	National Archives Building, Washington, DC
NACP	National Archives at College Park, MD
NDAR	Naval Documents of the American Revolution
ORUCN	Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion
Report of the	Report of the Officers Constituting the Light-House Board
Officers	(Washington: A. Boyd Hamilton, 1852)
RG	Record Group
RLHB	Report of the Lighthouse Board, in the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, on the State of the Finances for the Year Ending ___
TDCCR	Treasury Department Collection of Confederate Records, Records Relating to Lighthouse Establishment
USLB	United States Lighthouse Board

Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.

INTRODUCTION

xiithe Union: “Loss of Ship Union,” Salem Gazette (February 28, 1817); “Shipwreck” National Advocate (March 1, 1817); and James Duncan Phillips, Pepper and Pirates: Adventures in the Sumatra Pepper Trade of Salem (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1949), 63–65.

xv“Among all the hosts”: William S. Pelletreau, A History of Long Island From Its Earliest Settlement To The Present Time, vol. 2 (New York: Lewis Publishing Company, 1905), 28.

CHAPTER 1: COLONIAL LIGHTS

1“Now a new … these coasts?”: Samuel Clough, The New England Almanack for the Year of 1701 (Boston: R. Green and J. Allen, 1701), 2–3.

2magnificent Pharos: Alan Stevenson, A Rudimentary Treatise on the History, Construction, and Illumination of Lighthouses (London: John Weale, 1850), 1–6; Judith McKenzie, The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt: c. 300 BC to AD 700 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 41–45; and David Abulafia, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean (London: Oxford University Press, 2011), 155.

2“to the safety”: Peter A. Clayton, “The Pharos at Alexandria,” in The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, edited by Peter A. Clayton and Martin J. Price (New York: Routledge, 1988), 143.

2“like a star”: Twelfth-century Arabian geographer Edrisi, quoted in William Henry Davenport Adams, Lighthouses and Lightships: A Descriptive and Historical Account of Their Mode of Construction and Organization (London: T. Nelson and Sons, 1870), 25.

2“a mountain”: Achilles Tatius, Achilles Tatius, translated by S. Gaselee (London: William Heinemann, 1917), 249.

3nearly seventy: D. Alan Stevenson, The World’s Lighthouses Before 1820 (London: Oxford University Press, 1959), 8–12, 17–37, 46, 86–87, 97–109.

4“ragged stones”: Julian Stockwin, Stockwin’s Maritime Miscellany: A Ditty Bag of Wonders from the Golden Age of Sail (New York: Random House, 2001), 58.

4Henry Winstanley … the least: The background for the Eddystone Lighthouse comes from Fred Majdalany, The Eddystone Lighthouse (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1960), 23–72.

5“the greatest”: Ibid., 57.

6“fier-bales”: Arnold Burges Johnson, The Modern Light-House Service (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1890), 13.

7age-old problem: Francis Ross Holland, Jr., America’s Lighthouses: Their Illustrated History Since 1716 (Brattleboro, VT: Stephen Greene Press, 1972), 8.

7“one continued”: John F. Campbell, History and Bibliography of The New American Practical Navigator and The American Coast Pilot (Salem, MA: Peabody Museum, 1964), 29.

7“at some headland”: “Note on Boston Light,” in Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Transactions, 1899–1900, vol. 6 (Boston: The Colonial Society, 1904), 278–79.

8“the want of”: “An Act for Building and Maintaining a Light-House Upon Great Brewster (Called Beacon-Island) at the Entrance of the Harbour of Boston,” in Acts and Laws, of His Majesty’s Province of the Massachusetts-Bay in New-England (Boston: S. Kneeland, 1759), 184–85.

9Boston Lighthouse was lit: “Boston,” Boston News Letter (September 10–17, 1716).

9Judging by … light itself: Thomas Knox, “Boston Light House,” Massachusetts Magazine (February 1789), 71; “Resolve Directing Richard Devens, Esq., Commissary General to Build and Compleat a Light House and Other Buildings at the Entrance of Boston Harbour . . .” (July 2, 1783), in Acts and Laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Company, 1890), 711; and Sally R. Snowman and James G. Thompson, Boston Light: A Historical Perspective (North Andover, MA: Flagship Press, 1999), 7.

9George Worthylake: Background on Worthylake comes from Nathaniel B. Shurtleff, A Topographical and Historical Description of Boston (Boston: Boston City Council, 1871), 570; and Edward Rowe Snow, The Lighthouses of New England, updated by Jeremy D’Entremont (Beverly, MA: Commonwealth Editions, 2002), 177.

9“kindling the”: “An Act for Building and Maintaining a Light-House,” 185.

9Worthylake, his wife: “Boston,” Boston News-Letter (November 3–10, 1718).

10“tarried on board”: Contemporary source quoted by Snow, The Lighthouses, 177.

10Between ten … for burial: Ibid., 177–79.

11“Providence Asserted”: Richard C. Fyffe, “Providence Asserted and Adored: A Cotton Mather Text Rediscovered,” in Essex Institute Historical Collections (July 1989), 201–38.

11“inexpressible horror”: Ibid., 209–10.

11Whereas Mather … the drownings: Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1886), 19–20; Walter Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin: An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 20–21; and H. W. Brands, The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin (New York: Anchor Books, 212), 20.

12“The Lighthouse Tragedy”… “very bad one”: Franklin, The Autobiography, 20.

13“as large … a lighthouse”: Benjamin Franklin, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin, Written by Himself to a Late Period, and Continued to the Time of his Death, edited by William Temple Franklin (London: Henry Colburn, 1818), 132–33.

13With Worthylake … the surface: “Boston,” Boston News-Letter (November 10–17, 1718); and “Boston,” Boston News-Letter (November 17–24, 1718).

14“great gun”: Snow, The Lighthouses, 180.

14fires gutted: Fitz-Henry Smith, Jr., The Story of Boston Light, With Some Accounts of the Beacons in Boston Harbor (Boston: Privately printed, 1911), 22–24.

15Clergymen had … blasphemous act: Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin, 137–44; and Bertrand Russell, Russell: The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell (New York: Routledge Classics, 2009), 47.

15“thought it”: Knox, Boston Light House, 70.

15colonies’ economy grow faster: John J. McCusker, “Colonial Statistics,” in Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Times to the Present, Millennial Edition, vol. 5, part E, edited by Susan B. Carter et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 216), 5-627–36.

16“the faraway”: R. A. Douglas-Lithgow, Nantucket, A History (New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1914), 25.

16“Take out”: Herman Melville, Moby-Dick or the White Whale (Boston: St. Botolph Society, 1892), 63.

16voted two hundred pounds: Karen T. Butler, Nantucket Lights: An Illustrated History of the Island’s Legendary Beacons (Nantucket: Mill Hill Press, 1996), 9–12, 19.

17“the most violent”: “Extract of a Letter from Nantucket, March 9, 1774,” Essex Journal and Merrimack Packet (March 23, 1774).

17Rhode Island followed suit: Background for Rhode Island’s first lighthouse comes from Richard L. Champlin, “Rhode Island’s First Lighthouse,” Newport History (Summer 1970), 49–64; Susan B. Franklin, “The Beavertail Lighthouse,” Rhode Island History (October 1951), 97–101; Varoujan Karentz, Beavertail Light Station on Conanicut Island: Its Use, Development and History from 1749 (Charleston, SC: BookSurge Publishing, 2008), 31–43; and Sarah C. Gleason, Kindly Lights: A History of the Lighthouses of Southern New England (Boston: Beacon Press, 1991), 16–19.

17“for the preservation”: Gleason, Kindly Lights, 16.

18lighthouse goes dark: Background for this section comes from “Newport, November 10,” Newport Mercury (November 3–10, 1766); “Jamestown, November 14, 1766,” Newport Mercury (November 10–17, 1766); and “Newport, November 22, 1766,” Newport Mercury (November 17–24, 1766).

19“sporting with”: “Newport, November 22, 1766,” Newport Mercury.

19“private fortune … blame”: “Jamestown, Nov. 28, 1766,” Newport Mercury (November 24–December 1, 1766).

19“contempt … to determine”: “Josiah Arnold on Beaver Tail Light” (February 1767), Petitions to the General Assembly, vol. 13, no. 53, Rhode Island State Archives.

19awarded him: “General Treasurer—Accounts Allowed, Arnold with the Colony,” June 1767, Second Session, Rhode Island State Archives.

20New London was next: Background for the New London Lighthouse comes from Charles J. Hoadly, Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, From May, 1757, to March, 1762, Inclusive (Hartford: Case, Lockwood & Brainerd Co., 1880), 468–69; and Edward Rowe Snow, Famous Lighthouses of America (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1955), 88–89.

20New Yorkers forged: Background for New York’s lighthouse comes from Kenneth Scott, “The Sandy Hook Lighthouse,” American Neptune (April 1965), 123–25; Edmund Andros to Philip Carteret (March 7, 1680), in The Andros Papers, 1679–1680, edited by Peter R, Christoph and Florence A. Christoph (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1989), 238–39; “Scheme of a Lottery,” New-York Gazette (July 6, 1761); Julia Bricklin, “The Colonial Public Lottery: A Beacon Light for New Yorkers,” Financial History (Summer 2013), 12–15; and “Scheme of the New-York Light-House and Publick Lottery,” New-York Mercury (April 25, 1763).

21“It is surprising”: “New-York, Dec. 19,” New-York Mercury (December 19, 1757).

21“an object so”: Cadwallader Colden, “The Light House on Sandy Hook,” Colonial Records of the New York Chamber of Commerce, 1768–1784, edited by John Austin Stevens, Jr. (New York: John F. Trow, 1867), 320.

21sixty pounds per year: Ed Crews, “How Much Is That in Today’s Money?” Colonial Williamsburg (Summer 2002), accessed on May 29, 2015, at http://www.history.org/foundation/journal/Summer02/money2.cfm.

22“judged to be”: “New-York, June 18,” New-York Mercury (June 18, 1764).

22Philadelphia had: Background for Pennsylvania’s lighthouse come from John W. Beach, The Cape Henlopen Lighthouse (Dover, MD: Henlopen Publishing, 1970), 10–24; Bob Trapani, Jr., Delaware Lights: A History of Lighthouses in the First State (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2007), 13–14; Douglas J. Evans, The History of Cape Henlopen Lighthouse, 1764–1926 (Senior thesis, University of Delaware, Newark, 1958); and “Scheme,” Pennsylvania Gazette (November 12, 1761).

22And given Pennsylvania’s: David McCullough, John Adams (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 79.

22“the wrecks”: Evans, History of Cape Henlopen Lighthouse, 5.

23“that the elegant”: Harold E. Gillingham, “Lotteries in Philadelphia Prior to 1776,” Pennsylvania History (April 1938), 94.

23notice to all: “To All Masters of Vessels,” Pennsylvania Gazette (December 5, 1765).

23led by Charleston: Background for Charleston’s lighthouse comes from Douglas W. Bostick, The Morris Island Lighthouse: Charleston’s Maritime Beacon (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2008), 13–19; Suzannah Smith Miles, Writing of the Islands: Sullivan’s Island and the Isle of Palms (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2004), 64–65; “Charles-Town, June 1,” South Carolina Gazette (June 28, 1768); “Charles-Town, June 16,” The South Carolina Gazette (June 16, 1767); and “Charles-Town, December 2,” South Carolina Gazette (December 2, 1766).

24one at Gurnet Point: Jeremy D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Massachusetts (Beverly, MA: Commonwealth Editions, 2007), 245–46.

24“by directing”: “An Act for the Building and Maintaining a Lighthouse on the East End of the Gurnet, at the Entrance of the Harbor of Plymouth,” in Acts and Resolves, Public and Private, of the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, vol. 4 (Boston: Wright & Potter, 1890), 992.

25Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Background for Portsmouth’s lighthouse comes from Jane Molloy Porter, Friendly Edifices: Piscataqua Lighthouses and Other Aids to Navigation, 1771–1939 (Portsmouth: Portsmouth Marine Society, 2006), 21–38.

25“King’s Broad Arrow”: Eric Rutkow, American Canopy: Trees, Forests, and the Making of a Nation (New York: Scribner, 2012), 28–32.

25“If such a”: Porter, Friendly, 23.

26“It is to”: “Portsmouth, Dec. 16,” New-Hampshire Gazette (December 16, 1768).

26“Many valuable … unfeeling recusant”: Porter, Friendly, 28.

26“the most likely explanation”: Ibid, 30.

27“been the”: Ibid., 38.

27crash of the Watch and Wait: The background and all the quotes relating to the Watch and Wait come from Anthony Thacher, “Anthony Thacher’s Narrative of His Shipwreck,” in Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, From 1623 to 1636, edited by Alexander Young (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1846), 485–86.

29“forty marks”: John R. Totten, Thacher Genealogy, part 1 (New York: New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, 1910), 74.

29the Londoner: Lemuel Gott, “Centennial Address,” in History of the Town of Rockport, compiled by John W. Marshall, et al. (Rockport, MA: Rockport Review Office, 1888), 27.

30Marblehead merchants petitioned: Petition by Jeremiah Lee, Ben Marston, and Azor Orne (April 2, 1771), in The Acts and Resolves, Public and Private, of the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, vol. 5 (Boston: Wright & Potter, 1886), 149–50.

30The legislature appointed: “An Act for Building and Maintaining a Lighthouse or Houses on Thacher’s Island or on the Mainland of Cape Ann,” (April 26, 1771), in Proceedings in the North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration Before the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague, vol. 5 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1912), 1313–14.

31“Ann’s Eyes”: Eleanor C. Parsons, Thachers: Island of the Twin Lights (Canaan, NH: Phoenix Publishing, 1985), 17.

CHAPTER 2: CASUALTIES OF WAR

32“public humiliation … of blood”: Continental Congress, “Proclamation for a Day of Fasting and Prayer,” in Documents and Records Relating to the Province of New Hampshire, From 1764 to 1776, vol. 7, edited by Nathaniel Bouton (Nashua: Orren C. Moore, 1873), 545.

33On July 2: “order,” July 2, 1775, in The Journals of Each Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in 1774 and 1775, and of the Committee of Safety, edited by William Lincoln (Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, 1838), 441–42.

33already extinguished: “Feb. 2, 1778,” in The Acts and Resolves, Public and Private, of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, vol. 4 (Boston: Wright & Potter, 1890), 1005.

33Thacher Island Lighthouse was the next: Joseph E. Garland, The Fish and the Falcon: Gloucester’s Resolute Role in America’s Fight for Freedom (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006), 88–89; and Parsons, Thachers, 18–19.

34“to shift”: “British Report of Destruction of Lighthouse on Thacher’s Island,” (July 6, 1775) in NDAR, vol. 1, edited by William Bell Clark (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964), 828.

34“Liberty’s Exiles”: Maya Jasanoff, Liberty’s Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011), 6.

34ordered Major Vose: For background on Vose’s attack see “To George Washington from Brigadier General William Heath, 21 July 1775,” The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 1, 16 June 1775 – 15 September 1775, edited by Philander D. Chase (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1985), 151–52; William Heath, Memoirs of Major-General William Heath, edited by William Abbatt (New York: William Abbatt, 1901), 18; “Richard Cranch to John Adams, 24 July 1775,” Adams Family Correspondence, December 1761 – May 1776, vol. 1, edited by Lyman H. Butterfield (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), 258–60; “Extract of a Genuine Letter from Boston, Dated July 25, 1775,” in NDAR, vol. 1, edited by William Bell Clark (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964), 971; “Journal of His Majesty’s Ship, Lively, Captain Thomas Bishop, Commanding” (July 20, 1775), NDAR, vol. 1, 935; and Elias Nason, A Memoir of Mrs. Susanna Rowson (Albany, NY: Joel Munsell, 1870), 19–20.

35“saw the flames”: “Extract of a Letter From the Camp at Cambridge, July 24, 1775,” in NDAR, vol. 1, 956.

35“these little”: Abigail Adams to John Adams (July 25, 1775), in Letters of Mrs. Adams, The Wife of John Adams, edited by Charles Francis Adams (Boston: Wilkins, Carter, and Company, 1848), 45.

35“It is said”: “James Warren to John Adams, extract” (July 20, 1775), in NDAR, vol. 1, 934.

35“To all Seafaring”: “From the Massachusetts Gazette of July 20,” in The Remembrancer, or Impartial Repository of Public Events (London: J. Almon, 1775), 151.

36“With this party”: “Narrative of Vice Admiral Samuel Graves” (July 22, 1775), in NDAR, vol. 1, 950.

36by July 29: “To John Adams from James Warren, 31 July 1775,” Papers of John Adams, May 1775 – January 1776, vol. 3, ed. Robert J. Taylor (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 110.

36ordering a second attack: George Washington to Congress, July 21, 1775, Official Letters to the Honorable American Congress, Written During the War Between the United Colonies and Great Britain, by His Excellency, George Washington, vol. 1(London: G. G. and J. Robinson, 1795), 15.

36Benjamin Tupper: For background on Tupper’s raid see “From George Washington to John Hancock, 4–5 August 1775,” The Papers of George Washington, vol. 1, 223–39; “To John Adams from William Tudor, 31 July 1775,” Papers of John Adams, vol. 3, 107–8; “To John Adams from William Tudor, 31 July 1775,” Papers of John Adams, vol. 3, 107–8; “To John Adams from James Warren, 31 July 1775,” The Adams Papers, Papers of John Adams, vol. 3, May 1775 – January 1776, edited by Robert J. Taylor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979, pp. 108–12; “Major Benjamin Tupper to Brigadier General Horatio Gates, Cambridge,” in NDAR, vol. 1, 1030; and Nason, A Memoir, 21–22.

36“If there is”: D. Hamilton Hurd, History of Norfolk County, Massachusetts, With Biographical Sketches of Many of its Pioneers and Prominent Men (Philadelphia: J. W. Lewis, 1884), 469.

36“The whaleboats”: “Narrative of Midshipman Christopher Hele, R.N.” in NDAR, vol. 1, 1011.

36“in the liquor”: Ibid.

38“it was very unhappy”: “Abigail Adams to John Adams, 31 July 1775,” Adams Family Correspondence, vol. 1, 270–71.

38“their gallant”: “General Orders, 1 August 1775,” The Papers of George Washington, vol. 1, 205–8.

38“Poetical Remarks”: Elisha Rich, Poetical Remarks Upon the Fight at the Boston Light-House (Chelmsford, MA: Broadside, 1775).

39“rabble in”: George Otto Trevelyan, The American Revolution, part 1, 1766–1776 (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1899), 319.

39criticism rained: “Lord Rochford to Lord Sandwich,” in NDAR, vol. 2, edited by William Bell Clark (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966), 708–9; and Nathaniel Philbrick, Bunker Hill: A City, A Siege, A Revolution (New York: Viking, 2013), 256–58.

39“It may perhaps”: “Major General John Burgoyne to Lord George Germain,” (August 20, 1775), in NDAR, vol. 1, 1190.

40Work crews … at night: “Vice Admiral Samuel Graves to Philip Stevens,” in NDAR, vol. 2, 1203.

40“so necessary”: “Major General William Howe to Lord Dartmouth,” in NDAR, vol. 2, 1155.

40British troops: “Captain Francis Hutcheson to Major Frederick Haldimand,” (December 25, 1775), in NDAR, vol. 3, edited by William Bell Clark (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968), 238.

40The continued British … lighthouse guards: “Joseph Ward to John Adams (June 16, 1776),” Papers of John Adams, vol. 4, 318; “Watertown, June 17,” Pennsylvania Evening Post (June 25, 1776); and “Ezekiel Price, Diary of Ezekiel Price, 1775–76,” in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1863–1864 (Boston: John Wilson and Son, 1864), 257.

40“a heap”: “To John Adams from Josiah Quincy, 13–25 June 1776,” Papers of John Adams, vol. 4, 308. See also “Master Log of the H.M.S. Milford,” (June 14, 1776), in NDAR, vol. 5, edited by William James Morgan (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970), 526.

41“the birthday”: Thomas Paine, Common Sense (Philadelphia: W. and T. Bradford, 1776), 43.

41As early as: David McCullough, 1776 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 80–81.

41be dismantled: Journal of the New York Provincial Congress (March 4, 1776), in NDAR, vol. 4, edited by William Bell Clark (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969), 162.

41“important enterprise … entirely useless”: Journal of the New York Provincial Congress (March 6, 1776), in NDAR, vol. 4, 195.

42The party … the lighthouse: Journal of the New York Provincial Congress (March 12, 1776), in NDAR, vol. 4, 310.

42Facing no … guarding the lighthouse: “Captain Hyde Parker, Jr., R.N., to Vice Admiral Molyneux Shuldham,” April 29, 1776), in NDAR, vol. 4, 1310–1313; Michael S. Adelberg, “ ‘So Dangerous a Quarter:’ The Sandy Hook Lighthouse During the American Revolution,” The Keeper’s Log (Spring 1995), 11–12; “Ship Dutchess of Gordon, Sandy Hook, April 19, 1776,” Pennsylvania Journal (May 1, 1776); and Michael S. Adelberg, The American Revolution in Monmouth County: The Theatre of Spoil and Destruction (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2010), 97.

43Tupper’s force : Solomon Nash, Journal of Solomon Nash, A Soldier of the Revolution, 1776–1777, edited by Charles L. Bushnell (New York: privately printed, 1861), 20.

43“tho … little strange”: “Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Tupper to George Washington,” (June 21, 1776), in NDAR, vol. 5, 663.

43But New Jersey … Malcolm’s escort: William Scudder Stryker, “The New Jersey Volunteers” (Loyalists) in the Revolutionary War (Trenton: Naar, Day & Naar, 1867), 4–11; and Adelberg, The American Revolution, 51–53, 98.

43Spermaceti Cove: Nash, Journal, 20. See also Eric Jay Dolin, Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 399, n39.

43“high spirits”: Nash, Journal, 20.

44“artillery to play … not provoke them”: “Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Tupper to George Washington,” (June 21, 1776), 663. See also Nash, Journal, 21.

44Tupper wrote: “Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Tupper to George Washington,” (June 21, 1776), 663.

45“desist from”: Ibid.

45Penning those … was canceled: “General Orders, 20 June 1776,” The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 5, 52–53.

45“sent out”: “New-York Journal, Thursday, July 4, 1776,” in NDAR, vol. 5, 918–19.

45“We are in”: Charles Francis Adams, The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States, With a Life of the Author, vol. 1 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1856), 223.

45To consolidate … burned homes: David J. Fowler, “ ‘Loyalty is Now Bleeding in New Jersey’: Motivations and Mentalities of the Disaffected,” in The Other Loyalties, edited by Joseph S. Tiedermann, Eugene R. Fingerhut, and Robert W. Venables (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009), 59–60; and Adelberg, “ ‘So Dangerous a Quarter,” 13–15.

47“I’ll give”: Thomas Hill, “Sea Conquers Henlopen Light at Last,”New York Times Magazine (March 21, 1926), 15.

47It’s a wonderful … of the war: “Cape Henlopen Light-House,” Register of Pennsylvania (March 22, 1828), 191; J. Thomas Scharf, History of Delaware, 1609–1888, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: L. J. Richards & Co., 1888), 1236; and Trapani, Delaware Lights, 15.

48October 24, 1779: “Boston, October 28” New-Jersey Gazette (November 10, 1779); and Samuel Greene Arnold, History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, vol. 2 (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1860), 446.

48The extreme heat: Champlin, “Rhode Island’s,” 51.

CHAPTER 3: LIGHTS OF A NEW NATION

49“We are in a wilderness … easier task”: James Madison to Thomas Jefferson (June 30, 1789), in Letters and Other Writings of James Madison, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1865), 480.

50main justifications: David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: The Federalist Period, 1789–1801 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 55–56; and Charlene Bangs Bickford and Kenneth R. Bowling, Birth of the Nation: The First Federal Congress, 1789–1791 (Madison: Madison House Publishing, 1989), 29–31.

50Having stripped … commercial system: Walter J. Stewart, The Lighthouse Act of 1789 (Washington: U.S. Senate Historical Office, 1991), 2–5; Adam S. Grace, “From the Lighthouses: How the First Federal Internal Improvement Projects Created Precedent That Broadened the Commerce Clause, Shrunk the Takings Clause, and Affected Early Nineteenth Century Constitutional Debate,” Albany Law Review (2004), 98–148; and Currie, The Constitution in Congress, 69–70.

51Antifederalists in particular: Stewart, The Lighthouse Act of 1789, 4–5.

51But they were outvoted … nation’s lighthouses: Congress, Laws of the United States of America, vol. 1, 63–64; and The Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America, March 4, 1789–March 3, 1791, Legislative Histories, vol. 5, edited by Charlene Bangs Bickford and Helen E. Veit (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 1245–48.

52Appropriately enough: United States Constitution Sesquicentennial Commission, History of the Formation of the Union Under the Constitution (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1941), 451–53.

52If the federal government failed: Asaheli Stearns and Lemuel Shaw, The General Laws of Massachusetts, From the Adoption of the Constitution, to February 1822, vol. 1 (Boston: Wells & Lilly and Cummings & Hilliard, 1823), 384.

53Portland Head: Jeremy D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Maine (Beverly, MA: Commonwealth Editions, 2009), 83–84.

53“Does not this”: Christiane Mathan and William D. Barry, “Portland Head,” The Keeper’s Log (Summer 1991), 3.

53Some sixty … the keepers: Charles C. Calhoun, Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life (Boston: Beacon Press, 2004), 172–73; and personal communication with John Babin, Visiting Service Manager, Maine Historical Society, April 19, 2014.

54“The rocky ledge”: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Seaside and the Fireside (Boston: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, 1850), 41, 44.

54Georgia’s Tybee Lighthouse: Milton B. Smith, “The Lighthouse on Tybee Island,” Georgia Historical Quarterly (September 1965), 245–63; and Cullen G. Chambers, A Brief History of the Tybee Island Light Station, 1732–1999 (Tybee Island: Tybee Island Historical Society, 1999), 1–14.

54“a tower of”: Smith, “The Lighthouse,” 246.

54Cape Henry Lighthouse: Background for the Cape Henry Lighthouse comes from Arthur Pierce Middleton, “The Struggle for the Cape Henry Lighthouse, 1721–1791,”American Neptune (January 1948), 26–36; and George Rockwell Putnam, Lighthouses and Lightships of the United States (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1917), 20–21.

55“obvious”: Middleton, “The Struggle,” 26.

56thirty-four more lighthouses: Stevenson, Lighthouses Before 1820, 181, 248; Winslow Lewis, Description of the Light Houses on the Coast of the United States (Boston: Thomas Bangs, 1817); Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 82–85, 111–19; and Richard W. Updike, “Winslow Lewis and the Lighthouses,” American Neptune (January 1968), 36.

56“without parallel”: Henry Carter Adams, “Taxation in the United States, 1789–1816, vols. 5–6,” in Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, edited by Herbert B. Adams (Baltimore: N. Murray, 1884), 70.

56warship Somerset: Background for the crash of the Somerset comes from Richard F. Whalen, Truro: The Story of a Cape Cod Town (Charleston, SC History Press, 2007), 86–87, 99; and Edward Rowe Snow, Storms and Shipwrecks of New England, updated by Jeremy D’Entremont (Carlisle, MA: Commonwealth Editions, 2003), 4–9.

57to build a lighthouse: D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Massachusetts, 187–88; and “Valuable hints, respecting the erection of a light house at clay pounds,” Massachusetts Magazine (January 1, 1791), 46.

57“That mountain”: Levi Whitman to James Freeman (October 26, 1794), in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society for the Year 1795 (Boston: Samuel Hall, 1795), 42.

58The Nottingham Galley: Background for the story of the Nottingham Galley comes from John Deane, “The Loss of the Nottingham Galley, of London,” in Archibald Duncan, The Mariner’s Chronicle Being a Collection of the Most Interesting Narratives of Shipwrecks, Fires, Famines, and Other Calamaties Incident to a Life of Maritime Enterprise, vol. 2 (London: James Cundee, 1804), 57–74 (all quotes come from this source); and Richard Warner, “Captain John Deane and the Wreck of the Nottingham Galley,” in Kenneth Roberts Boon Island, edited by Jack Bales and Richard Warner (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1996), 3–7.

60Nearly a … room on top: D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Maine, 17–18.

60the one at Montauk Point: The background for the Montauk Point Lighthouse comes from Henry Osmers, On Eagle’s Beak: A History of the Montauk Point Lighthouse (Denver: Outskirts Press, 2008), 19–51; and Robert J. Hefner, “Montauk Point Lighthouse: A History of New York’s First Seamark,” Long Island Historical Journal (Spring 1991), 205–9.

60“Perhaps no building”: Timothy Dwight, Travels in New-England and New-York, vol. – (London: Charles Wood, 1823), 296.

61Cape Hatteras Lighthouse: The background for the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse comes from Dawson Carr, The Cape Hatteras Lighthouse: Sentinel of the Shoals (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 262), 13–16, 26–35; and Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 112–14.

62“first rate”: Alexander Hamilton, “Light-House on the Coast of North Carolina,” in American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States, vol. 7 (Washington: Gales and Seaton, 1832), 265.

62Responsibility for … the president: Putnam, Lighthouses and Lightships, 33–34.

62“If the person”: George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, October 1, 1792, in The Writings of George Washington From the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799, vol. 32 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1939), 174.

63“the keepers”: Putnam, Lighthouses and Lightships, 34.

63government defended: “Tench Coxe to Benjamin Lincoln” (March 16, 1796), Light-House Letters, 1792–1809, National Archives at Boston.

64“tedious service … impediments”: George R. Putnman, “Beacons of the Sea,” National Geographic (January 1913), 11–12.

64How American lighthouses were illuminated evolved: Thomas Tag, “From Braziers and Bougies to Xenon, Part I” The Keeper’s Log (Fall 2002), 30; and Thomas Tag, “Early American Lighthouse Illumination,” The Keeper’s Log (Fall 1998), 16–17; and Connie Jo Kendall, “Let There Be Light: The History of Lighthouse Illumination,” The Keeper’s Log (Spring 1997), 22–29.

64The whale oil … warmer months: Elmo Paul Hohman, The American Whalemen (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1928), 334–35; and Richard C. Kugler, “The Whale Oil Trade, 1750–1775,” in Seafaring in Colonial Massachusetts (Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts, distributed by University Press of Virginia, 1980), 164.

66The distance … far off: Stevenson, Rudimentary Treatise, 15961; U.S. Department of Commerce, The United States Lighthouse Service, 1915 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1916), 36–38; and Terry Pepper, “Visibility of Objects at a Distance,” at http://www.terrypepper.com/Lights/lists/visibility.htm, accessed on September 11, 2014.

67Aimé Argand: Background for Argand and his invention comes from “The Argand Lamp,” The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (March 29, 1834), 119–20; Stevenson, The World’s, 61–63; and Tag, “Early American,” 18.

67“a broken-off”: “The Argand Lamp,” 120.

68“it gives”: Thomas Jefferson to William Smith (February 19, 1791), in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, edited by Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 5, 1788–1792 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1895), 290–91.

68When a light … its own: Stevenson, A Rudimentary Treatise, 90; Tom Tag, “The Mirror of Light, Part One,” The Keeper’s Log (Summer 2001), 16–17; and Theresa Levitt, A Short, Bright Flash: Augustin Fresnel and the Birth of the Modern Lighthouse (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2013), 56.

70employed parabolic: Stevenson, The World’s, 64–69, 231–44.

70Born in … and iron: John H. Sheppard, “Genealogy of the Lewis Family,” in New England Historical and Genealogical Register, and Antiquarian Journal (April 1863), 162–65; Updike, “Winslow,” 31–32; and Winslow Lewis to Stephen Pleasonton (January 9, 1838), in U.S. Sen.. Doc. 138, January 26, 1838, 66.

70“tall, fine-looking”: John H. Sheppard, “Brief Memoir of Dr. Winslow Lewis,” New England Historical and Genealogical Register, for the Year 1863, vol. 17 (Albany, NY: J. Munsell, 1863), 8–9.

71“magnifying and reflecting”: U.S. H.R. Doc. 183, 1843, 51; and Tag, “Early American,” 18–20.

71While some accused: Winslow Lewis, Review of the Report of I.W.P. Lewis on the State of Light Houses on the Coasts of Maine and Massachusetts (Boston: Tuttle and Dennett, 1843), 21–22; U.S. H.R.,Doc. 183, 51; and Winslow Lewis to Stephen Pleasonton, April 6, 1842, RG26 17E, Letters Received from Winslow Lewis (1826–1851), box 2, NAB.

72“reflectors came”: Johnson, The Modern, 49.

72“had much the grain”: Ibid., 49.

72And the glass … let through: Lewis, Review, 4; Tag, “Early American,” 18; and Tag, “The Mirror,” 21.

73obtaining a patent: Daniel Preston, “The Administration and Reform of the U. S. Patent Office, 1790–1836,” Journal of the Early Republic (Autumn 1985), 331–35.

73patent number 1305: Henry L. Ellsworth, A Digest of Patents Issued by the United States, from 1790 to January 1, 1839 (Washington: Peter Force, 1840), 184.

74“It is to be”: “Description of the Light-House at Sandy Hook,” New-York Magazine (August 1, 1790), 438.

74“as great as”: Lewis, Review, 23.

75“fully convinced … better lights”: H. Dearborn to Albert Gallatin (December 20, 1810), in Lewis, Review, 24–25.

75Additional tests: Ibid., 25–28.

75Congress concurred: United States Congress, An Act to Authorize the Secretary of the Treasury, Under the Direction of the President of the United States, to Purchase of Winslow Lewis, his Patent Right to the New and Improved Method of Lighting Lighthouses, and for Other Purposes” (March 2, 1812), in The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, vol. 2, edited by Richard Peters (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), 691.

75Later that … necessary supplies: Lewis to Pleasonton, April 6, 1842; and Updike, “Winslow,” 36.

75Federal Jack: Updike, “Winslow,” 36–37.

76forty lighthouses: Ibid., 37.

76Their luck … in June: Ibid.; and Winslow Lewis to Henry A. Dearborn (March 9, 1813), Light-House Letters, 1792–1809, National Archives at Boston.

76“The enemy”: James Scott, Recollections of a Naval Life, vol. 3 (London: Richard Bentley, 1834), 65.

77“attacked the pantry”: Ralph E. Eshelman, A Travel Guide to the War of 1812 in the Chesapeake (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011), 192.

77Another instance … rest of the war: Winslow Lewis to William Jones, August 15, 1813, RG26 17E, Letters Received from Winslow Lewis (1826–1851), box 1, NAB; Jacob E. Mallmann, Historical Papers on Shelter Island and Its Presbyterian Church (New York: A. M. Bustard Co., 1899), 84–85; and “British Naval Activity off Block Island,” in The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, vol. 2 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985), 114.

77most memorable story: “Along the South Shore,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine (June 1878), 8–10; and D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Massachusetts, 256–57.

77“The old La Hogue”: “Along the South Shore,” 8.

79another job: Updike, “Winslow,” 39–40.

791816 alone: Ibid., 41.

79“darkest period”: Gleason, Kindly, 37.

CHAPTER 4: ECONOMY ABOVE ALL

80On August 24, 1814: Stephen Pleasonton to William H. Winder (August 7, 1848), in Edward D. Ingraham, A Sketch of the Events Which Preceded the Capture of Washington, by the British on the Twenty-Fourth of August, 1814 (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1849), 47–49.

81by appointing him: “New Treasury Offices,” The National Register (March 8, 1817).

82Pleasonton’s responsibilities … superintendent of lighthouses”: Robert Mayo, The Treasury Department and its Various Fiscal Bureaus, Their Origin, Organization, and Practical Operations (Washington: William Q. Force, 1847), 154–55.

82“was a very”: Charles Wilkes, Autobiography of Rear Admiral Charles Wilkes, U.S. Navy, 1798–1877 (Washington: Naval History Division, Department of the Navy, 1978), 317–18.

82In 1820: RLHB, June 30, 1857 (Washington: William A. Harris, 1858), 229.

82After Congress … patent lamps: Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 26–27, 30–31; and U.S., Report of the Officers, 525.

83“unexampled”: U.S. H.R. Doc. No. 38 (1844), 6.

83Pleasonton relied most … by his office: Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 16–17; and U.S.H.R. Doc. No., 811, 1842, 98.

84“would work”: Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 16.

84“ ‘hard’ evidence”: Ibid.

85The opening up … the Great Lakes: Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 176–84; and Todd R. Berger, Lighthouses of the Great Lakes (St. Paul: Voyageur Press, 2002), 21, 26.

85The first one: Rick Tuers, Lighthouses of New York (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2007), 82–85.

85along the Florida Keys: Love Dean, Lighthouses of the Florida Keys (Sarasota: Pineapple Press, 1998), 21–25; and Dorothy Dodd, “The Wrecking Business on the Florida Reef 1822–1860,”Florida Historical Quarterly (April 1944), 172–73.

86“great want”: Matthew C. Perry to Smith Thompson (March 28, 1822), in Public Documents Printed by Order of the Senate of the United States, First Session of the Twenty-Fourth Congress, Begun and Held at the City of Washington, December 7, 1835, vol. 5 (Washington: Gales & Seaton, 1836), 5–6.

86were the wreckers: “Key West and Salvage in 1850,”Florida Historical Society Quarterly (July 1929), 47; Jeremiah Digges, Cape Cod Pilot: A Loquacious Guide (Provincetown: Modern Pilgrim Press, 1937), 136–37; Rodney E. Dillon Jr., “South Florida in 1860,” Florida Historical Quarterly, (April 1982), 453; Birse Shepard, Lore of the Wreckers (Boston: Beacon Press, 1961), 7–10; and Michael G. Schene, “The Early Florida Salvage Industry,” American Neptune (October 1978), 270–71.

87Ralph Waldo Emerson: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, edited by Edward Waldo Emerson and Waldo Emerson Forbes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1912), 399.

87“hold out”: “An act more effectually to provide for the punishment of Act of 1790, certain crimes against the United States, and for other purposes,” in The Public and General Statutes Passed by the Congress of the United States of America, From 1789 to 1827 Inclusive, edited by Joseph Story (Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1827), 2001.

87Cape Florida Lighthouse … Thompson’s slave: Dean, Lighthouses of the Florida Keys, 33–35.

88At about four: The background and all the quotes for Thompson and Carter’s ordeal at the lighthouse is based on John W. B. Thompson, “Cape Florida Lighthouse,” Niles Weekly Register (November 19, 1836), 181–82.

CHAPTER 5: EUROPEANS TAKE THE LEAD

92Unlike Lewis’s … beam of light: “Sea-Lights,” Encyclopaedia Britannica or Dictionary, vol. 20 (Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1842), 19.

93Augustin-Jean Fresnel: Background on Fresnel and his lens comes from François Arago, “Fresnel,” in Biographies of Distinguished Scientific Men (London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts, 1857), 399–471; Levitt, A Short, 21–103; and Richard Updike, “Augustin Fresnel and His Lighthouse Lenses,” The Log of the Mystic Seaport (Spring/Summer 1967), 35–39.

95“I find nothing”: Levitt, A Short, 28.

96“A lens, by”: Ibid., 56.

96“lenses by steps”: Arago, “Fresnel,” 464.

97“Versailles of the Sea”: Levitt, A Short, 67.

97“King’s Chamber”: Adams, Lighthouses, 216.

100Fresnel calculated: Levitt,A Short, 76–77.

101“I could have”: Arago, “Fresnel,” 470.

CHAPTER 6: THE “RULE OF IGNORANT AND INCOMPETENT MEN”

104After visiting France: Levitt, A Short, 139.

104“the great deficiency”: U.S. Sen. Doc. 138, 1838, 21.

104“greatly inferior”: Ibid., 2.

104“nothing but the”: Ibid., 3.

104“cost to”: Ibid., 5.

105“the system which”: Ibid., 3.

105“enforced, our light”: Ibid, 6.

105“increased beyond the”: Ibid., 13.

106“either frivolous”: Ibid., 27.

106“were satisfactory”: Ibid., 32.

106“to whose experience”: Ibid., 34.

106“an unjustifiable”: Ibid., 37.

106“too complicated”: Ibid., 38.

106Blunts responded: U.S. Sen. Doc. 258, 1838.

107“making common”: Ibid., 10.

108board concluded: U.S. H.R. Doc. 811, 1842, 3; and U.S. H.R. Doc. 41, 1837.

108his own investigation: U.S. Sen. Doc. 428, 1838.

10840 percent: Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 30.

109“It cannot be”: U.S. H.R. Doc. 24, 1838, 70.

109“the aid of”: Ibid., 72.

109The reformers … the process: U.S. H.R. Doc. 811, 38; and Gleason, Kindly, 83–84.

109“If well authenticated”: U.S. Sen. Doc. 474, 1840, 1–2.

109“the brilliancy … practical improvements”: U.S. Sen. Doc. 619, 1840, 3–4.

110“Mr. Pleasonton … utter worthlessness”: John H. Schroeder, Matthew Calbraith Perry: Antebellum Sailor and Diplomat (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2001), 85–86.

110“The lenticular lights”: Thomas R. Gedney to Messrs. Poindexter and Bradley (May 16, 1842), in Report of the Officers, 545.

110“beauty and”: U.S. H.R. Doc. 811, 39.

111“are a brilliant”: Winslow Lewis to Stephen Pleasonton, August 26, 1841, Miscellaneous Letters Received, RG 26, E17G, box 7, NAB.

111After an early: F. W. D. Holbrook, “Memoir of Isaiah William Penn Lewis,” in Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers (December 1897), 453–54.

111IWP’s exposure … dried up: U.S. H.R. Doc. 183, 1843, annex, 6–19.

112“Instead of order”: Lewis, Review, 4.

113“practical knowledge”: U.S. H.R. Doc. 811, 99.

113In contrast: U.S. H.R. Doc. 183, annex, 6–26.

113“great zeal … much allowance”: U.S. H.R. Doc. 811, 12.

113“a practical knowledge”: Ibid., 18.

114“prevents any”: U.S. H.R. Doc. 183, 20.

115“calumnies:” U.S. H.R. Doc. 62, 1844, 1.

115“the worst”: Ibid., 58.

115primarily owned: Porter, Friendly, 188.

115“I do not”: Stephen Pleasonton to Walter Forward, February 15, 1843, RG26, E35, Light-House Letters (1844), box 2, NAB.

115“A talent”: Lewis, Review, 5.

116IWP’s side: U.S. H.R. Doc. 183, 2.

116“was a severe”: “U.S. Lighthouse Service,” Appleton’s Mechanics’ Magazine and Engineers’ Journal (August 1852), 185.

117“The interests of”: U.S. Sen. Rep. 488, 1846, 14.

118One reason: Porter, Friendly, 162; and Joel H. Silbey, The American Nation, 1838–1893 (Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991), 82.

118“was not a bright”: Wilkes, Autobiography, 317.

119Facing political … build more: Levitt, A Short, 146; and Holbrook, “Memoir,” 453.

119four lighthouses: An Act Authorizing the Erection of Certain Lighthouses, and for other purposes (March 3, 1847), in The Statutes at Large and Treaties of the United States of America from December 1, 1845, to March 3, 1851, vol. 9, edited by George Minot (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1851), 178.

119One of these … Fresnel lens: Johnson, The Modern, 26; Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 97–99; and David P. Heap, Ancient and Modern Light-Houses (Boston: Ticknor and Company, 1889), 62–63.

120“fatal spot”: U.S. H.R. Doc. 183, 13.

121“rocket light … blazing star”: W. R. Easton to Thornton Jenkins (August 3, 1851), in Report of the Officers, 338–39.

121be widened: Edouard Stackpole, “The Saga of Sankaty,” Proceedings of the Nantucket Historical Association (1950), 34–42.

121Carysfort Reef Lighthouse: Dean, Lighthouses of the Florida Keys, 127–42; and Elinor De Wire, Lighthouses of the South (St. Paul: Voyageur Press, 2004), 64–65.

121astonishing turn: William Allen Butler, A Retrospect of Forty Years, 1825–1865, edited by Harriet Allen Butler (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1911), 198–202.

123“Our whole”: H. J. Raymond, “Our Lighthouse System,” American Review (March 1845), 324.

124Alexander Dallas Bache: Alexander Dallas Bache, Dictionary of American Biography, edited by Allen Johnson, vol. 1 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1928).

124Every member: Levitt, A Short, 154–55.

125“anything but creditable”:Report of the Officers, 106. (Emphasis in original.)

125“Our lighthouse ”: Ibid., 107. (Emphasis in original.)

126“Our light-houses as”: David D. Porter to Thornton A. Jenkins (July 1851), ibid., 207.

126“The lights on”: H. J. Hartstene to Thornton A. Jenkins (July 18, 1851), ibid., 212.

126“not as efficient”: Ibid., 8.

126“Nothing can”: Alan Stevenson, Account of the Skerryvore Lighthouse, With Notes on Illumination of Lighthouses (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1848), 270.

126As for the … serve for perpetuity: Report of the Officers, 22–24, 86, 121–22

127“furnished an”: Ibid., 24.

127“compare, in point”: Ibid., 62.

128In a letter: U.S. H.R. Doc. 88, 1852, 1–6.

128“The great object”: Gleason, Kindly, 91.

129“an unfair, unjust”: U.S. Lighthouse Board, Compilation of Public Documents and Extracts from Reports and Papers Relating to Light-Houses, Light-Vessels, and Illuminating Apparatus, and to Beacons, Buoys, and Fog Signals, 1789–1871 [hereafter, Compilation] (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1871), 576–77.

129“In 1852”: Edmund M. Blunt, The American Coast Pilot (New York: George W. Blunt, 1867), v.

129“We are very”: “The Light House System,” Vineyard Gazette (September 10, 1852).

130“One wonders”: Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 28.

130“I feel under”: Ted Nelson, “Stephen Pleasonton: The Rest of the Story,” The Keeper’s Log (Spring 2008), 26.

CHAPTER 7: BRIGHTER LIGHTS

133“I would not”: Joseph Henry to Asa Gray (November 6, 1852), The Papers of Joseph Henry, edited by Marc Rothenberg, vol. 8 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998), 399.

133board’s first task: Background for this section on the management system and early reforms comes from U.S. Sen. Rep. 22, 1853, 108–10; Light-house Board, List of Light-Houses, Lighted Beacons, and Floating Lights, of the United States (Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson, 1856); Johnson, The Modern, 23, 102–3; Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 36; and U.S. Lighthouse Board, Organization and Duties of the Light-House Board: and Rules, Regulations, & Instructions of the Light-House Establishment of the United States (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1864).

135“a light placed”: Report of the Officers, 53.

135elevated to 150: Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 114.

135Originally built in 1826 … mountainous waves: John Matteson, The Lives of Margaret Fuller: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 417–18; Megan Marshall, Margaret Fuller: A New American Life (New York: Mariner Books, 2013), 371–84; “Shipwreck and Lost of Life,” Weekly Messenger (July 24, 1850); and Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 87–88.

136“America has produced”: Marshall, Margaret Fuller, 384.

137American pride … two years earlier: Levitt, A Short, 166–68; and Cheryl Roberts, “Letters Reveal Last Journey of the Hatteras Lens But End in a Mystery,” Lighthouse Digest (March 2000), 8–11.

138“This marvelous”: “The Fresnel Light,” Friend’s Review (October 22, 1853), 87.

138“in a few”: “The Crystal Palace—The Fresnel Light,” Daily Union (September 27, 1853).

140Beyond this … weakening the beam: Kendall, “Let There Be Light,” 25–26; and Wayne Wheeler, “The Fresnel Lens,” The Keeper’s Log (Winter 1985), 12.

141“was a series”: James Woodward, “Lightening Lights: The Mercury Float Lighthouse Lens: Its Development, Use, and Decline,” The Keeper’s Log (Spring 2006), 30.

143Texas officials … Texas coast: T. Lindsay Baker, Lighthouses of Texas (College Station: Texas A&M University, 2001), 3, 5, 28–31, 57–59; and David L. Cipra, Lighthouses, Lightships, and the Gulf of Mexico (Alexandria, VA: Cypress Communications, 1997), 177–78, 189–90.

145sixteen be built: Background for the first sixteen lighthouses comes from Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 153–57; “Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, in Compliance with a resolution of the Senate of January 10, 1855, calling for correspondence, etc., relative to the claim of Gibbons and Kelly, Senate Ex. Doc. 53, 33d Congress, 2d Sess.. (February 17, 1855); 1–178; Peter White, The Farallon Islands: Sentinels of the Golden Gate (San Francisco: Scottwall Associates, 1995), 26, 33–43; Randy Leffingwell, Lighthouses of the Pacific Coast (St. Paul: Voyageur Press, 2000), 24–37, 54; Levitt, A Short, 171–80; Hartman Bache to Edmund L. F. Hardcastle (July 11, 1855), in RLHB, June 30, 1855 (Washington: Beverly Tucker, 1856), 402–4; and Wayne Wheeler, “Alcatraz and the First West Coast Lighthouses,” The Keeper’s Log (Winter 1985), 2–6.

145“great and”: San Francisco merchants to Stephen Pleasonton, September 30, 1851, RG 26, E35, Light-House Letters, series P, Box 7 (1850–1851), NAB.

145“utterly destitute”: William McKendree Gwin, Congressional Globe (March 23. 1852), 830.

146“rocky islet”: Susan Casey, The Devil’s Teeth: A True Story of Obsession and Survival Among America’s Great White Sharks (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2005), 6.

146“the Devil’s Teeth”: Ibid, 76.

147“rich, delicate”: Charles S. Greene, “Los Farallones De Los Frayles,” Overland Monthly (September 1892), 233.

147By the … as two hundred thousand dollars: Leverett M. Loomis, “California Water Birds, No. III—South Farallon Island in July” in Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 1896 (San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, 1897), 358; and John E. Bennett, “Our Seaboard Islands of the Pacific.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine (November 1898), 861.

147The egging … their death: Robin W. Doughty, “San Francisco’s Nineteenth-Century Egg Basket: The Farallons,” Geographical Review (October, 1971), 560–63; and White, The Farallon, 48.

150“however great … be exhibited”: Hartman Bache to Edmund L. F. Hardcastle (July 11, 1855), 403–4.

151After the ship … steam-powered siren: White, The Farallon, 39; and Charles Nordhoff, “The Farallon Islands,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine (April 1874), 619.

152Tatoosh Island Lighthouse: Background for this section comes from Jim A. Gibbs, Lighthouses of the Pacific (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publications, 1986), 145–48; Alvin J. Ziontz, A Lawyer in Indian Country (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2009), 73–74; Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs Accompanying the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1858 (Washington: Wm. A. Harris, 1858), 237–38; and James G. McCurdy, “Cape Flattery and Its Light: Life on Tatoosh Island,” Overland Monthly (April 1898), 345–47.

154“the vast … outermost peak”: Richard Henry Dana, Jr. Two Years Before the Mast, And Twenty-Four Years After, A Personal Narrative (London: Sampson Low, Son, & Marston, 1869), 378–79, 388.

155In 1856 … had inherited: “Our Light-house Establishment,” Putnam’s Monthly (June 1856), 658; and RLHB, June 30, 1860 (Washington: Thomas H. Ford, 1860), 363.

156“In a few short”: Levitt, A Short, 180.

156“The prodigious”: “Letter of Wm. B. Shubrick to S. P. Chase” (February 24, 1862), in The Miscellaneous Documents of the Senate of the United States for the Second Session of the Thirty-Seventy Congress, 1861–62 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1862), 16.

1561852 had predicted: W. B. Shubrick to Howell Cobb, (March 13, 1858), in RLHB, June 30, 1858 (Washington: William A. Harris, 1858), 373.

CHAPTER 8: “EVERYTHING BEING RECKLESSLY BROKEN”

158he wrote to: Thornton A. Jenkins to Salmon P. Chase, (November 26, 1861), in RLHB, June 30, 1861 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1861), 203–6.

159“the coast of”: Putnam, Lighthouses and Lightships, 100.

159Born in 1809 … around him: Warren F. Spencer, Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997), 12; and Stephen Fox, Wolf of the Deep: Raphael Semmes and the Notorious Confederate Raider CSS Alabama (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), 11–12.

159“I am still”: Raphael Semmes, Memoirs of Service Afloat, During the War Between the States (Baltimore: Kelly, Piet & Co., 1869), 75. See also Spencer, Raphael Semmes, 93–94.

159The situation in … loss of the lighthouses: David Detzer, Allegiance: Fort Sumter, Charleston, and the Beginning of the Civil War (New York: Harcourt, 2001), 109–22, 147.

160The federal reinforcements … their approach: “Star of the West Fired On,” Sacramento Daily Union (February 11, 1861); and Detzer, Allegiance, 155–59.

160buried in: Levitt, A Short, 187.

161“Here was … immediately”: Semmes, Memoirs, 76.

161The next … of disdain: Ibid, 76–78.

161Semmes said … own recommendation: Spencer, Raphael Semmes, 99, 102; Semmes, Memoirs, 81–87; and Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America, “An Act to establish and organize a Bureau in connection with the Department of the Treasury, to be known as the Lighthouse Bureau,” in The Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America (Richmond: R. M. Smith, 1864), 47.

162“Fort Sumter”: Semmes, Memoirs, 88.

162“power” to “hold”: Abraham Lincoln, “Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address” (March 4, 1861), in Political Speeches and Debates of Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, 1854–1861, edited by Alonzo T. Jones (Battle Creek, MI: International Tract Society, 1895), 533.

162“The Confederacy could”: James McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), 145.

163“Light-House Bureau”: Semmes, Memoirs, 91.

163The South responded … coast was dark: Thornton A. Jenkins to Salmon P. Chase, (November 26, 1861), in RLHB, June 30, 1861 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1861), 204; Kevin P. Duffus, The Lost Light: The Mystery of the Missing Cape Hatteras Fresnel Lens (Raleigh, NC: Looking Glass Productions, 2003), 7–13; and David L. Cipra, “The Confederate States Lighthouse Bureau: A Portrait in Blue and Gray,” The Keeper’s Log (Winter 1992), 9.

164“After the bombardment”: “Hatteras Island and Its Lighthouse,” Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper (November 2, 1861).

164“The blackened coast”: Levitt, A Short, 190.

164Not long … in riverbeds: James T. Miller to Thomas E. Martin, November 23, 1861, RG365, E79, TDCCR (1860–1865) Box 2, NACP; George Wood to William Colcock, June 1861, RG 365, E79, TDCCR (1860–1865), Box 2, NACP; Cipra, Lighthouses, 12–14; and James Sorley to Louis Cruger, June 30, 1863, RG 365, E79, TDCCR, Box 2 (1860–1865), NACP.

165“a few more”: Carr, The Cape, 46.

165“in consequence”: Le Gyt Daniels to J. M. Mason (March 1, 1862), in ORUCN, series 2, vol. 2 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921), 161–62.

165Merchants and the companies … having surrendered: David Stick, The Outer Banks of North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 117–26; Mallison, The Civil, 31; Thos. O. Selfridge to Hon. Gideon Welles, (August 10, 1861), ORUCN, series 1, vol. 6 (Washington D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1897), 72–73; and John G. Barrett, The Civil War in North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1963), 33–34.

166“nests of pirates”: Fred Mallison, The Civil War on the Outer Banks (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1998), 31.

166danced a jig: Ivan Musicant, Divided Waters: The Naval History of the Civil War (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 85.

166“a place which”: Duffus, The Lost Light, 48.

166“I was desirous”: S. C. Rowan to Gideon Welles (September 3, 1861), ORUCN, series 1, vol. 6, 160–61.

167At the end of September … a strange chase ensued: Background for Chicamacomico races comes from Stick, The Outer Banks, 130–36; Duffus, The Lost Light, 58–61; and Carr, The Cape Hatteras Lighthouse, 47–49.

167“The first ten”: Stick, The Outer Banks, 134

168“Here we found”: Ibid., 135.

169“a very important”: Insurance company presidents to Thornton A. Jenkins (September 21, 1861), RG26, E35, Light-House Letters, Box 8 (1860–1861), 189.

169including the board: William Shubrick to S. P. Chase (March 8, 1862), RG26, E35, Light House Letters, Box 8 (1862–1864), 4.

169By the middle … from France: Duffus, The Lost Light, 97, 107–8; Peter H. Watson to Salmon P. Chase, April 5, 1862, Light House Letters, Box 8 (1862–1864), NAB, 26–27; and L. M. Goldsborough to Gideon Welles, (February 20, 1862), in ORUCN, series 1, vol. 6, 635.

169searching for the missing lens: The background for this section on the pursuit and travels of the Cape Hatteras lens is based on Duffus, The Lost Light, 74–75, 82–96; George H. Brown to Thomas E. Martin, April 7, 1862, RG 365, E79, TDCCR, Box 2 (1860–1865), NACP; George H. Brown to Thomas E. Martin, April 9, 1862, RG 365, E79, TDCCR, Box 2 (1860–1865), NACP; George H. Brown to Thomas E. Martin, April 14, 1862, RG 365, E79, TDCCR, Box 2 (1860–1865,), NACP; Roberts, “Letters Reveal,” 8–11; and Levitt, A Short, 192–93.

170“hold the”: S. C. Rowan to L. M. Goldsborough, March 27, 1862, in Report of the Secretary of the Navy, With an Appendix, Containing Reports from Officers, December 1862 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1863), 112–13.

170“frighten[ing] the”: S. C. Rowan to L. M. Goldsborough, March 29, 1862, in ORUCN, series 1, vol. 7 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1898), 178.

170“the destruction”: George H. Brown to E. Farrand, March 23, 1861, RG 365, E79, TDCCR, Box 2 (1860–1865), NACP.

170“very responsible”: George H. Brown to Thomas E. Martin, April 1861, RG 365, E79, TDCCR, Box 2 (1860–1865), NACP.

171loaded with: David T. Tayloe, list of materials received April, 13, 1862, RG 365, E79, TDCCR, Box 2 (1860–1865), NACP.

171“I have had”: David T. Tayloe to Thomas E. Martin, April 20, 1862, RG 365, E79, TDCCR, Box 2 (1860–1865), NACP.

171another lighthouse drama: Background for this drama comes from Dorothy Dodd, ed., “ ‘Volunteers’ Report Destruction of Lighthouses,” Tequesta 14 (1954), 67–70; Rodney E. Dillon, “ ‘A Gang of Pirates:’ Confederate Lighthouse Raids in Southeast Florida, 1861,” Florida Historical Quarterly (April 1989), 441–49; and Neil E. Hurley, Florida’s Lighthouses in the Civil War (Oakland Park: Middle River Press, 2007), 63-67, 75-78.

171“a band of”: Thornton A. Jenkins to Salmon P. Chase, (November 26, 1861), 204.

172“I informed him”: Hurley, Florida’s Lighthouses, 66.

172“we destroyed no”: Dodd, “ ‘Volunteers,’ ” 68.

172“repeatedly boasted”: Ibid., 69.

173“The light being”: Ibid., 68.

173“endeavor at all”: Jefferson B. Browne, Key West: The Old and the New (St. Augustine: Record Company, 1912), 91.

173When Florida … be protected: Ibid., 91–92; and Gene M. Burnett, Florida’s Past: People & Events That Shaped the State, vol. 2 (Sarasota: Pineapple Press, 1988), 120–24.

173remained lit: Thornton A. Jenkins to Salmon P. Chase, November 26, 1861, 204.

174“shining as”: John R. Goldsborough to Samuel F. Du Pont, February 11, 1862, in ORUCN, series 1, vol. 12 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1901), 473.

174“ruthlessly destroyed … oil cans”: S. F. Du Pont to Gideon Welles, April 1, 1862, in Official Dispatches and Letters of Rear Admiral DuPont, U.S. Navy (Wilmington: Ferris Bros., 1883). 143.

174“nothing save a heap”: “Charleston Lighthouse Blown up and Destroyed,” Charleston Mercury (December 20, 1861).

174“much injured”: S. F. Du Pont to Gideon Welles, April 1, 1862, 144.

175“guerillas”: RLHB, June 30, 1863 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1863), 159–60. See also Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 122.

175In May 1864 … further raids: Foxhall A. Parker to Gideon Welles, May 21, 1864, RG 26, E35, Light House Letters, Box 8 (1862–64), NAB, 191–92; Blackistone Island at the following website accessed on June 23, 2014, http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=1120; and Paul E., Vandor, History of Fresno California, vol. 2 (Los Angeles: Historic Record Company, 1919), 1945.

176In September 1861: Cipra, Lighthouses, 90–91.

176Sand Island Lighthouse: Background for this section comes from Cipra, Lighthouses, 71–72; and Arthur Bergeron, Jr., Confederate Mobile (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000), 63–66.

176“tumble the”: Cipra, Lighthouses, 72.

177“There was”: Ibid., 15–16.

177This was during … metal plates: William B. Shubrick to W. P. Fessenden (October 5, 1864), RLHB, 1864 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1864), 169; Cipra, Lighthouses, 189–99; and Wayne Wheeler, “Aransas Pass Lighthouse,” The Keeper’s Log (Winter 2005), 10–11.

177Using lighthouses as … a lookout: Edward T. Cotham, Jr., Sabine Pass: The Confederacy’s Thermopylae (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004), 59–63.

178at least one: Cipra, Lighthouses, 45–46; and RLHB, 1867 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1868), 225.

179Next to … gaping holes: Cipra, Lighthouses, 69.

179“Damn the torpedoes”: Craig L. Symonds, The Civil War at Sea (Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2009), 154.

180One of … is unknown: Cipra, Lighthouses, 179; and Baker, Lighthouses, 59.

180destroyed some 164: William B. Shubrick to Hugh McCullough, October 16, 1866, in RLHB, September 30, 1866 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1866), 227.

180This is what developed: Background for Arnau and the St. Augustine Lighthouse comes from Hurley, Florida Lighthouses, 41–42, 47–49; and S. F. Du Pont to Gideon Welles, April 1, 1862, 144.

181Another case of retrieval: Report of the Secretary of the Navy, With an Appendix, Containing Reports from Officers, December 1862 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1863), 140.

181“Immediately upon”: C. K. Stribling to Salmon P. Chase, November 1, 1862, RLHB, June 30, 1862 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1863), 149.

181After the South’s … during the war: B. Rush Hornsby to Samuel P. Chase, May 6, 1863, RG 365, E79, TDCCR, Box 2 (1860–1865), NACP; Cipra, Lighthouses, 18–19, 113–14; and Levitt, A Short, 208.

182“it was visited”: William B. Shubrick to Salmon P. Chase, October 31, 1863, RLHB, June 30, 1863 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1863), 156, 160.

182“They are amenable”: J. Candace Clifford and Mary Louise Clifford, Nineteenth-Century Lights: Historic Images of American Lighthouses (Alexandria: Cypress Communications, 2182), 168.

182Notwithstanding the: William B. Shubrick to W. P. Fessenden, October 5, 1864, in RLHB, 1864 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1864), 166.

183“The operations”: Cipra, Lighthouses, 16.

183“The war is over”: James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 849-50.

184“In the rotunda”: “Sherman,” Philadelphia Inquirer (April 26, 1865); and Duffus, The Lost Light, 140.

184“Some broken”: Duffus, The Lost Light, 142.

184Meigs also … to the state: Ibid., 142–44.

184Although hopes … New York: Ibid., 147–49.

185The flood … French manufacturers: Levitt, A Short, 213.

185“as soon as”: Duffus, The Lost Light, 153.

185rebuilt or repaired: Shubrick to McCullough (October 16, 1866), in RLHB, September 30, 1866, 227.

CHAPTER 9: FROM BOARD TO SERVICE

187“The character”: Joseph Henry to W. A. Richardson (October 14, 1873), in ARLHB, December 1, 1873 (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1873), 587–88.

187One of the most … demand continued: RLHB, June 30, 1855 (Washington: Beverley Tucker, 1855), 251; Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 23; and Lance E. Davis, Robert E. Gallman, and Karin Gleiter, In Pursuit of Leviathan: Technology, Institutions, Productivity, and Profits in American Whaling, 1816–1906 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 376–77, 379.

188distributing colza seeds: RLHB, June 30, 1863 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1863), 162.

188“too volatile”: Ibid, 162–63.

188Indeed, a small: “Lard Oil,” New England Farmer, & Horticultural Register (December 28, 1842), 204; and Henry L. Ellsworth, Improvements in Agriculture, Arts, &c of the United States (New York: Greeley & McElrath, 1843), 50.

189Joseph Henry’s experiments: ARLHB, 1875 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1875), 87–88; and Henry C. Cameron, “Reminiscences,” in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 21 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1881), 309.

189by 1867 virtually: ARLHB, 1867 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1868), 194.

189in light of an accident: ARLHB, 1875 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1875), 99.

189by 1885: ARLHB, June 30, 1885 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1885), 16.

189The main type … industrial settings: Jane Brox, Brilliant: The Evolution of Artificial Light (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010), 102–9.

190When the Frenchman … feeble performance: Carole L. Perrault, “Liberty Enlightening the World, Part I,” The Keeper’s Log (Spring 1986), 2–15; and Carole L. Perrault, “Liberty Enlightening the World, Part II,” The Keeper’s Log (Summer 1986), 6–17.

191“more like a glow”: Lois Wingerson, “America Cleans Up Liberty,” New Scientist (December 25, 1986–January 1, 1987), 32.

191“The light in”: National Park Service, Liberty Enlightening the World: The Statue of Liberty National Monument, Historic Structure Report (New York: National Park Service, 2011), 76.

191The lamp … the locals: Putnam, Lighthouses, 62; and Hans Christian Adamson, Keepers of the Lights (New York: Greenburg, 1955), 129–30.

192In this lamp … many other lighthouses: Putnam, Lighthouses, 186; and ARCL, June 30, 1915, 3–4.

194“The mercury”: Thomas Tag, “The Clock Without Hands,” The Keeper’s Log (Spring 2008), 30–31.

194built a few: James Woodward, “Lightening Lamps,” 31–35.

196The board also … its replacement: Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 109–11; and Sara E. Wermiel, Lighthouses (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), 225.

197opted for caisson lighthouses: Background or caisson lighthouses comes from Francis Ross Holland, Jr., Lighthouses (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1997), 71–72; Putnam, “Beacons,” 25–27; Ray Jones, The Lighthouse Encyclopedia: The Definitive Reference (Guilford: The Globe Pequot Press, 2004), 70.

199Sharps Island Lighthouse: The background for the Sharps Island Lighthouse comes from ARLHB, June 30, 1894 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1894), 253–55; Pat Vojtech, Lighting the Bay: Tales of Chesapeake Lighthouses (Centreville, MD: Tidewater Publishers, 1996), 35; “Ice Damage in the Chesapeake” Baltimore Sun (February 14, 1881); and ARLHB, June 30, 1881 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1881), 39.

201It wasn’t only ice: Background for this section on the Thimble Shoal Lighthouse comes from “A Lighthouse is Burned,” Baltimore American (December 28, 1909); ARLHB, June 30, 1910 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1910), 17; and Judy Bloodgood Bander, “The Thimbles Bug,” Lighthouse Digest (April 2002), 20–21.

202A little after … thousands homeless: U.S. Geological Survey, “San Franciso Earthquake of 1906,” Encyclopedia of Earth, retrieved from http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/164914, accessed on May 31, 2015.

203“A heavy blow”: Gregory W. Coan, “Point Arena Light Station and the 1906 Earthquake,” The Keeper’s Log, 13–14. See also, Point Arena Lighthouse Logbook, April 18, 1906, RG26, E80, Lighthouse Station Logs, NAB.

203Given the … at hand: Wayne C. Wheeler, “The History of Fog Signals, Part 1,” The Keeper’s Log (Summer 1990), 20–23; Wayne C. Wheeler, “The History of Fog Signals, Part 2,” The Keeper’s Log (Fall 1990), 8–13; and Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 202–6.

203Since such … absolute necessity: Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 202.

2032,734 Hours: LSB (August 1912), 31–32.

204“a screech like”: “Siren Is Breaking Up Happy Homes,” New York Herald (June 19, 1905).

205“jaded attendants”: Dewey Livingston, “The Keepers of the Light: Point Reyes,” The Keeper’s Log (Winter 1991), 18.

205“be made happier”: ARLHB, 1875 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1875), 10.

205Thus seeking to… more than five hundred: ARLHB, June 30, 1876 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1877), 5; Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 50; and Johnson, The Modern Light-House Service, 104.

206“aid in maintaining”: ARLHB, June 30, 1885 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1885), 12.

207“efficient party … the oil”: “Keeping the Light,” Gazette of the Union, Golden Rule & Odd-Fellows’ Family Companion (December 8, 1849), 369.

208“In regard to”: ARLHB, December 1, 1873 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1873), 591.

208“Mr. Lawrence was”: Elinor De Wire, Guardians of the Lights: Stories of U.S. Lighthouse Keepers (Sarasota: Pineapple Press, 1995), 48.

208during President Lincoln’s: George R. Putnam, Sentinel of the Coasts: The Log of a Lighthouse Engineer (New York: W. W. Norton, 1937), 303–5.

208“new plan for”: “Clippings,” Deseret News (January 2, 1861).

208“A tall building”: Ambrose Bierce, The Unabridged Devil’s Dictionary, edited by David E. Schultz & S. T. Joshi (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000), 151.

208“You are superseded”: Putnam, Sentinel, 127.

208The board did… of security: Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 39–41; Johnson, The Modern, 102–3; and “Congressional Patronage is the Greatest Obstacle to Every Reform,” The Civil Service Chronicle (August 1894), 155.

210purchase of Alaska: The background for this section on Alaska’s lighthouses comes from Adamson, Keepers, 255–56; Wayne Wheeler, “Northern Lights: Lighthouse Development in the Alaskan Territory,” The Keeper’s Log (Spring 1990), 2–13; Shannon Lowry and Jeff Schultz, Northern Lights: Tales of Alaska’s Lighthouses and Their Keepers (Harrisburg: Stackpole Books, 192), 5–16; and F. Ross Holland, Lighthouses, 97–99.

210“There are no”: Lieutenant Zagoskin’s Travels in Russian America, 1842–1844, edited by Henry N. Michael (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1967), 66.

211With so many … coast in 1898: Steven C. Levi, The Clara Nevada: Gold, Greed, Murder and Alaska’s Inside Passage (Charleston: History Press, 2011), 17–32; “SS Clara Nevada,” San Francisco Call (February 15, 1898); Lowry and Schultz, Northern Lights, 43–44; and Gibbs, Lighthouses of the Pacific, 37–38.

212“The Nevada affair”: “Klondike Steamer Lost,” The New York Times (February 15, 1898).

212spurred demands: ARLHB, June 30, 1899 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1899), 41.

213“Tombstone Twins”: Walter C. Dudley and Min Lee, Tsunami (Honolulu University of Hawaii Press, 1998), 1.

213Two other major … interests in Asia: Samuel Eliot Morison, The Oxford History of the American People (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 800–805; and Julia Flynn Siler, Lost Kingdom: Hawaii’s Last Queen, the Sugar Kings, and America’s First Imperial Adventure (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2012), 208–12, 220–22, 280–87.

213The board didn’t… Puerto Rico: Wayne C. Wheeler, “The Lighthouses of Puerto Rico, Part I,” The Keeper’s Log (Spring 1991), 23–27; Wayne C. Wheeler, “The Lighthouses of Puerto Rico, Part II,” The Keeper’s Log (Summer 1991), 12–17; and Holland, Lighthouses, 90–91.

214“generally of”: ARLHB, 1906 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1906), 221–22.

214The board immediately initiated… used in the United States: Love Dean, The Lighthouses of Hawaii (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991); 38–44; “Pacific Mail Liner Manchuria Strikes a Reef,” The American Marine Engineer (September 1906), 11; and Levitt, A Short, 222–24.

216The more than 2,500: Putnam, Lighthouses, 52; H. R. Doc. 14 (1850), 3; and Putnam, “Beacons,” 1.

216At the same … been illuminated: ARLHB, June 30, 1908 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1908), 9; George Putnam, “Beacons,” 1; and U.S. Department of Commerce, The United States Lighthouse Service, 12.

218Despite this … and projects: ARLHB, 1909 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1910), 49; and The Papers of Joseph Henry, edited by Marc Rothenberg, vol. 11 (Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2004), xli.

218In his 1909: William Howard Taft, Message of the President of the United States, Communicated to the Two Houses of Congress at the Beginning of the Second Session of the SixtyFirst Congress (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1909), 35–36.

218Congress did so: “An act to authorize additional aids to navigation in the Light-House establishment, and to provide for a Bureau of Light-Houses in the Department of Commerce and Labor, and for other purposes,” in The Statutes at Large of the United States of America from March 1910, to March, 1911, vol. 35 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1911), 534–39.

219“rolled in an”: Putnam, Sentinel, 11.

219“bitter wastes”: Ibid, 32.

220“made no other”: Ibid, 120.

220“The lighthouse”: Putnam, Lighthouses, v.

220Putnam strove … bad weather: Putnam, Sentinel, 199–205; and Jones, Lighthouse Encyclopedia, 120–21.

220“Only the radio”: Putnam, Sentinel, 200

221Evidence of: Ibid, 199–205, 213.

221by the 1930s: Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 24.

221But it was not… maintain keepers: Michael J. Rhein, Anatomy of the Lighthouse (New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2000), 163–66; Putnam, Lighthouses and Lightships, 189; and Tag, “From Braziers and Bougies to Xenon, Part II,” The Keeper’s Log (Winter 2003), 26–27.

222hundreds of lighthouses: ARCL, June 30, 1922 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1922), 5.

223“Although the”: “Our Lighthouse Service,” LSB (November 2, 1925), 101.

223With each passing year: Putnam, Sentinel, 234.

223When Putnam became … out the door: Putnam, Sentinel, 227–28; and Adamson, Keepers, 16, 30.

224The pension law: United States Department of Labor, Labor Legislation of 1918 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1919), 21–22.

224“I am heartily”: Putnam, Sentinel, 282.

224After attending … certain disaster: D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Massachusetts, 402; and Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 79.

225“due to vicious”: George Weiss, The Lighthouse Service: It’s History, Activities and Organization (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1926), 77.

225Keepers began complaining … out of work: ARCL, June 30, 1917 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1917), 27; ARCL, June 30, 1919 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1919), 14; Message of the President of the United States Transmitting the Budget for the Service of the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1932 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1930), 219; and Wayne C. Wheeler, “The Keeper’s Pay,” The Keeper’s Log (Fall 2003), 26–30.

225thousand dollars per year: Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Times to the Present, Millennial Edition, vol. 2, part B, edited by Susan B. Carter, et. al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 2–273.

226“Lighthouse Bureau”: Adamson, Keepers, 31.

226It was not uncommon: Leffingwell, Lighthouses, 87.

226“Well,” the superintendent said: Ralph C. Shanks, Jr., and Janetta Thompson Shanks, Lighthouses and Lifeboats on the Redwood Coast (San Anselmo: Constano Books, 1978), 80.

227“The secret”: “Ashore After 38 Years in Lighthouse Service,” LSB (May 2, 1921), 177–78.

227In May and June … fiery explosion: “Explosion at Makapuu Point Lighthouse, Hawaii,” LSB (June 1, 1925), 80.

227“charred black”: Dean, Lighthouses of Hawaii, 45.

227“Stand by”: “Alexander D. Toomey,” LSB (May 1, 1925), 76.

228“bright lookout”: Ellen J. Henry, The Lighthouse Service and the Great War (Ponce Inlet, FL: Ponce de Leon Inlet Lighthouse Preservation Society, 2013), 7.

228Soon after: Weiss, The Lighthouse Service, 25–27.

228“Submarine Silhouette Book”: “Submarine Silhouette Book No. 1,” The United States Navy Department Library website, http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/sub_silhouette.htm, accessed on July 14, 2014.

228“Food Will”: George H. Nash, The Life of Herbert Hoover: Master of Emergencies, 1917–1918 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), x.

228encouraged keepers: “Cultivation of Lighthouse Reservations,” LSB (May 1917), 269.

228“good quality”: “Potatoes Grown in Sand,” LSB (September 1, 1917), 281.

229instead of cultivating … his lead: Leffingwell, Lighthouses, 86; and Elinor De Wire, The Lightkeepers’ Menagerie: Stories of Animals at Lighthouses (Sarasota: Pineapple Press, 2007), 226.

229Lightships too … German sumbarine: Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 66; “Sinks Lightship off Cape Hatteras,” New York Times (August 7, 1918); and Walter C. Capron, The U.S. Coast Guard (New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1965), 122.

229During his tenure: Putnam, Sentinels, 328.

229According to Lloyd’s: Adamson, Keepers, 376.

230“He was one”: “Putnam of the Lights,” New York Times (June 9, 1935).

230Harold D. King: “Mr. King Appointed Commissioner of Lighthouses,” LSB (August 1, 1935), 213.

CHAPTER 10: KEEPERS AND THEIR LIVES

232The primary responsibility: The background for this section on keeping the light and fog signal comes from USLB, Instructions and Directions to Guide Light-House Keepers and Others Belonging to the Light-House Establishment Issued January 1, 1870 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1870); USLB, Instructions to Light-Keepers, July 1881 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1881); USLB, Instructions to Light-Keepers and Masters of Light-House Vessels, 1902 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1902); and Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 45.

232This kept … explosive situation: James Woodward, “Myths, Misnomers, and Mistakes: Straightening Some of the Twisted Ideas About Lighthouses,” The Keeper’s Log (Fall 2006), 38.

234“O what is”: Robert Thayer Sterling, Lighthouses of the Maine Coast and the Men Who Keep Them (Brattleboro, VT: Stephen Daye Press, 1935), 33–34.

235Just seventeen … medical doctor: George W. Easterbrook, “The Lightkeeper’s Night of Peril,” part 1,Washington Historian (April 1900), 124–27; and George W. Easterbrook, “The Lightkeeper’s Night of Peril,” part 2, Washington Historian (July 1900), 175–78. All the quotes from Easterbrook come from the second of these two sources.

237nearly 25,000: Leffingwell, Lighthouses, 109

238“switchies”: De Wire, Guardians, 14.

238“Principal keeper”: Putnam, Sentinels, 254.

239“[My] wife died”: LighthouseFriends.com, “Burnt Island, ME,” website http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=503, accessed on July 4, 2014.

240Captain January: Laura E. Richards, Captain January (Boston: Dana Estes and Lauriat, 1890).

242“And, while they”: Celia Thaxter, “The Watch of Boon Island,” Atlantic Monthly (March 1872), 272.

242With the rise: Mia Fineman, “Kodak and the Rise of Amateur Photography,” on the Metropolitan Museum of Art website, http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kodk/hd_kodk.htm, accessed on June 30, 2014.

243“arms” … “Show Me Dirt”: Richard Cheek, “Beacons for Business: The Commercial Use of Lighthouse Design,” in From Guiding Lights to Beacons for Business: The Many Lives of Maine’s Lighthouses, edited by Richard Cheek (Thomaston: Tilbury House, 2012), 192.

245“to make the”: Henry David Thoreau, Cape Cod (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1866), 155.

245I thought it”: Ibid., 157–58.

245“You will find”: Robert Louis Stevenson, “The Old Pacific Capital,” Library Magazine of American and Foreign Thought, vol. 6 (New York: American Book Exchange, 1880), 181.

245“It’s the first”: Jim Merkel, “Devil’s Island Light Station—A ‘Landmark’ in Western Lake Superior,” Lighthouse Digest (January 1999), 14–15. See also “The President Visits a Lighthouse,” LSB (September 1, 1928), 255.

245The number of people … the tour: “Visitors at Split Rock Light Station,” LSB (February 1938), 38; James A. Gibbs, Oregon’s Seacoast Lighthouses (Medford: Webb Research Group, 2000), 33; Berger, Lighthouses, 58; and Putnam, Lighthouses and Lightships, 82.

247“was of a”: Frank Perry, The History of Pigeon Point Lighthouse (Santa Cruz: Otter B. Books, 2001), 54.

248At least … heads-up: De Wire, Guardians, 50–52.

248“There were times”: Philmore B. Wass, Lighthouse in My Life: The Story of a Maine Lightkeeper’s Family (Camden: Down East Books, 1987), 39.

249One of the most endearing: Background for this story, and all quotes come from Cheryl Shelton-Roberts and Bruce Roberts, Lighthouse Families (Birmingham, AL: Crane-Hill Publishing, 1997), 49–50.

250“love of the”: Dewey Livingston, “The Keepers of the Light: Point Reyes,” The Keeper’s Log (Winter 1991), 17.

250“fomenting trouble … slovenly appearance”: “Punishments,” LSB (March 1912), 11.

250“It is the duty”: ARLHB, June 30, 1894 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1894), 254.

250“The light first”: Thomas Wilson, “The Hermits of the Deep,” Los Angeles Herald (July 12, 1908).

252A somewhat amusing … their newborn: Putnam, Sentinel, 242–43; and Adamson, Keepers, 327–28.

253Abbie Burgess: “Twenty-Two Years on Matinicus Rock,” Record of the Year (February 1876), 181–83; and Gustav Kobbe, “Heroism in the Lighthouse Service: A Description of Life on Matinicus Rock,” Century Magazine (June, 1897), 219–30.

254“I took”: Burgess, “Twenty-Two Years on Matinicus Rock,” 182.

254“I can depend”: D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Maine, 238.

254“her only … the rock”: Burgess, “Twenty-Two Years on Matinicus Rock,” 182.

254“Though at times”: Ibid.

255According to the lighthouse: J. Candace Clifford and Mary Louise Clifford, Maine Lighthouses: Documentation of Their Past (Alexandria, VA: Cypress Communications, 2005), 162; and Mary Louise Clifford and J. Candace Clifford, Women Who Kept the Lights: An Illustrated History of Female Lighthouse Keepers (Alexandria, VA: Cypress Communications, 2000), 2, 201–24.

255The first woman … to John: Clifford and Clifford, Women, 5–11; D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Massachusetts, 245–47; “Resolve on the Petition of Hannah Thomas,” in The Acts and Resolves, Public and Private, of the Province of The Massachusetts Bay, vol. 20 (Boston: Wright & Potter, 1918), 267; and Benjamin Lincoln to Alexander Hamilton, March 19, 1790, in The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 6, edited by Harold C. Syrett and Jacob E. Cooke (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962), 307–8.

256“It must … and respectable”: Stephen Pleasonton to Thomas Corwin, 7 June 1851, in Report of the Officers, 270.

257“Life to me”: Elizabeth Whitney Williams, A Child of the Sea; And Life Among the Mormons (n.p.: privately printed, 1905), 214–15.

257When Van Riper … twenty-nine years: Williams, A Child, 215; and Clifford and Clifford, Women, 139–43.

257Katherine Walker: Background for Walker comes from “At Seventy She Keeps the Light of New York’s Inner Harbor,” Literary Digest (July 13, 1918), 57–58; Clifford and Clifford, Women, 167–75; Timothy Harrison, “Kate Would be Proud,” Lighthouse Digest (March, 2011), 40–45; and Cliff Gallant, “Mind the Light, Katie,” The Keeper’s Log (Summer 1997), 16–18.

258“The day we”: “At Seventy She Keeps,” 57.

258“Mind the light”: Mary Louise Clifford and J. Candace Clifford, Mind the Light, Katie: The History of Thirty-Three Female Lighthouse Keepers (Alexandria, VA: Cypress Communications, 2006), 94.

258“I am happy as”: B. J. O’Donnell, “Hunting Happiness in the Joy Capitol of the World!” Day Book (October 30, 1916).

259“I am in fear”: Eileen O’Connor, “The Woman Warder of City’s Inner Harbor,”New York Sun (May 26, 1918).

259“It has surprised”: “Mrs. Walker dies; lighthouse keeper,” New York Times (December 7, 1931).

259“the only manifestly”: “At Seventy She Keeps,” 57. This quote and the following ones pertaining to the rescue of the dog, Scotty, all come from this article.

260“A great city’s”: Gallant, “Mind the Light, Katie,” 18.

260Laura Hecox: Frank Perry, Lighthouse Point: Illuminating Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA: Otter B. Books, 2002), 55–75; and “Long Vigil at Lamp That Guides Seamen,” Los Angeles Times (October 25, 1908).

261“pleasant little”: Perry, Lighthouse Point, 57.

261he honored Hecox: A. G. Wetherby, “Some Notes on American Land Shells,” Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History (April 1880), 38–39.

262“Why, the sea”: Leffingwell, Lighthouses, 108.

263Though it was … her job: Clifford and Clifford, Women, 67–70.

263Emily Maitland Fish’s story: Background for this comes from Clifford Gallant, “Emily Fish: The Socialite Keeper,” The Keeper’s Log (Spring 1985), 8–13; and Jean Serpell Stumbo, Emily Fish: Socialite Lighthouse Keeper of Point Pinos Lighthouse, Pacific Grove, California (Pacific Grove: Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History Association, 1997).

264“was one of”: “The Life She Loves Best,” Kansas City Star (September 8, 1900).

265“Socialite Keeper”: Gallant, “Emily Fish: The Socialite Keeper.”

266“an elegant”: History of the Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Taking Possession of California and Raising of the American Flag at Monterey, Cal. (Oakland: Carruth & Carruth Printers, 1896), 41.

266Interestingly enough … exemplary actions: “Heroines of the Lighthouse Service. There Are Twenty-Seven Stationed at the Beacons throughout the United States” Lexington Herald (January 7, 1912); JoAnn Chartier, “Juliet Fish Nichols: The Angel of Angel Island,” Lighthouse Digest (March 2005), 44–45.

266In addition to the 140: Clifford and Clifford, Women, 209.

268“The present evidence”: Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 41.

268lighthouse historian and genealogist: Sandra MacLean Clunes, “African American Lighthouse Keepers of the Chesapeake Bay,” Chesapeake Lights (Winter 2004), 1–6.

268For many … 184 years: Adamson, Keepers, 318; Charles K. Hyde, The Northern Lights: Lighthouses of the Upper Great Lakes (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1995), 52–53; and De Wire, Guardians, 41.

268Lighthouse families … deteriorating health: Snow, The Lighthouses, 9–11; and Clifford and Clifford, Women, 53–55.

269“Sometimes I”: Kobbe, “Heroism,” 225.

270Robert Israel: Katherine B. Menz, Historic Furnishings Report, Point Loma Lighthouse (Harpers Ferry, VA: National Park Service, December 1978), 5–6, 12–13.

271“three sickly”: Kirk Munroe, “From Light to Light: A Cruise of the America, Supply-Ship,” Scribner’s Magazine (October 1896), 469.

271“God’s Rock Garden”: Mary Ellen Chase, The Story of Lighthouses, 93–94. See also, Adamson, Keepers, 75.

272“Mule Patty”: White, The Farallon, 61.

272“soon recovered”: Munroe, “From Light to Light, 470.

273One dog … lighthouse keepers’ lives: Snow, The Lighthouses, 159–61; and Stanley Coren, Why Does My Dog Act That Way: A Complete Guide to Your Dog’s Personality (New York: Free Press, 2006), 247–48.

273At least one dog: Snow, The Lighthouses, 39–41; and from De Wire, The Lighthouse Menagerie, 21–24.

274“My husband speaks”: Snow, The Lighthouses, 40.

275Sometimes it … relief keeper: James A. Gibbs, Sentinels of the North Pacific: The Story of Pacific Coast Lighthouses and Lightships (Portland: Binfords & Mort, 1955), 212–13.

276“After the first”: Adamson, Keepers, 232–33.

276In August 1897: “Race for Life,” Boston Globe (August 13, 1897); “Madman in a Lighthouse,” New York Times (August 15, 1897); and Jeremy D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Rhode Island (Beverly, MA: Commonwealth Editions, 2006), 50–51.

277“O, I’ll murder”: “Race for Life,” Boston Globe.

277“He was almost”: Ibid.

277“smashed crockery”: Ibid.

278no more dramatic example: The background for the battle at the Ship Shoal Lighthouse comes from “The Crime of Jim Wood,” Daily Picayune (April 4, 1882); “A Desperado of the Sea,” Daily Picayune (March 9, 1882); and “A Thrilling Experience,” New York Times (January 25, 1886).

281involved education: Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 47–48; “School Facilities,” LSB (May 1915), 178; Chase, The Story of Lighthouses, 142; and De Wire, Guardians, 169–72.

282“growing up”: Alexander P. MacDonald, “The Children of the Lighthouses,” Outlook (January 18, 1908), 150.

282“It was a”: Wass, Lighthouse, 232.

282On Christmas Day: The background for this section on Royal’s illness and the journey to try to save him comes from White, Farallon, 64–66; Shanks and Shanks, Lighthouses, 53–54; Casey, The Devil’s, 86–88; and Farallon Island Lighthouse Logbook, December 25–29, 1898, RG26, E80, Lighthouse Station Logs, NAB.

283“He was in”: “She Proved That There is No Love Like a Mother’s Love,” San Francisco Examiner (December 31, 1898).

284“A man had”: Robert DeGast, The Lighthouses of the Chesapeake (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 9.

284One of … an end: Bruce Roberts and Ray Jones, Pacific Northwest Lighthouses: Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and British Columbia (Old Saybrook, CT: Globe Pequot Press, 1997), 30; and Gibbs, Lighthouses, 149.

285“Oh! The loneliness”: Stella M. Champney, “Four Days of Terror,” Detroit News (May 17, 1931).

285“When I left”: “The Mother Tragedy of the Lonesome Lighthouse,”Morning Tulsa Daily World (September 10, 1922).

285“had grown morose”: “Lighthouse Mother Kills Self and Son,” New York Times (June 10, 1922).

285“Out at sea”: Annie Bell Hobbes, “Another Lighthouse Story,” The Nursery: A Monthly Magazine for Youngest Readers, vol. 19 (Boston: John L. Shorey, 1876), 67–68.

286“Nothing ever”: “Fifty Years’ Work: Woman Lighthouse Keeper’s Record of Half a Century,” New York Daily Tribune (June 20, 1903).

286“The trouble”: Kobbe, Life in a Lighthouse, 373.

286“When I was living”: Lewis Samuel Feuer, Einstein and the Generations of Science (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1974), 88.

286“who fitted”: Thoreau, Cape Cod, 158.

286William Hunt Harris: Dean, Lighthouses of the Florida Keys, 149; and Gideon Dowse Harris, Harris Genealogy (Columbus, Miss.: privately printed, 1914), 79.

287“I don’t know”: “Lighthouse No Longer Place of Monotony,” Berkeley Daily Gazette (March 29, 1929).

287“At best”: “Hoover Appeals to Listeners to Donate Sets for Lighthouses,” New York Times (March 21, 1926).

288“At other times”: “Light Keepers Find a Boon in Radio,” New York Times (June 23, 1929).

288Wincapaw decided: Backgground for Flying Santa comes from Brian Tague, “The Origins and History of the Flying Santa,” on the Friends of Flying Santa website, http://www.flyingsanta.com/HistoryOrigins.html, accessed on July 21, 2014; Snow, Famous, 1–14; “Flier Carries Cheer to 70 Lonely Lighthouses; Safely Drops Gifts for Crews Who Aided Him,” New York Times (December 26, 1933); and Max Karant, “Santa Now Uses an Airplane,” Popular Aviation (March 1937), 23–24, 56.

290“I have been”: Snow, Famous, 1.

291“I love the”: “A Fragile Woman of 80 Years is Uncle Sam’s Oldest and Most Reliable Lighthouse Keeper,” Chicago Tribune (October 2, 1904).

291“I’m happy here”: Champney, “Four Days of Terror.”

291“You ever see”: DeGast, The Lighthouses, 55.

291“When we were”: Jeremy D’Entremont, “Women of the Lights: In Their Own Words,” Lighthouse Digest (June 2007).

292“I dunno”: “Christmas Cheer in a Lighthouse,” Stamford Advocate (December 17, 1908).

CHAPTER 11: LIGHTHOUSE HEROES

294Idawalley Zoradia Lewis: The background for this section on Ida Lewis comes from George D. Brewerton, Ida Lewis: The Heroine of Lime Rock (Newport, RI: A. J. Ward, 1869); Lenore Skomal, The Keeper of Lime Rock (Philadelphia: Running Press, 2002); and D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Rhode Island, 187–91.

294“It was her father”: Skomal, The Keeper, 36.

296“so far gone”: Zoradia Lewis, affidavit, Archives, RG26, Correspondence Concerning Lifesaving Medals, 1874–1920, Entry 235, Box 10, NAB.

297“Oh Holy Vargin”: Brewerton, Ida Lewis, 19.

297“Ida, oh my”: Ibid., 25.

297“blowing a living”: Zoradia Lewis, affidavit.

298“barely able”: Brewerton, Ida Lewis, 27.

298“When I saw”: Skomal, The Keeper, 17.

299“Guardian angel”: “Ida Lewis: The Grace Darling of America,” New-York Tribune (April 12, 1869).

299This last comparison … twenty-six: Skomal, The Keeper, 19–21; William J. Hardy, Lighthouses: Their History and Romance (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1895), 48–52; and Jessica Mitford, Grace Darling had an English Heart: The Story of Grace Darling, Heroine and Victorian Superstar (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1998), 13–15, 33–53, 75–79.

301“was a most”: “Ida Lewis, The Newport Heroine,” Harper’s Weekly (July 31, 1869), 484.

301“Her size”: Skomal, The Keeper, 23.

301The coverage … in marriage: Brewerton, Ida Lewis, 29–47; Skomal, The Keeper, 21–26, Margaret C. Adler, “To the Rescue: Picturing Ida Lewis,” Winterthur Portfolio (Spring 2014), 85.

302Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: Adler, “To the Rescue: Picturing Ida Lewis,” 99.

302“I have come”: Skomal, The Keeper, 57.

302“I am happy”: The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, vol. 19, July 1, 1868–October 31, 1869, edited by John Y. Simon (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1995), 229, n6.

302“If there were”: Skomal, The Keeper, 23–24.

303Late on the afternoon … for treatment: Affidavits of Frederick O. Tucker, Giuseppe Gianetti, Harriet Lewis, Mrs. M. E. Connell, Charles Abbott, Cassius W. Hallock, in Archives, RG26, Correspondence Concerning Lifesaving Medals, 1874–1920, Entry 235, Box 10, NAB; F. E. Chadwick to George Brown (June 24, 1881), in Archives, RG26, Correspondence Concerning Lifesaving Medals, 1874–1920, Entry 235, Box 10, NAB; and Skomal, The Keeper, 92–95.

303“endanger their own”: “An Act to provide for the establishment of life-saving stations and houses of refuge upon the sea and lake coasts of the United States, and to promote the efficiency of the life-saving service,” in United States Congress, Acts and Resolution of the United States of America Passed at the First Session of the Forty-Third Congress, December 1, 1873–June 23, 1874 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1874), 152.

303“Dear good brave”: Skomal, The Keeper, 96.

304“The Grace Darling of”: “The Passing of Ida Lewis, the Heroine of Newport,” New York Times (October 29, 1911).

304More than fourteen hundred … Lewis saved: D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Rhode Island, 196–97; and Skomal, The Keeper, 127–37.

305Hanna’s story begins: The background for the wreck of the Australia and the rescue comes from the following documents: Marcus Hanna to J. M. Richardson (February 6, 1885); Affidavit of Nathaniel Staples, February 28, 1885; Affidavit of Hiram Staples, March 7, 1885; Affidavit of Irving Pierce, March 10, 1885; Affidavit of Henry E. Dyer, March 9, 1885. All these are in Marcus Hanna file, RG 26, Entry 235, Correspondence Concerning Lifesaving Medals, 1874–1920, Box 9, NAB. All the quotes are from the February 6 letter from Hanna to Richardson.

306Forty-three … transferred to Cape Elizabeth Lighthouse: D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Maine, 76, 206, 223–24.

307During the Civil War … Medal of Honor: Walter F. Beyer and Oscar F. Keydel, Deeds of Valor: How American Heroes Won the Medal of Honor, vol. (Detroit: Perrien Keydel Company, 1901), 208–9.

310On April 29: “Gold Medals Awarded,” Boston Herald (April 30, 1885).

310more than 1,234: Adamson, Keepers, 21–22.

310“The sky seemed”: Herbert Molloy Mason, Jr., Death From the Sea: The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 (New York: Dial Press, 1972), 78–79.

310A killer of massive: The background for this section on the Galveston Hurricane and the Bolivar Point Lighthouse comes from William H. Thiesen, “Saving Lives during America’s Deadliest Disaster,” Naval History (December 2012), 46–52; Erik Larson, Isaac’s Storm: A Man, A Time, and the Deadliest Hurricane in History (New York: Vintage Books, 1999), 102–8; 111–14; 141–43; 163–66; 264–65; Mason, Death, 85–86; 162–63; “Gen. Scurry Is in Charge,” Dallas Morning News (September 13, 1900); “52,000 Candles Are Set in the Window of Galveston,”Galveston Daily News (July 25, 1915); and J. R. Selfridge to Light-House Board, September 15, 1900, RG26, E24, Letters Received From District Engineers and Inspectors (1853–1900), box 287, NAB.

313Fifteen years later: Bolivar Point Lighthouse Logbook, August 15–18, 1915, RG26, E80, Lighthouse Station Logs, NAB.

314“The big tower”: “Bolivar Weathered Another Big Storm,” Galveston Daily News (August 30, 1915).

314The water receded … the lighthouse: “Bolivar Point Lighthouse, Texas,” The Keeper’s Log (Fall 1995), 26–27.

314In the case of the: The background for this section on the Bird of Paradise comes from Lester J. Maitland, Knights of the Air (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Company, 1929), 305–9, 318–27; William J. Horvat, Above the Pacific (Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, 1966), 63–70; and Ross R. Aiken, Kilaeua Point Lighthouse: The Landfall Beacon on the Orient Run (Kilauea: Kilauea Point Natural History Association, 1988), 70–81.

316“saw a light”: Maitland, Knights, 326.

317“These aviators”: “Kilauea Point Light First Landfall Made by Army Aviators in Hawaiian Flight,” LSB (August 1, 1927).

317“the Kilauea”: Dean, The Lighthouses of Hawaii, 146.

CHAPTER 12: MARVELS OF ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION

319named after: Snow, Famous, 53.

319In 1838 … deaf ears: Nathaniel Spooner, Gleanings From the Records of the Boston Marine Society, Through its First Century (Boston: Published by the Society, 1879), 131.

319“is more required … a ‘Stevenson’ ”: U.S. H.R. Doc. 183, 11.

319 the British engineer John Smeaton: Bella Bathurst, The Lighthouse Stevensons: The Extraordinary Story of the Building of the Scottish Lighthouses by the Ancestors of Robert Louis Stevenson (New York: HarperCollins, 1999), 58–60; and Majdalany, The Eddystone, 116–18, 154.

320“broad at … being uprooted”: Bathurst, The Lighthouse, 58–60.

320The resulting edifice … wave-swept location: Ibid.

320One such … his masterpieces: Ibid., 63–96.

321William Henry Swift: The background for this section on Swift and his selection of the site, the proposed plan for the lighthouse, and its construction comes from “Report of the Colonel of the Corps of Topographical Engineers” (November 14, 1850), in Message from the President of the United States, to the Two Houses of Congress at the Commencement of the Second Session of the Thirty-First Congress, part 2 (Washington: Printed for the House, 1850), 432–43, 452–55; Edward Rowe Snow, The Story of Minot’s Light (Boston: Yankee Publishing, 1940), 23–31; and George W. Cullum, Biographical Sketch of Captain William H. Swift, of the Topographical Engineers (New York: A. G. Sherwood & Co., 1880), 3–10.

323“Here was the”: Thoreau, Cape Cod, 243.

323“A tremendous … my trust”: Snow, The Story, 39–42.

323Even the kitten … frazzled life: Ibid., 37–38.

324“At intervals”: “Minot’s Rock Lighthouse,” Appletons Mechanics’ Magazine and Engineers Journal (February 1, 1851), 98.

325“Time, the great”: United States Lighthouse Board, Compilation of Public Documents and Extracts From Reports and Papers Relating to … 1789 to 1871 (1871), 549.

325“The lighthouse won’t”: Snow, Famous, 59.

325Exactly when … recovered later: Snow, The Story, 50–57; “The Gale and the Flood,” Boston Atlas (April 18, 1851).

326There were … inferior quality: John W. Bennett, “The Minot’s Rock Lighthouse,” Boston Herald (May 21, 1851); and “Minot Rock Lighthouse,” Appleton’s Mechanics’ Magazine & Engineers’ Journal (July 1, 1851), 398–402.

327Totten went with: J. G. Barnard, “Eulogy on the Late Joseph G. Totten, Brevet Major General,” in Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution Showing the Operations, Expenditures, and Condition of the Institution for the Year 1865 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1866), 166.

327“whether it be”: Snow, The Story, 64. For general background on the construction of the second Minot’s lighthouse see ibid., 61–84; and Barton S. Alexander, “Minot’s Ledge Lighthouse,” in Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers (April 1879), 83–94.

327“There had to be”: John G. Barnard, “Lighthouse Construction,” Johnson’s Universal Cyclopaedia: A Scientific and Popular Treasury of Useful Knowledge, vol. 4 (New York: A. J. Johnson & Co., 1886), 825. (Emphasis in original.)

328“We would watch”: Charles A. Lawrence, “The Building of Minot’s Ledge Lighthouse,” New England Magazine (October 1896), 138.

328In 1856 … when necessary: Alexander, “Minot’s Ledge Lighthouse,” 86–87; Snow, The Story, 73; and Snow, Famous, 62.

328“If tough”: Lawrence, “The Building of Minot’s Ledge Lighthouse,” 136.

328despair evaporated: Snow, The Story, 65–66.

329The tower’s granite … used throughout: Alexander, “Minot’s,” 91–92; and D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Massachusetts, 275.

330“A light-house”: “Laying the Corner Stone of the Minot’s Ledge Light-House,” Freemason’s Monthly Magazine (November 1, 1858), 1–2.

331“Let us remember”: Ibid, 7.

332“ranks, by the”: John G. Barnard, “Lighthouse Engineering as Displayed at the Centennial Exhibition,” Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers (March 1879), 59.

332“rises out”: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, edited by Samuel Longfellow, vol. 3 (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1891), 184.

332Long after the … on their minds: ARLHB, June 30, 1893 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1893), 233–34; Snow, The Story of Minot’s Light, 98; and D’Entremont, Lighthouses of Massachusetts, 279–80.

333A continent … the Columbia: G. L. Gillespie, “Report Upon the Construction of Tillamook Rock Light Station, Sea Coast of Oregon,” appendix in ARLHB, June 30, 1881, 99; and Portland Board of Trade, Report of the President and Secretary for the Year Ending August 1, 1879 (Portland, OR: Board of Trade, 1879), 1–20.

334Tillamook Rock: For background for this section on the design and building of Tillamook Rock Lighthouse comes from Gillespie, “Report Upon,” 99–134; and James A. Gibbs, Tillamook Light (Portland: Binford & Mort, 1979), 37–57.

334with ridicule: “Tillamook Rock,” Oregonian (November 20, 1879).

336“a large rounded”: Gillespie, “Report,” 103.

336To handle this … West Coast: Dennis M. Powers, Sentinel of the Seas: Life and Death at the Most Dangerous Lighthouse Ever Built (New York: Citadel Press, 2007), 13–16; “Wolf Rock,” Trinity House website, http://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/lighthouses/lighthouse_list/wolf_rock.html, accessed on May 25, 2015; and David Stevenson, Life of Robert Stevenson (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1878), 172.

337Appointing Ballantyne … by example: Powers, Sentinel of the Seas, 13–16.

337“idle talk”: Gillespie, “Report,” 103.

339“rather disagreeable”: Ibid., 126.

341For two more … in satisfactory shape: “In Awful Peril,” Oregonian (January 20, 1880).

342On January 3: Lewis & Dryden’s Marine History of the Pacific Northwest, edited by E. W. Wright (Portland: Lewis & Dryden Printing Company, 1895), 289; and Gibbs, Tillamook, 54–57.

343“Hard aport”: “Marine Disaster,” Philadelphia Inquirer (January 10, 1881).

344“From that hour”: Adamson, Keepers, 237.

344The storm that struck: Background for this storm and its impact on the lighthouse comes from “Tremendous Seas Sweep Tillamook Rock,” LSB (November 1, 1934); and Sam Churchill, “The Day ‘Terrible Tilly’s’ Light Nearly Died in a Sea of Terror,” Northwest Magazine (December 3, 1972), 6–10.

345“As an example”: Putnam, Sentinel, 236.

345St. George Reef Lighthouse: Background for this section on the building of the lighthouse comes from A. H. Payson, “Report Upon the Construction of Saint George’s Reef Light-Station, Sea-Coast of California,” in ARLHB, June 30, 1884 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1884), 113–26; Alexander Ballantyne to W. H. Heuer, January 1, 1892, in ARLHB, June 30, 1891 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1891), 271–78; Powers, Sentinel, 3–48; 71–171; and Wayne C. Wheeler, “St. George Reef Lighthouse: A Nineteenth-Century Engineering Feat,” The Keeper’s Log (Fall 2003), 2–13.

345“Dragon Rocks”: John Vancouver, A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, and Round the World, vol. 1 (London: G. G. and J. Robinson, 1798), 202.

346During a gale … the danger: Powers, Sentinel, 5, 29; “The Brother Jonathan Wreck,” San Francisco Bulletin (August 3, 1865).  

346again in 1881: ARLHB, June 30, 1881, 8.

349“made of two”: Payson, “Report,” 120.

349“At my cry”: Powers, Sentinel, 72.

349But safety … major damage: Ibid., 73.

351“In four years”: Alexander Ballantyne to W. H. Heuer, 273.

353“The men’s”: Ibid., 275.

354The entire endeavor … and all: Charles Graves, “Statue of Liberty,” Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 17 (New York: Encyclopedia Americana Corporation, 1919), 350; and Powers, Sentinel, 168–69.

CHAPTER 13: OF BIRDS AND EGGS

355It was a noise … strewn about the lighthouse: M. Eldridge, “History of Hog Island Light Station, Virginia” (April 1951), clipping file for Hog Island, RG 26, NAB.

356still do not know: Sidney A. Gauthreaux, Jr., and Carroll G. Belser, “Effects of Artificial Light on Migrating Birds,” in Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting, edited by Catherine Rich and Travis Longcore (Washington: Island Press, 2006), 71–74.

357“The lighthouse”: Celia Thaxter, Among the Isle of Shoals (Boston: James R. Osgood and Company, 1873), 110–11.

357“As soon as”: J. A. Allen, “Destruction of Birds by Light-Houses,” Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club (July 1880), 134–35.

357December 1920: “Damage Cape Ann Light Station,” LSB (February 1, 1921), 165–66.

358A few days … in years: Sterling, Lighthouses, 55–56.

359“a great bird”: William Dutcher, “Bird Notes From Long Island, N.Y.” The Auk (April 1888), 182. See also William Dutcher, “Notes on Some Rare Birds in the Collection of the Long Island Historical Society,” The Auk (July 1893), 276.

359“The largest”: Wells Woodbridge Cooke, Distribution and Migration of North American Warblers (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1904), 17–18.

360keepers contributed to: “Banding of Birds,” LSB (December 1, 1922), 256.

360In a particularly: Eric Jay Dolin and Bob Dumaine, The Duck Stamp Story: Art, Conservation, History (Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 2000), 16.

360On a stroll: T. Gilbert Pearson, The Bird Study Book (New York: Doubleday, 1919), 146–47.

361In 1900: William Dutcher, “Results of Special Protection to Gulls and Terns Obtained Through the Thayer Fund,” The Auk (January 1901), 76–77.

361The results … previous years: William Dutcher, “Report of the Committee on the Protection of North American Birds for the Year 1900,” The Auk (January 1901), 92.

361The success: “State Reports,” Bird Lore (February 1, 1905), 113.

362“spirit of protection”: Notes and News, The Auk (April 1900), 199.

362Two years later: USLB, Instructions to Light-House Keepers, 1902, 12–13.

362When the … Audubon Society’s employ: B. S. Bowdish, “Ornithological Miscellany from Audubon Wardens,” The Auk (April 1909), 116–28; Larkin G. Mead, “The Minute-Men of the Coast,” Harper’s Weekly (January 11, 1908), 25; and Ted Panayotoff, “Lighthouse Keepers Saved Lives of Birds, as Well as Humans,” Lighthouse Digest (July 2008), 14–16.

362most dramatic story: Background for this story is from White, The Farallon, 42–55, 108–9; Doughty, “San Francisco’s,” 554–72; Casey, The Devil’s, 81–85; and “The Farallones,” San Francisco Bulletin (June 15, 1880).

363“who was”: Amos Clift to Horace Clift (November 30, 1859), San Francisco History Center of the San Francisco Public Library.

363“If I could”: Ibid.

363“drawn lines”: “Disputed Claims to the Farallones,” Daily Alta California (November 23, 1859).

363“armed to”: White, The Farallon, 43.

363“egg co.”: Amos Clift to Horace Clift (June 14, 1860), San Francisco History Center of the San Francisco Public Library.

364“the undue”: White, The Farallon, 43.

364“at their peril”: Ibid., 53.

364“in spite”: “The Farallones Egg War—Coroner’s Inquest of the Body of Perkins,” Daily Alta California (June 7, 1863).

364“God damn”: Ibid.

364Both sides claimed: “The Farallones War—Arrests for Murder,” ibid. (June 6, 1863).

364Batchelder was: “Farallons Egg War,” ibid., (December 10, 1864).

365All of … eviction notice: ARLHB, June 30, 1880 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880), 63–64; ARLHB, June 30, 1881, 70–71.

365“We steamed”: Charles Warren Stoddard, In the Footprints of the Padres (San Francisco: A. M. Robertson, 1912), 157–58.

366“engaging in”: “Report of the A.O.U. Committee on Protection of North American Birds,” The Auk (January 1898), 109–10.

CHAPTER 14: A CRUEL WIND

367One of the earliest: George Dutton to John Y. Mason, October 14, 1846, New York Municipal Gazette (March 15, 1847), 736; and Dean, Lighthouses of the Florida Keys, 54.

367The hurricane that roared: Putman, “Beacons,” 29; ARLHB, June 30, 1907 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1907), 95–99; and Timothy Harrison, “The Hero of Horn Island Lighthouse, Pascagoula, Mississippi,” Lighthouse Digest (July/August, 2011), 70–71.

368Edwin S. Babcock … half mile away: The background for the ordeal of Plum Beach Lighthouse and its keepers during the hurricane comes from Lawrence H. Bradner, The Plum Beach Light: The Birth, Life, and Death of a Lighthouse (n.p.: privately published by author, 1989), 95–140.

369Great Hurricane of 1938: The background for the hurricane comes from Everett S. Allen, A Wind to Shake the World: The Story of the 1938 Hurricane (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1976); R. A. Scotti, Sudden Sea: The Great Hurricane of 1938 (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2003), 23, 37–50, 81, 93–94, 216–17; Cherie Burns, The Great Hurricane: 1938 (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2005), 74–78; and National Weather Service, The Great Hurricane of 1938, at http://www.weather.gov/box/1938hurricane, accessed on August 23, 2014.

370“If the lighthouse”: Bradner, The Plum, 123.

371“like an eggshell”: Ibid., 124.

371“If it had”: Ibid.

372Walter Eberle: D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Rhode Island, 49–54; and “Detailed Reports Indicate Violence of September Hurricane,” LSB (December 1938), 145–46.

373“The light is”: D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Rhode Island, 54.

373Prudence Island Lighthouse: Background for this section, and all of the quotes, comes from Edward Rowe Snow, A Pilgrim Returns to Cape Cod (Boston: Yankee Publishing Company, 1946), 364–66.

375Dumpling Rock Lighthouse: The background for this section on Dumpling Rock, and all the quotes, comes from Seamond Ponsart Roberts, with Jeremy D’Entremont, Everyday Heroes: The True Story of a Lighthouse Family (Portsmouth, NH: Coastlore Media, 2013), 10–13.

377Sidney Z. Gross: Background for this section, and all of the quotes, comes from “Detailed Reports Indicate,” 146.

379Its keeper, Arthur Small: The background for this section on Palmer Island Lighthouse and its bout with the hurricane comes from Allen, A Wind, 320–26; “Secretary of Commerce Addresses Conference of Lighthouse Superintendents,” LSB (October 1938), 133–34; and D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Massachusetts, 21–25.

379“It is a popular”: Snow, The Lighthouses, 305–6.

380“Whenever they say:” Allen, A Wind, 321.

381“I was hurt”: Ibid, 322.

382“No keeper”: Ibid.

383“one of the most”: Ibid, 323.

383All told: “September Hurricane Causes Loss of Life and Extensive Property Damage,” LSB (October 1938), 135–36.

383By the time … American history: Allen, A Wind, 348–49; and Scotti, Sudden Sea, 23, 216–17, 226.

CHAPTER 15: THE NEW KEEPERS

385“devoted, efficient”: “Public Resolution No. 16,” U.S. Sen. Doc. 130 (1939), 652.

385The celebration … through consolidation: Robert Erwin Johnson, Guardians of the Sea: History of the United States Coast Guard, 1915 to the Present (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1987), 162–65; U.S. Coast Guard, The Coast Guard at War—Aids to Navigation (Washington: Public Information Division, U.S. Coast Guard, July 1, 1949), 4; and Franklin D. Roosevelt: “Message to Congress on Plan II to Implement the Reorganization Act,” May 9, 1939, at The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15760, accessed on August 30, 2014.

385While some … petty officers: Johnson, Guardians, 163; and Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 38.

385Many keepers … operate smoothly: Adamson, Keepers, 31; Johnson, Guardians, 164; and De Wire, Lighthouses of the South, 96.

386a million dollars: Johnson, Guardians, 164.

386Many lighthouses … against invasion: U.S. Coast Guard, The Coast Guard at War, 5–10; and J. McCaffery, Point Pinos, Pacific Grove, California Lighthouse (Point Pinos: Printed by author, 2001), 81.

386Scotch Cap Lighthouse: The background for this section comes from the Scotch Cap Radio Station Logbook, April 1–8, 1946, RG26, E80, Lighthouse Station Logs, NAB (all quotes, except one, come from this); Adamson, Keepers, 249–54; Michael J. Mooney, “Tragedy at Scotch Cap,” Sea Frontiers (March/April 1975), 84–90; “Memorandum Kept by Chief Radio Electrician Horan B. Sandford, U. S. Coast Guard,” transcript at the Office of the Historian, U.S. Coast Guard; and Dudley and Lee, Tsunami!, 1–5, 41.

388“The light!”: Adamson, Keepers, 252.

389One of the … out to sea: Wermiel, Lighthouses, 323; Bruce Roberts, Cheryl Shelton-Roberts, and Ray Jones, American Lighthouses: A Comprehensive Guide to Exploring our National Coastal Treasures (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2012), 155; and LighthouseFriends.com, “Charleston (Sullivan’s Island), SC,” at http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=334, accessed on September 2, 2014.

390Beyond building … critical jobs: National Park Service, U.S. Coast Guard, and Department of Defense, Historic Lighthouse Preservation Handbook (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997), part 2, 2.

391in 1968: Ibid.

391Automation, during … four years: DeGast, The Lighthouses, 7; and Skip Rozin, “Who mourns the vanishing wickies?” Audubon (May 1972), 31–32.

391One that is … little maintenance: Jones, The Lighthouse, 136; and e-mail communication with Jeremy D’Entremont, May 31, 2015.

393“This place … stinks!”: De Wire, Guardians, 262.

393“When I had the”: Robert G. Müller, Long Island’s Lighthouses: Past and Present (Patchogue: Long Island Chapter of the U.S. Lighthouse Society, 2004), 157–58.

393By 1989 … fog signal: Jeremy D’Entremont, “Coney Island Light Station, New York,” The Keeper’s Log (Fall 2009), 2-6; and Robert D. McFadden, “Frank P. Schubert, Lighthouse Keeper Since 1939, Dies at 88,” The New York Times (December 13, 2003).

395“was nuts”: Myrna Oliver, “Obituary: Frank Schubert, 88, Last Civilian Lighthouse Keeper in the United States,” Los Angeles Times (December 19, 2003).

395“because of public relations”: “The Last Lighthouse Keeper,” All Things Considered, National Public Radio, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1137620, accessed on September 2, 2014

396“My head’s”: Charlie LeDuff, “So, It’s a Lighthouse. Now Leave Me Alone,” New York Times (April 18, 2002).

396“The Coast Guard mourns”: Oliver, “Obituary: Frank Schubert, 88.”

397For example, in 1925 … Museum and Lighthouse: James Boylan and Betsy Wade, Stonington’s Old Lighthouse and Its Keepers (Stonington: Stonington Historical Society, 2013), 98–102; Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 164; and Elinor De Wire, “Fairport Harbor Lighthouse: The Freedom Light,” The Keeper’s Log (Winter 2009), 11.

398The Chesapeake … prime attractions: Vojtech, Lighting, 151.

398East Brother Lighthouse: Background for this section comes from Frank Perry, East Brother: History of an Island Light Station, a book published by the East Brother Light Station, Inc., 1984, accessed at http://www.ebls.org/book.html, on September 4, 2014.

401Fire Island Lighthouse: Background for the Fire Island Lighthouse restoration comes from an interview by author with Robert LaRosa, president of the Fire Island Lighthouse Preservation Society, September 5, 2014; Fire Island Lighthouse Preservation Society website, http://fireislandlighthouse.com/index.html, accessed on September 6, 2014; Casey Rattner, “Long Island Volunteer Hall of Fame Archive Project, Inception to Induction, Fire Island Lighthouse Preservation Society” (April 14, 2011), at the following website, accessed on September 6, 2014, http://www.livolunteerhalloffame.org/uploads/Fire_Island_Lighthouse_Preservation_Society.pdf; Dennis Hanson, “The Tide Is Turning for Old Beacons Adrift at Land’s End,” Smithsonian (August 1, 1987), 99–108; and Paul Vitello, “Thomas Roberts, Who Led Fight to Save Fire Island Lighthouse, Dies at 75,” New York Times (June 15, 2013).

403Rose Island Lighthouse Foundation: Background for this section comes from Rose Island Lighthouse Foundation website, at http://www.roseislandlighthouse.org/index.html, accessed on September 5, 2014; and D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Rhode Island, 176–79.

404Maine Lights Program: Island Institute, “Maine Lights Program: Overview and Conclusions – January, 2000,” at http://www.islandinstitute.org/documents/mainelights.pdf, accessed on September 7, 2014.

405“You solved a”: James M. Loy, “Maine Lighthouse Transfer Ceremony, Rockland, Maine, June 20, 1998,”at http://www.uscg.mil/history//CCG/Loy/docs/MLHS062098.pdf, accessed on September 7, 2014.

406As of 2015: Personal communication with Patrick J. Sclafani, Regional Public Affairs Officer, New England Region, U.S. General Services Administration, January 29 and June 2, 2015.

407“It’s said you can’t”: Clay Risen, “Preserving the Lighthouse, Not Just the Light,” New York Times (September 5, 2014).

407“like nothing else”: Virginia Sole-Smith, “Who Owns America’s Lighthouses?” Coastal Living (August 2012), 87–88.

408“an enormously … we’re going”: Interview with Dave Waller, September 10, 2014.

409“always been”: Jacqueline Tempera, “Beacon Thrill: What It’s Like to Live in a Lighthouse,” Boston Globe (August 3, 2104).

409“there is nothing”: Interview with Nick Korstad, September 10, 2014.

410“Nonprofit groups ”: Sole-Smith, “Who Owns,” 88.

410“It burns me up”: Alexander Abnos, “Coast Guard Auctions of Lighthouses,” USA Today (April 2, 2008).

410“One part”: Amy Gamerman, “The Lure of the Lighthouse,” Wall Street Journal (August 15, 2013).

410“Doomsday List”: Tim Harrison, “The Doomsday List—America’s Most Endangered Lighthouses,” Lighthouse Digest, at http://www.lighthousedigest.com/news/doomsdaystory.cfm, accessed on September 17, 2014; and telephone interview with Tim Harrison, September 16, 2014.

411finally toppled: Holland, America’s Lighthouses, 76–77.

412The most challenging … this century: Mike Booher and Lin Ezell, Out of Harm’s Way: Moving America’s Lighthouse (Annapolis: Eastwind Publishing, 2001), 10-94; “Cape Hatteras Light Station,” National Park Service Web page accessed on May 16, 2015, at http://www.nps.gov/caha/planyourvisit/chls.htm; Orrin H. Pilkey, David M. Bush, and William J. Neal, “Lessons from Lighthouses: Shifting Sands, Coastal Management Strategies, and the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse Controversy,” in The Earth Around Us: Maintaining a Livable Planet, edited by Jill S. Schneiderman (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2000), 198–200; and telephone interview with Tyler Finkle, Project Manager at International Chimney Corporation, July 24, 2015.

415“the head”: “A Perfumed Ghost,” The Savannah Tribune (February 16, 1889).

415In 1880: Telephone interview with Mimi Rogers, curator, Coastal Georgia Historical Society, September 16, 2014; and S. E. Schlosser, Spooky Georgia: Tales of Hauntings, Strange Happenings, and Other Local Lore (Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press, 2012), 62.

EPILOGUE

419Marblehead Lighthouse stands: D’Entremont, The Lighthouses of Massachusetts, 351–57.

419“good harbor”: Richard Whiting Searle, “Marblehead Great Neck,” Essex Historical Institute Collections (July 1937), 228.

420“gallant Marblehead men”: “One of the Veterans,” Salem Register (October 26, 1857).