Figures

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6.1	An unordered genealogical tree
6.2	A genealogical tree indicating internal subgrouping
6.3	Intersecting isoglosses in a dialect continuum or a linkage
6.4	A NeighborNet diagram of northern Vanuatu languages, based on rates of acquired similarity
6.5	A glottometric diagram of the Torres–Banks languages
7.1	Levenshtein distance: How to turn a ‘Shakespeare’ into ‘Jacques Pierre’ (in broad phonological transcription) with two substitutions, a deletion, and an insertion, for a Levenshtein distance of four
7.2	Likelihood trace MCMC sampling under two models, A and B
7.3	Unrooted and rooted trees
7.4	Substitution models
7.5	Summarising the posterior tree sample
8.1	Scatterplots of stability ranks using different metrics
10.1	A modular theory for the formalisation of sound changes
10.2	The processing-directions for the formalisation of sound changes
14.1	Interfaces
14.2	Interpretable and uninterpretable features of airplane and build
14.3	Reanalyses of the demonstrative pronoun
14.4	Reanalyses of the adposition
15.1	The traditional conception of meaning in grammar and syntax
15.2	The constructional approach to grammar as form–meaning pairings
15.3	A reconstruction of the Acc-Gen predicate ‘lust’ in Proto-Germanic
15.4	A reconstruction of the argument structure of ‘lust’ in Proto-Germanic
15.5	The causative–anticausative relation between Nom-Acc and Acc-only
15.6	No relation between the causative and its derivational anticausative
18.1	Layering of forms for modal obligation/necessity in English
18.2	Distribution of Brazilian Portuguese future temporal reference variants by century
18.3	The tense effect on be like across time in New Zealand English
19.1	Internal and external etymologies
20.1	JSL ‘Did-you-tell-her?’
20.2	Old version of ASL ‘SWEETHEART’
20.3	Current version of ASL ‘SWEETHEART’
20.4	Old version of ASL ‘HELP’
20.5	Current version of ASL ‘HELP’
20.6	ASL ‘TOWN’
20.7	Intermediate version of ASL ‘VILLAGE’
20.8	Newer version of ASL’ VILLAGE’
20.9	ASL’ BOY’
20.10	ASL ‘GIRL’
20.11	ASL ‘SAME’
20.12	ASL ‘SISTER’
20.13	ASL ‘BROTHER’
20.14	JSL family ‘TEN’
20.15	JSL family ‘SEVEN’
20.16	JSL family ‘SEVENTEEN’
20.17	TSL ‘WEDNESDAY’
20.18	CSL ‘WEDNESDAY’
20.19	ASL ‘WHO’
20.20	Older ASL ‘#WHO’
20.21	ASL ‘WHY’
20.22	ASL ‘WH-#DO’ (‘what to do?’)
21.1	Flege’s (1999) perceptual results for the English spoken by 240 Italians who had emigrated to Canada at different ages
21.2	Transmission and diffusion in Labov (2010: 306)
21.3	The Northern Cities Shift and the ‘St. Louis Corridor’
21.4	Percentage of quotative be.like by birth year of West Virginia speakers
21.5	A 3-year-old North girl’s Tone 6 pronunciations divided by word
24.1	Four types of contact-induced change
26.1	‘Hollow-curve’ graph showing relative language abundance in each Language family
26.2	Histograms showing the latitudinal and longitudinal gradients in language diversity
31.1	Geographical dispersal of Austronesian languages
31.2	An Austronesian family tree
31.3	Borrowed items in Rotuman and their sources
32.1	Geographical distribution of Austroasiatic branches
33.1	Location of Pama-Nyungan languages of Australia
33.2	Examples of a balanced (A) and unbalanced tree (B)