NOTES
INTRODUCTION
1. Wood County Republican, “Klan Visit U.B. Church,” February 14, 1923.
2. Ibid.
CHAPTER 1
3. Perrysburg Journal, “Teacher Held on Serious Charge,” March 30, 1922.
4. Wood County Republican, “Mob Violence Attempted on Otto P. Tracy,” May 13, 1922.
5. Ohio Department of Agriculture, Office of Farmland Preservation, 2012 Annual Report, 13.
6. USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2012 Ohio County Estimates.
7. Ibid., Wood County Profile.
8. Farm Journal, 3.
9. Wood County Commissioners, “Guide to Wood County Government,” 2.
10. Black and Gold, 8.
11. Bowling Green State University, “Enrollment History.”
12. U.S. Census Bureau, Wood County, Ohio.
13. Farm Journal, 3.
14. North Baltimore Times, “Rossford: Small Town of Yesterday, Big City of Tomorrow—Prediction,” March 21, 1924.
15. Ohio Federation of Churches, Ohio Rural Church Survey.
16. Ibid.
17. Warren, “Agricultural Depression,” 200.
18. Wood County Republican, “What Farmers Need Costs More in 1924,” September 25, 1924.
19. Perrysburg Journal, “Farmers Show Increasing Interest in State and National Affairs,” January 15, 1920.
CHAPTER 2
20. Daily Sentinel-Tribune, “Ku Klux Klan Drew a Mammoth Crowd,” October 5, 1923.
21. Ibid.
22. Some historians divide the third phase of the Klan into three smaller segments: a civil rights–era Klan from 1945 to 1970, the David Duke era from 1975 to 1985 and the millennial (or “Internet”) Klan of the mid-1990s into the twenty-first century.
23. Lester, Ku Klux Klan, 60.
24. Dinnerstein, Leo Frank Case, 3–4.
25. Jackson, Ku Klux Klan, 10; Alexander, “Kleagles and Cash,” 352.
26. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 175.
27. Lay, Hooded Knights, 4.
28. Ku Klux Klan, Inc., America for Americans, Atlanta, GA: 1922, 7.
29. Wood County Republican, “The Dangers of Illiteracy,” September 11, 1924.
30. New York Times, “Ohio Governor Vetoes Bible Bill,” May 1, 1925.
31. Wood County Republican, “Crime Cost Heavy in America,” August 28, 1924.
32. Ku Klux Klan, Inc., Should the Holy Bible Be Hidden.
33. Wood County Republican, “Reasons Why Bible Reading Should be Practiced in the Public School,” September 18, 1924.
34. Wood County Republican, “Huge Patriotic Meeting,” July 26, 1923.
CHAPTER 3
35. Perrysburg Journal, January 8, 1920.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., January 15, 1920
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid., January 22, 1920.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid., September 16, 1920.
48. North Baltimore Times, “Elks Minstrel Shows,” March 30, 1923.
49. Ibid.
50. Prairie Depot Observer, “Darktown Strutters Ball,” October 24, 1924.
51. Bloomdale Derrick, “Hoopla,” November 21, 1924.
52. Perrysburg Journal, November 11, 1920.
53. North Baltimore Times, “Why He Wouldn’t Come Up,” February 2, 1923.
54. Ibid., “Return to Savage Habits,” October 12, 1923.
55. Wood County Democrat, “Parker Found Guilty,” February 16, 1923.
56. Perrysburg Journal, “State of the Negro,” February 16, 1922.
57. Ibid.
58. Wood County Democrat, “Will Be Sent on His Way,” January 5, 1923.
59. Daily Sentinel-Tribune, “Negro Arrested,” August 2, 1923.
60. Ibid., “Big Rossford Fire,” July 18, 1923.
61. Cincinnati Board of Education, Board Minutes, 514.
62. Wood County Republican, “Foreign Influence Threatens,” September 18, 1924.
63. Perrysburg Journal, November 11, 1920.
64. Ibid., November 8, 1920.
65. Ibid.
66. North Baltimore Times, “Another Restricted Idea,” September 21, 1923.
67. Perrysburg Journal, June 30, 1921.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid., August 11, 1921.
70. Wood County Republican, “Deport the Bad Foreigner,” July 12, 1923.
71. Ibid., “Rossford Ransacked for Illicit Booze,” March 16, 1922.
72. North Baltimore Times, “Anarchists in Toledo,” October 5, 1923.
73. Wood County Republican, “Crime Cost Heavy in America,” August 28, 1924.
74. U.S. census 1920, Toledo, Ohio Ward 6, District 0076, sheet 5A.
75. Wood County Republican, “Rossford Raided Again,” July 12, 1923.
76. Daily Sentinel-Tribune, “Chinese Grabbed at Rossford on Liquor Charge,” July 10, 1923.
77. Ibid.
78. North Baltimore Times, “Good Business,” November 23, 1923.
79. Ibid., “Probably a Klansman,” November 16, 1923.
80. Church of Rome in American Politics, 3.
81. Ibid., 5.
82. Ibid., 39.
83. Ibid.
84. Wood County Republican, “The Relation of the Protestant Church to Citizenship,” May 18, 1924.
CHAPTER 4
85. Ibid., “Charity Suffereth Long and is Kind,” February 19, 1924.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid.
89. Embrey Bernard Howson, The Ku Klux Klan in Ohio After World War I, 32.
90. Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 30, 1921.
91. Columbus Dispatch, August 30, 1925.
92. Records of Ohio Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, dues/membership record book, Center for Archival Collections, MS 731, box 1.
93. Wood County Republican, “Fiery Cross Is Burned by Klan,” March 15, 1923.
94. Ibid., “Klan Doings in Wood County,” August 14, 1923.
95. Annie E. Casey Foundation, Changing Child Population, 4.
96. McVeigh, “Structural Incentives,” 1,471.
97. Horowitz, “Ku Klux Klan in LaGrande, Oregon,” 195.
98. Wood County Democrat, “Klan Meetings,” August 22, 1924.
99. Daily Sentinel-Tribune, “Ku Klux Klan Drew a Mammoth Crowd,” October 5, 1923.
100. Wood County Republican, “Public Lecture at North Baltimore,” June 5, 1924.
101. Prairie Depot Observer, “100 Percent American: Excellent Address Given by Rev. Wilch Monday Night,” July 13, 1923.
102. “Kreed of the Women of the Ku Klux Klan,” Center for Archival Collections, MS 731, box 2.
103. Wood County Republican, “Wood County Klan Soon to Charter,” September 11, 1924.
104. North Baltimore Times, “Women’s Klan,” September 21, 1923.
105. Wood County Republican, “Klan Ladies Give Supper,” March 6, 1924.
106. Ibid., “Lady Kluxers Made Donation,” April 3, 1924.
107. Ibid., “Wood County Klonklave,” October 30, 1924.
108. North Baltimore Times, “Klan Might Be Used Here,” February 29, 1924.
CHAPTER 5
109. Daily Sentinel-Tribune, “That Explosion,” August 15, 1923.
110. New York Times, “Klan Candidates Swept Ohio Cities,” November 8, 1923.
111. Ibid.
112. Akron Beacon Journal, November 7, 1923.
113. New York Times, “Klan Candidates Swept Ohio Cities,” November 8, 1923.
114. Ibid.
115. Wood County Republican, “To Close Business Places,” July 5, 1923.
116. Ibid., “County G.O.P. Organizes,” August 26, 1926.
117. Black and Gold, 58.
118. Oracle, 7.
119. Bowling Green City Directory, 237.
120. Black and Gold, 58.
121. “Teacher Training in the Secondary Schools,” Bowling Green Key, 1934, 28.
122. “Faculty,” Hi-Echo, 1923, 8.
123. Literary Digest, “For and Against the Ku Klux Klan,” September 24, 1921.
124. Kevin F. Kern and Gregory S. Wilson, Ohio: A History of the Buckeye State, 367.
125. Wood County Republican, “Rossford Ransacked for Illicit Booze,” March 16, 1923.
126. Prairie Depot Observer, “Disgrace to a Civilized Community,” March 30, 1923.
127. Wood County Republican, “Klan Doings in Wood County,” August 14, 1924.
128. Ibid., “Dry Federation Met,” July 2, 1925.
129. Ibid.
130. Ibid., “Reverend R.A. Powell Senate Candidate,” July 31, 1924.
131. Wood County Democrat, “The Sentinel Wrong Again,” August 15, 1924.
132. Ibid.
133. Ibid., “Powell-Urschel” and “Klan Gathering,” July 11, 1924.
134. Page, Statistics of the Congressional and Presidential Election, 15.
135. Wood County Republican, “Republicans Victorious on Tuesday,” NOV 7, 1924.
136. Ibid., “Powell Will Head Senate,” December 25, 1924.
137. Ibid., “New Superintendent Named,” September 17, 1925.
138. Ibid., “Powell Will Not Run,” June 3, 1926.
139. North Baltimore Times, “Near Lynching,” September 7, 1923.
140. Prairie Depot Observer, “Received Klan Letter,” March 9, 1923.
141. Bloomdale Derrick, “Attempted Assassination,” August 15, 1924.
142. North Baltimore Times, “Arrest School Principal in War on Ku Klux Klan,” September 21, 1923.
CHAPTER 6
143. Wood County Republican, “Fiery Cross Is Burned by Klan.”
144. Ibid., “Klan Doings in Wood County,” August 14, 1924.
145. Ibid.
146. Ibid., 13 “Wood County Has 500 New Klansmen,” September 1924.
147. Ibid.
148. Bloomdale Derrick, “Klan Held Large Meeting,” August 8, 1924.
149. Wood County Republican, “Another Lie Nailed,” August 16, 1924.
150. Ibid., “Large Cross Burned,” December 27, 1923.
151. North Baltimore Times, “Cross Burned Before K. of C. Initiation,” April 13, 1923.
152. Ibid., “Silk Flag Given School by Klan,” April 6, 1923.
153. Perrysburg Journal, “Ku Klux Klan Gives Flag and Holy Bible to Public Schools,” December 13, 1923.
154. Ibid.
155. Wood County Republican, “Klan Funeral Passes Through Bowling Green,” April 10, 1924.
156. North Baltimore Times, “Klansmen Visit Grave,” May 25, 1923.
157. Ibid., “Death of H.M. Jones: Funeral Sunday Largely Attended Including the K.K.K.,” November 2, 1923.
158. Wood County Republican, “The Martyred Klansman Well Received,” December 18, 1924.
159. Ibid., “Klan Visit Church,” August 9, 1923.
160. North Baltimore Times, “K.K.K. Gives Money to Negroes,” August 3, 1923.
161. Wood County Republican, “Wood County’s First Klonklave,” October 4, 1923.
162. Wood County Democrat, “Ku Klux Gathering,” October 12, 1923.
163. Daily Sentinel-Tribune, “Ku Klux Klan Drew a Mammoth Crowd.”
164. Ibid.
165. Wood County Republican, “Klan Held Mammoth Klonklave,” May 8, 1924.
166. Ibid., “Wood County Klonklave,” October 30, 1924.
167. Ibid.
168. Ibid., “Wood County Klan Honor William Jennings Bryan,” August 6, 1925.
169. Ibid.
CHAPTER 7
170. Prairie Depot Observer, “Church Notes: Church of Christ,” June 22, 1923.
171. Ibid., “Ku Klux Cross Burned at Church,” June 29, 1923.
172. Ibid., “Pastor Resigns,” July 6, 1923.
173. Wood County Democrat, “Rev. Cavanaugh,” January 19, 1923.
174. Ibid., “Cygnet News,” March 16, 1923.
175. North Baltimore Times, “A Striking Tribute,” November 23, 1923.
176. Wood County Republican, “Klan Opponents Fail in Attempts to Stop Klan Meetings,” August 28, 1924.
177. Ibid., “Large Klanklave Held Near Fremont,” May 29, 1924.
178. Ibid., “Klan Opponents Fail in Attempts to Stop Klan Meetings.”
179. Blee, Women of the Klan, 89.
180. Wood County Republican, “An Outrage of Officials,” January 29, 1925.
181. North Baltimore Times, “K.K.K. and the Coming Elections,” October 26, 1923.
182. Ibid., “Klan Gives $100 to Minister,” March 23, 1923.
183. Daily Sentinel-Tribune, “Methodist Bishop Rebuked Klan for the Interruption,” October 9, 1923.
184. Jenkins, Steel Valley Klan, 119.
185. Ibid., 120.
186. Ibid., 124.
187. Wood County Republican, “Italy vs. America,” November 7, 1924.
188. Ibid.
189. Ibid.
190. Ibid.
191. Ibid.
CHAPTER 8
192. Ibid., “Del-Mar Block Destroyed by Fire,” September 30, 1926.
193. Ibid., “Opera House Razed,” September 30, 1926.
194. North Baltimore Times, [Untitled news item], November 20, 1925.
195. Ibid., “Klan Row: Getting Bitter as Charges Fly About,” January 25, 1924.
196. Wood County Democrat, “Klan Wrangle: W.E. Cahill, Who Was Active in Klan Work in Wood County, Now Denounces Organization,” January 2, 1925.
197. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 189.
198. Hiram Wesley Evans, as quoted in McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 189.
199. New York Times, “Charges Ohio Klan Created Terrorism,” March 27, 1928.
200. Pittsburgh Press, “Klan Ouster Hearing Will Start Dec. 12,” December 9, 1928, 10.
201. New York Times, “The Klan’s Invisible Empire Is Fading,” February 21, 1923.
202. Ibid. “Political Power of Klan Dissipated,” February 5, 1928.
203. Records of the Ohio Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, “The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Are Continuing Their Fight” (flyer), Center for Archival Collections, MS 731, box 2.
204. Ibid., List of Klan officers, 1941, Center for Archival Collections, MS 731, box 2.
205. Toledo Blade, “Klan Leader Says He Opposes Violence,” October 5, 1965, 22.
206. Jaan Kangliaski, “Klan Plans Active Summer Near Northern States’ Cities,” Eugene Register-Guard, June 7, 1965, 9-A.
207. Associated Press, “Klansmen Fight Off Demonstrators,” Spartanburg Herald-Journal, July 5, 1977.
208. Mark Rollenhagen, “Anti-Klan Activist Says Hate Groups Not Active Here,” Toledo Blade, May 22, 1988, A-3.
209. John Nichols, “It Wasn’t Deception,” Toledo Blade, February 26, 1989, E-1.
210. Toledo Blade, “Jeers, Scuffles Greet Klan,” June 19, 1994, A-1, A-13.
211. Ibid., A-13.
212. Ibid., “Rally Set to Protest Demonstrator’s Arrest,” October 26, 1994, B-1.
213. Workers Vanguard, “Defend NWROC Anti-Fascist Protesters!” November 11, 1994, 5.
214. Larry P. Vellequette, “Klan Rally Protesters Maintain Innocence,” Toledo Blade, August 27, 1994, B-11.
215. BG Sentinel-Tribune, “Klan Rally,” June 19, 1994.
216. Toledo Blade, “Jeers, Scuffles Greet Klan,” A-1, A-13.
217. Kim Bates and Debra Baker, “Big $$$ For Klan Rallies,” Toledo Blade, June 21, 1994, A-1.
218. Jan Larson, “Klan Asks to Hold June 19 Rally in BG,” BG Sentinel-Tribune, June 2, 1999.
219. Jan Larson, “Klan Brings Its Message of Hate to BG,” BG Sentinel-Tribune, June 8, 1999.
220. Ibid.
221. Chris Miller and Debbie Rogers, “KKK Rally Spectators Will Have to Pick Sides,” BG Sentinel-Tribune, June 17, 1999, 5.
222. Jennifer Feehan, “Klan Stages ‘Pathetic’ Rally in B.G.,” Toledo Blade, June 20, 1999.
223. Jan Larson and Chris Miller, “Klan Rally Tab: $25,000,” BG Sentinel-Tribune, June 25, 1999.
224. Maryann Gibson, “Candlelight Vigil Is Saturday Night,” Sentinel-Tribune, June 12, 1999, 8.
225. Maryann Gibson, “Go Anywhere Except Klan Rally on June 19,” BG Sentinel-Tribune, June 16, 1999, 11.
226. Chris Miller and Jan Larson, “Unity Day Coalition: Ignore BG Klan Rally,” BG Sentinel-Tribune, June 4, 1999, 1.
227. Palmer, “Ku Klux Kontraction.”
228. Southern Poverty Law Center, “Hate Map,” retrieved from http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/hate-map#s=OH.
229. Danae King, “After Fire, Members Update Islamic Center of Greater Toledo,” BG News, October 21, 2013.
230. Erica Blake, “Man Pleads Guilty to 3 Counts in Islamic Center Mosque Fire,” Toledo Blade, December 20, 2012.
231. Jennifer Feehan and John Wagner, “Racist Graffiti Found at Home of BGSU Basketball Coach,” Toledo Blade, October 16, 2012.
232. Toledo Blade, “BG Police Investigating 2nd Incident of Racist Vandalism,” October 16, 2012.
233. Eric Lagatta and Max Filby, “BGSU Responds to ‘Racially Charged’ Tweets from Students,” BG News, April 5, 2013, retrieved from http://www.bgnews.com/campus/bgsu-responds-to-racially-charged-tweets-from-students/article_992663ba-9e31-11e2-bfb2-001a4bcf887a.html.
234. Bowling Green State University, “Not in Our Town,” retrieved from http://www2.bgsu.edu/notinourtown.