Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
activism, Buddhist, 7–11; and ambivalent modernity, 67–71, 79; lay, 8–9, 17, 79, 225, 238–39, 243; in modern period, 26; and monks, 7, 8, 15–16, 225; and revival of Buddhism, 243; in Shanghai, 11, 37–78, 238–39; and the state, 17–19, 240. See also World Buddhist Householder Grove
activism, Christian, 8, 9, 53
Amitābha Sūtra (Amituofo jing), 128
Amituofo recitation. See nianfo
architecture: of native-place associations, 48, 53; traditional religious, 53–55, 63–64; and WBHG, 44–45, 47–48, 53–55, 63–66; Western-style, 38, 45, 47–48, 53, 63, 65–66
association organ (periodical type), 115, 123–27
associations, Buddhist: of Beijing, 153, 154; elite, 8–9, 20, 50; householder grove, 9, 11, 20, 38, 41, 68–69, 78nn70–71; of Hunan, 122; lay, 7, 8–9, 12, 17, 20, 38, 50, 69, 219–20; legal, 263; and modern urban culture, 39–40; of Nanjing, 150, 151, 153; national, 7, 17; of Ninghua, 298–301, 328nn39–40; and periodicals, 21, 112, 114, 121–22; in Shanghai, 17, 38–39, 197, 239; of Suzhou, 237; in Taiwan, 160, 163. See also Chinese Buddhist Association; World Buddhist Householder Grove
associations, urban, 39; and ambivalent modernity, 67–68, 70; organizational structure of, 49–50; secularism in, 53; vs. WBHG, 59, 63; and Western-style architecture, 48
Avataṃsaka Sūtra (Huayan ru fajie pin), 102
Awakening (Juewu; periodical), 132
Awakening Society (jueshe), 127–31
Baiyangyuan (She county, Anhui), 13
Balanced Discourse on Ethics, A (Daoxue lunheng; Taixu), 129
Biographies of Eminent Monks (Gaoseng zhuan), 265
Boruo Temple (Changchun, Jilin), 271, 272
Boxer Uprising (1900), 41
“Brief History of Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms” (Sankoku Bukkyō ryakushi; Shimaji Mokurai and Oda Tokunō), 121
“Buddha Dharma and Science” (Fofa yu kexue; Taixu), 98–100
Buddha Recitation halls (nian Fotang), 268–69
Buddha-Light Association (Fo guangshan), 287n20
“Buddhism and Human Conscience in the World after the European War” (Ouzhan hou shijie renxin yu Fojiao; Huang Baocang), 130
Buddhist thought (Fojiao sixiang), 93–94
“Buddhists Should Participate in the ‘Three Antis’ Campaign” (Juzan), 189
Bynum, Caroline Walker, 311
Chan Buddhism: and Buddhist periodicals, 119–20, 287n21; and Science and Philosophy of Life Debates, 86, 93; summer camps of, 258, 263–65, 276, 283, 287n20, 288n23; in Suzhou, 218; and systems of exchange, 275; and teaching-centered communities, 263–66, 274, 280
Chaoyang Monastery (Hebei), 265, 284
Chapter of Gratitude in the Mahayana Jatakas of Mind Contemplation Sutra (Dasheng bensheng xindi guanjing bao’en pin), 202
“Chapter on the True Meaning of the Yogācērabhūmi sāstra” (Yuqieshidilun zhenshiyipin), 204
China, People’s Republic of (PRC), 177–332; and Buddhist practice, 192, 194, 198, 201; and Buddhist texts, 262–63; draft constitution of, 202; first Five-Year Plan in, 201; founding of, 68; Great Leap Forward in, 240–41; and household groves, 69; and India, 155–58, 166, 173n48; and Japan, 151, 163, 166; Marxism in, 177, 197; and receiving prayer beads ritual, 294, 298–301, 323; and religion, 2–3, 151, 300–301; suppression of Buddhism in, 18–19, 23, 68, 210, 228–38, 246; systems of exchange in, 276, 281; and Taiwan, 163, 164–65; and Xuanzang relic, 22, 166, 167. See also Chinese Communist Party; Cultural Revolution; post-Mao period
China Life-Saving Association (Zhongguo jisheng hui), 227
China Rescuing Life Association (spirit-writing society), 70
Chinese Buddhist Association (Zhongguo Fojiao xiehui; 1950s), 86, 190, 193, 199; post-Mao, 242–43; in Shanghai, 239; and textual communities, 237–39, 288n21; and Xuanzang relic, 150, 160–62, 173n38
Chinese Buddhist General Association (Zhongguo Fojiao zonghui; CBGA), 121, 123–28
Chinese Communist Party (CCP): and Buddhism and Marxism, 177, 180–81, 187–88, 197; and Buddhist practice, 191, 192, 194, 201, 203; and Buddhist revival, 155, 244; collaborators with, 177–78, 208–11, 237; and household groves, 69; and Japanese occupation, 147; and Juzan, 189–91; and religion, 179, 205–11, 238; and suppression of Buddhism, 18–19, 22–23, 216–53; in Suzhou, 228–38; and Xuanzang relic, 150, 166
Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), 191, 208, 234
Christianity, 1, 3, 7; and antireligion movement, 98; and print culture, 10, 112; relics in, 168n6; Roman Catholic, 217, 300, 301; and science, 98; and social activism, 8, 9, 53; and summer camps, 287n20; and Taiping Rebellion, 219; typology of, 259; and WBHG, 62; women in, 307; in YMCA, 53
civil service examinations, 7
class: and access, 280–81; and Buddhism vs. Marxism, 189; and Buddhist practice, 191–92, 194, 195, 197; and morality, 282–83; and receiving prayer beads ritual, 301, 305–6, 320; and revivalism, 23; and systems of exchange, 270, 275; and textual communities, 261–62, 266, 268–70, 272, 274, 279–84; urban middle, 42, 48, 50, 53, 268. See also elites; social status
class struggle, 208; and Buddhist practice, 192–93; and religion, 207
“Clear Outline Discourse on the Dharma-Nature School, A” (Faxing zong minggang lun; Li Duanfu), 120
clothing: and receiving prayer beads ritual, 313–16; ritual, 293, 307; Western-style, 61, 62; women’s choices of, 316
Collected Discourses on the Śūraṃgama-sūtra (Dafo dingshou lengyan jing shelun; Taixu), 129
Collected Drawings to Protect Life (Husheng huaji; Feng Zikai), 67
Collected Writings of Master Yinguang (Yinguang fashi wenchao), 221
“Collection of Dharma Bliss” (Chen Mingshu), 182
Combat Liberalism (Mao Zedong), 187
Commentary on the Sutra of Arising Citta (Fa putixin jinglun), 196
Commercial Press (Shangwu yinshu guan), 129
Communist Party of Japan, 161
communities, Buddhist: and Buddhist periodicals, 132; and Buddhist revival, 8–10; of nianfo mama, 292, 294, 297–98; and print culture, 111; of women, 308–9
communities, textual, 23–24, 257–90; and access, 280–81; and Buddhist periodicals, 133; closed, 267; defined, 259–60; fees in, 267, 268, 273, 277, 280–81, 286n13, 290n45; free-distribution, 261, 268–74, 278–81, 283, 284, 288n21; master-centered, 261, 266–69, 274, 276–77, 279–84; place-centered, 268–69; in post-Mao China, 133, 257–90; and revivalism, 23, 262–63; and systems of exchange, 275–79; teaching-centered, 261, 263–66, 274, 275–76, 279, 280, 283; virtual, 267–69, 276–77
conversion certificates (guiyi zheng), 274
conversion narratives, Buddhist, 10
counterrevolutionary-suppression campaign, 231
Cultural Revolution, 2, 19; and Buddhist texts, 262; and receiving prayer beads ritual, 294, 323; and relics, 154, 164; religious repression in, 23, 151, 207, 241, 300; in Suzhou, 241, 252n45
culture, commercial, 20, 47, 69; and ambivalent modernity, 68; conspicuous consumption in, 53, 71, 305; and organizational clock, 49; in post-Mao period, 263; and revival of Buddhism, 243; and WBHG, 52–53, 60, 62, 63, 66
culture, urban, 47, 247; and ambivalent modernity, 67–71; and religious spaces, 39–40; in Shanghai, 38–39
Daoism, 3, 6, 8, 9, 13; and modernity, 69; and periodicals, 112, 114; and receiving prayer beads ritual, 294, 313; and Science and Philosophy of Life Debates, 92; in Suzhou, 219, 221, 226
Daozhen county (Guizhou), 13
Dianshizhai Pictorial (Dianshizhai huabao), 134n5
Distributing the Mālā Scripture (Fenzhu jing), 295
Divine Continent National Glory Society (shenzhou guoguang she), 137n45
economic development: and Buddhist practice, 201–2, 205; and post-Mao texts, 263; and systems of exchange, 290n40; and textual communities, 280
education: and Buddhist reform, 23, 165, 224; Marxist, 177, 179, 180, 186; and modernity, 70, 71; and periodicals, 112; physical, 70, 71; and Pure Land revival, 222; reforms in, 14, 95, 96; and science, 84; and the state, 17; and summer camps, 288n23; and textual communities, 266, 268–70; and WBHG, 60
elites: and ambivalent modernity, 39, 40, 68–71, 79; and Buddhism, 6, 12, 26; Buddhist, 10–11, 18, 68–71, 239–40; and historiography of Buddhism, 25; and lay associations, 8–9, 20, 50; lay-devotee, 40, 219–22, 227; and local society, 13; and periodicals, 112, 132; in Science and Philosophy of Life Debates, 85; and secularism, 53; in Shanghai, 10–11, 37–38; and solemn decorum, 51–52; and the state, 17, 18, 191, 239–40; and textual communities, 261, 272; urban, 8–9, 37–42, 47–64, 70–71, 79; in WBHG, 52–63, 66
Emeishan monastery (Sichuan), 12
Essence of Religion (Shūsui; periodical), 137n33
exchange, systems of, 275–79; commodity-based, 275–77, 279; and merit accumulation, 278–79; and morality, 275, 276, 278–79, 281–82; reciprocal gift, 276–78, 282; religious gift, 278–79; and Tibetan Buddhism, 289n40. See also gift exchange
Faxiang Research Group (Faxiang yanjiuhui), 86
Five-Part Vinaya (Wufen lü), 188
Flower Garland Sutra, 195
Four All-Embracing Virtues (sishe), 196–97
Gaozong (Tang emperor), 145
Garden of Enlightenment (jueyuan), 240
gift exchange, 289nn38–39; of food, 310–12, 315, 324; and married daughters, 312–18; and matrilineal relatives, 310–12; and receiving prayer beads ritual, 301–6, 312–18, 323–24; reciprocal, 276–78, 282; religious, 278–79; and self-gifting, 304–5, 318–19, 324; and social relationships, 302–3; and women, 302–3, 308
Great China (Da Zhonghua; periodical), 129
Great Dictionary of Buddhism (Bukkyō daijiten; Oda Tokunō), 130–31
Great Tang Record of the Western Regions (Da Tang xiyu ji; Xuanzang), 168n5
Greater East Asia Buddhist Federation (da Dongya Fojiao zonghui), 147, 149
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 147
Guanzong Research Society (Guanzong yanjiu she), 120
Gyatso, Geshe Sherab, 180, 201
Hanshan Monastery (Suzhou), 219
historiography: of Chinese Buddhism, 2, 24–25; of modernity, 69–70; of nationalism, 3
Hongyuan Temple (Anhui), 288n34
householders, Buddhist (jushi), 38, 59, 274, 283; and ambivalent modernity, 68–71; identity of, 39–41, 47, 63–71; women as, 75n29. See also lay devotees
Huang Baocang (Daci), 130
Huayan Temple (Suzhou), 232
Hunan Buddhist Studies Association (Hunan Foxue hui), 122
identity, Buddhist: and ambivalent modernity, 68–71; householder, 39–41, 47, 63–71; in Ninghua, 298; and periodicals, 114; and receiving prayer beads ritual, 294, 303, 323, 324; and religious spaces, 39–40
Illustrated Biography of Master Yinguang, 240
India: Buddhism in, 93, 166, 207, 209; and Buddhism vs. Marxism, 183, 186, 203; classification of knowledge in, 98; donations in, 278; and PRC, 155–58, 166, 173n48; and Xuanzang relic, 22, 144, 151, 155–58, 167, 171n26; Xuanzang’s pilgrimage to, 143, 144, 153–54, 165
intellectuals: and Buddhism vs. Marxism, 184; collaboration with CCP of, 177–78; and Marxism, 179–80; and science, 81–85; in Science and Philosophy of Life Debates, 85–94
international relations: Japan-Taiwan, 158–64; PRC-ROC, 164–66; and relics, 151, 171n28, 173n38; Sino-Indian, 155–58, 166, 173n48; Sino-Japanese, 151, 163, 166; Sino-Tibetan, 17
International Settlement (Shanghai), 41, 42, 45, 47
Inventing Nanjing Road (Cochrane), 53
Japan: Buddhism in, 1, 7, 55, 160, 162, 166; Buddhist periodicals in, 113, 121, 134n11; Chinese Buddhists in, 130, 151, 161; Chinese forced labor in, 161; occupation of China by, 16, 22, 75n25, 146–47, 159, 224–25, 228; and PRC, 151, 163, 166; study in, 85; and Taiwan, 158–64; and Xuanzang relic, 22, 150, 151, 156, 158–64, 167, 171n28
Japan Buddhist Federation (Zen Nihon bukkyō-kai), 160, 162
Japan-China Buddhist Exchange Group (Nitchū Bukkyō kōryū kondankai), 151, 161
Japanese Buddhist Inspection Delegation, 55
Jessup, Brooks, 3, 9, 17, 19–20, 105, 220, 239, 244, 284; on ambivalent modernity, 39, 40, 67–71, 72n5, 79–80, 283; and textual communities, 260, 271, 272
Jiang Zuobin (Jiang Yuyan), 130
Jing’an Temple (Shanghai), 50–51
Jinling Scriptural Press (Jinling kejing chu), 120, 122
Jinshan Monastery (Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), 125, 131
Jiuhuashan monastery (Anhui), 12
Journey to the West (Xiyou ji), 154, 164
Juzan, 8, 14–16, 18, 86, 216; on Buddhism vs. Marxism, 22, 181–91, 195–97, 204–6, 208–10; on Mao, 202; on the people, 195, 196, 204–5, 209; on self-criticism, 188
Kaiyuan Monastery (Suzhou), 219
Kalaviṇka Canon (Pinjia da zangjing), 120, 122
Kausalyayan, Bhadant Anand, 156
Kuching Buddhist Society (Gujin Fojiao jushilin; Malaysia), 69
lay devotees, 7, 10–12, 14; and CCP, 229; definition of, 286n14; diversity of, 284; elite, 8–9, 20, 40, 50, 219–22, 227; hierarchy of, 299; and receiving prayer beads ritual, 298–301; in Shanghai, 38, 238–39; and the state, 17, 239–40; in textual communities, 257–90; warlords as, 11
lay-conversion ceremony (guiyi fahui), 257
Liang Qichao, 1, 5, 15, 27n1; and periodicals, 111, 116, 129; and Science and Philosophy of Life Debates, 84, 85, 99
Linghui Convent (Suzhou), 230
Lingyanshan Monastery (Suzhou), 218, 220–21, 223–25, 227, 228; and Cultural Revolution, 241; and Great Leap Forward, 240–41; in post-Mao period, 242–44; under PRC, 234, 235, 238
literary miscellanea (periodical type), 115–23
Longhua Temple (Shanghai), 61–62
Lotus Society (lianshehui), 301
Manchurian Plague (1910), 80
Mañjuśrī (bodhisattva), 56
Mao Zedong, 17, 237; and Buddhism vs. Marxism, 182, 186, 187, 189, 190, 195, 197, 199, 201; as Buddhist savior, 181, 202, 206–7; death of, 242; and religious repression, 151, 178, 245
Marxism, 11; and Buddhism, 14–16, 18–19, 22, 177–215; and Buddhist practice, 191–205; idealism of, 178, 181, 185–86; on monks and nuns, 232, 233; as religion, 205–6; similarity of Buddhism to, 181–91
masters: donations to, 276–77; Taiwanese, 266, 267, 280; and textual communities, 261, 265–69, 274, 276–77, 279–84; Tibetan, 267, 280, 282, 289n40
materialism: and Buddhism vs. Marxism, 181–83, 185–86; and classification of knowledge, 96; and morality, 281–82; scientistic, 82, 83, 90; and social relationships, 281; and textual communities, 268, 273
Merit Grove vegetarian restaurant (gongdelin shushichu), 39, 40, 68, 73n7
“Metaphysics and Science” (Xuanxue yu kexue; Ding Wenjiang), 99
Ming Ya Buddhist Foundation (Mingyue jushilin; U.S.), 69
modernity: ambivalent, 39, 40, 67–71, 72n5, 79–80, 283; and Buddhism, 1, 6, 14–16, 102, 105; and Buddhist reform, 19, 221; and classification of knowledge, 94–98; foreign-defined, 70, 79; and householders, 39–40, 67; and lay associations, 20; and Lingyanshan, 223; and local Buddhism, 12–14; and Marxism, 180; and meaning, 5, 9–12, 16, 23, 25–26; and medicine, 69–71; and periodicals, 68, 113–14, 117, 125, 132, 133; and printing technology, 117; and relics, 145; and science, 21, 79, 81–82, 180; secular, 2, 6; and tradition, 25, 40, 69–71, 79; urban, 9, 67–71
monasteries: and ambivalent modernity, 68; and Buddhist revival, 5, 7, 9, 242, 243; and communes, 200–201, 203–4; in Cultural Revolution, 151, 241; daily schedules of, 57, 58; dismantling of, 216–53; finances of, 233–35, 245; and land reform, 216, 229, 234–35; and local society, 12, 13; and reform, 223–24; solemn decorum in, 52; taxation of, 230, 234–36, 245, 246; and textual communities, 263; and WBHG, 63
monks: activist, 7–8, 15–16, 225; and Buddhist reform, 3, 215n73, 221, 223; and communes, 199–200, 203, 204; in Cultural Revolution, 301; duties of, 226; economic pressure on, 229, 235–37, 245; vs. householders, 65; and local society, 12; Marxism on, 232, 233; names of, 308; numbers of, 218, 231–32, 238; relics of, 145; and sexuality, 330n75; and the state, 17, 239–40; status of, 232, 298, 299; suppression of, 151, 216; and textual communities, 266; and WBHG, 45, 56–60
Monthly Journal of the Chinese Buddhist General Association (Zhonghua Fojiao zonghui yuebao). See Buddhist Monthly
morality: and class, 282–83; and converts, 258; and science, 93–94; and systems of exchange, 275, 276, 278–79, 281–82; and textual communities, 265, 271–74; urban decay of, 73n6
“My Self-Criticism” (Juzan), 191
Nanchan Monastery (Suzhou), 239
Nanjing Buddhist Association (Nanjing shi Fojiao jie), 150, 151, 153
Nanjing Road (Shanghai), 53, 59
Nanlongxing Monastery (Suzhou), 228, 230
Nanputuo Temple (Xiamen, Fujian), 271
National Glory Press (Guoguang shuju), 124
native-place associations (huiguan): and ambivalent modernity, 68; architecture of, 48, 53; new-style, 50, 53; in Suzhou, 219; of Wuxi, 41, 42
networks, Buddhist, 9–10, 21, 62–63, 108n36, 221, 224, 238; and periodicals, 112, 114, 122, 126, 132; print distribution, 122, 129. See also associations, Buddhist
New Buddhism (shin Bukkyō), 135n15
New Culture movement, 11, 15, 20, 21, 221; and Science and Philosophy of Life Debates, 85, 87, 94, 95
New Tide (Xinchao; periodical), 111–12
New Youth (Xin qingnian), 112
nianfo (reciting the Buddha’s name), 220–21, 225; and merit, 326n17; and receiving prayer beads ritual, 292–332; and state-supported Buddhism, 240, 242; and status, 299
Northern Song dynasty, 291
Notes from the Pavilion of Equality (Pingdeng ge biji; Di Chuqing), 116, 117
“Notes of Clouds and Water” (Yunshui biji; Gao Henian), 126
nuns, 216, 269, 330n75; and communes, 200–201, 203; in Cultural Revolution, 301; names of, 308; numbers of, 218, 231–32; status of, 298; as workers, 235–37
officials, government, 17, 179; and householder groves, 38, 45; and receiving prayer beads ritual, 294, 298–301; and state-supported Buddhism, 222, 240; and Suzhou monasteries, 229, 230–31, 246
“On Bodhi Supplies” (Puti zilian lun), 196
“On Practice” (Mao Zedong), 186, 187
“On Reading Mr. Ding Zaijun’s Metaphysics and Science” (Du Ding Zaijun xiansheng de Xuanxue yu kexue; Lin Zaiping), 87
Passing on the Mālā Scripture (Guozhu jing), 295
Patriotic Catholic Association (Ninghua), 301
periodicals, 21, 23, 111–40, 215n73; adaptations of, 113; and ambivalent modernity, 68; audience for, 119, 123; and Buddhist associations, 21, 121–22; and Chan Buddhism, 119–20; content of, 113, 117–21, 123; contributors to, 119–20, 123, 124–26, 130, 131, 133; Daoist, 112, 114; funding for, 124; of household grove organizations, 41; images in, 112, 116–18, 126, 130; Japanese, 113, 121, 134n11; language used in, 112, 126; markets for, 112; and May Fourth Movement, 111, 115, 132; and modernity, 68, 113–14, 117, 125, 132, 133; newspapers, 50–51, 111, 116, 170n19, 228; printing technology in, 117, 118; Science and Philosophy of Life Debates in, 83; serialized articles in, 120–21; and textual communities, 260, 264–65, 287n21; and translations, 112, 121, 128, 130–31; types of, 74n13, 115–31
philosophy (zhexue), 20–21, 103; Buddhism as exceptional, 88, 92–93; and classification of knowledge, 95–98; definitions of, 100; Western, 15, 92, 94
philosophy of life (renshengguan), 83, 90
“Philosophy of Life and Science” (Renshengguan yu kexue; Liang Qichao), 99
Philosophy of Life Controversy (Renshengguan zhi lunzhan), 99, 106n12
Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch (Liuzu tan jing), 265
post-Mao period (PRC): Buddhist revival in, 4, 23–24, 155, 218–22, 224, 227, 234, 240, 242–44, 262–63; CCP in, 244; commercialism in, 263; economic reform in, 283; textual communities in, 133, 257–90
Preaching Brigade (WBHG; xuanjiangtuan), 61–63
Primers of Western Learning (Xixue qiment; Edkins), 95–96
printing technology: and Buddhism, 3, 10, 120, 122–23; lithography, 111, 117, 118; movable-type, 111, 113, 114, 261; and periodicals, 117, 118; and textual communities, 261, 286n13; xylography (wood-block), 111, 114, 122
Progressive Press (Jinbu shuju), 139n66
Pure Karma Society, Shanghai Buddhist (Shanghai Fojiao jingyeshe), 73n7
Pure Land (jingtu) Buddhism, 5, 329n52; and local society, 23; and Marxism, 199–202; and periodicals, 116–17, 120, 289n34; revivalism in, 218, 220, 221, 224, 227, 234, 240, 242, 244; in Shanghai, 46, 56; in Suzhou, 218; and textual communities, 265
Pure Land Teaching News (Jōdo kyōbō; periodical), 134n11, 137n33
purity dormitories (qingjing sushe), 58
Putuoshan monastery (Zhejiang), 12
“Questions and Answers on Buddhist History” (Bukkyō rekishi mondō; Nagai Ryūjun), 121
receiving prayer beads (jiezhu) ritual, 291–332; and astrology, 321, 324; description of, 295–98; gifts given for, 301–6, 312–18, 323–24; history of, 294; and married daughters, 312–18; and matrilineal relatives, 310–12; and men, 319–21, 323, 324, 325n5; and naming, 323; and social status, 309, 317, 321–24
“Record of Visits to Famous Mountains” (Mingshan youfang ji; Gao Henian), 126
“Recorded Discourses on the Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa-sūtra” (Weimojie suoshuo jing jiangyi lujuan; Yuexia), 120
reform: Buddhist, 7, 19, 23, 165, 215n73, 219, 221, 223, 224, 238, 243–44, 261; and Buddhist periodicals, 128, 132; vs. conservatism, 15; economic, 237–38, 283; educational, 14, 23, 95, 96, 165, 224; land, 208, 216, 229, 234–35, 237, 245; and local society, 13, 14; market, 283; and monasteries, 223–24; and monks, 215n73, 221, 223; in prisons, 17–18; and science, 81, 82; socialist, 179–81, 187, 201, 206, 207; thought, 236
relics, sacred (sheli): of Buddha, 146; campaigns against, 150; and international diplomacy, 156; of WBHG, 55–56, 66–67; of Xuanzang, 143–76
religion (zongjiao): analytical approaches to, 283–84; vs. Buddhism, 98, 103–4; and CCP, 179, 205–11, 238; and classification of knowledge, 95–98; definitions of, 99–100; freedom of, 183, 192, 193, 238; local, 3, 12–14, 19, 23, 24; Marxism as, 205–6; as modern category, 3; in neighborhood temples, 218, 226–28, 232–33, 238, 244; opposition to, 97–98, 125, 178, 222; and science, 80, 103, 110n64, 184; and the state, 2–3, 17, 151, 245–46, 300–301; suppression of, 6, 156, 217, 298–301; Western views of, 6, 103. See also Christianity; Daoism
Religious Affairs, Bureau of, 208
Republican period, 19–20, 35–140; Buddhist periodicals in, 111–40; Buddhist revival in, 3, 5–10, 23; citizenship training in, 1, 15–16; and commodity exchange, 275; democratic rhetoric in, 50; Nanjing decade in, 75n25, 84; Nationalist government in, 7, 11, 84, 95, 126, 150, 221–28; new organizational principles in, 50; science in, 79–110; in Shanghai, 37–78; in Suzhou, 221–28; and Taiwan, 4; texts in, 262, 263, 274
revivalism, Buddhist: in post-Mao period, 4, 23–24, 155, 218–22, 224, 227, 234, 240, 242–44, 262–63; and publishing, 9–10; in Republican period, 3, 5–10, 23; and the state, 18
Revolutionary Alliance (tongmenghui), 130
rituals: Buddhist, 5, 6; exorcistic, 12; feasts as, 304; fees for, 216, 221, 223, 226, 229, 233–37, 245; and lay associations, 20; and neighborhood temples, 226; and reciprocity, 305; rites of passage, 296–97, 301, 324; and self-gifting, 319; space for, 46–47; and textual communities, 260, 265, 272; of WBHG, 55–59, 64; women’s, 24, 291–332
Śākyamuni Buddha, 45, 167, 181; dharma assemblies of, 119; and Marxism, 183, 186, 195, 198; relics of, 144, 146, 173n38
sattva (living beings; the people), 192
science (kexue): and Buddhism, 19, 22, 98–104, 132, 181–82; in Buddhism, 98, 99, 102; and Buddhism vs. Marxism, 184–85; and Christianity, 98; and classification of knowledge, 80–82, 94–98; critiques of, 84; definitions of, 81, 85, 87, 88, 99; empirical, 20–21; and hygiene, 80; limits of, 94, 101, 104; Lin Zaiping on, 85–94; and modernity, 21, 70, 79, 81–82, 180; and morality, 93–94; and myths, 183–84; and religion, 80, 103, 110n64, 184; and sensory experience (ganyan), 100; and the supernatural, 80, 89–90; terminology of, 106n7, 110n59
“Science of the Philosophy of Life” (Renshengguan de kexue; Taixu), 99–100, 103
Science Primers (Roscoe), 95
Scientism in Chinese Thought (Kwok), 85
scripture distributors, Buddhist (Fojing liutong chu), 122, 124, 129
scripture-lecture groups (jiangjing hui), 116
scriptures, Buddhist, 7, 295; and Buddhism vs. Marxism, 180, 195, 196, 202; distributors of, 122, 124, 129; printing of, 120, 122–23; and textual communities, 265, 267, 269, 272; at WBHG, 60–61
Sea of Fragrant Snow (Xiangxuehai; film), 11–12
secularism, 2, 3, 6, 26; and ambivalent modernity, 68, 69, 71; and lay associations, 20, 38; and periodicals, 21, 133; and Science and Philosophy of Life Debates, 92, 94, 97; in Shanghai, 53; and WBHG, 53, 59, 60, 63, 66
Shanghai: ambivalence about, 20, 37–38, 40; Buddhist activism in, 9, 11, 37–78, 238–39; commercialism in, 47, 49, 52–53, 60, 62, 63, 66, 68, 69, 71; culture of, 38–39; elites in, 10–11, 37–38; foreign settlements in, 38, 41, 42, 45, 47; lay associations in, 17, 38, 69, 197, 239; and modernity, 14, 20; moral decay in, 73n6; new organizational principles in, 50; publishing in, 10, 21, 38; Pure Land Buddhism in, 46, 56; Roman Catholics in, 217; state-supported Buddhism in, 240
Shanghai, Battle of (1937), 224
Shanghai Buddhist Association, 197, 239
Shanghai Buddhist Books, 240
Shanghai Buddhist Household Grove (SBHG; Shanghai Fojiao jushilin), 40–41, 68
Shanghai Buddhist Pure Karma Society, 41
Shanghai Medical Press (Shanghai yixue shuju), 129
Shanghai Psychic Association (Shanghai lingxue hui), 108n31
Shenbao (newspaper), 50–51
Shishi xinbao (periodical), 87
Shouxian Convent (Suzhou), 218, 233
Singapore Buddhist Lodge (Xinjiapo Fojiao jushilin), 69
“Sitting Alone While Burning Incense” (Fenxiang duzuo; poem; Lin Zaiping), 86
social status: of men, 321–22; of monks and nuns, 232, 298–99; and receiving prayer beads ritual, 309, 317, 321–24; of women, 209, 292–93, 298, 317, 323–24. See also class
Socialist Party of Japan, 161
socialist transformation, 181, 206
space, sacred (daochang), 6, 13, 39, 59; and ambivalent modernity, 68, 69; and solemn decorum (zhuangyan), 50–52, 60; state-approved, 281; and WBHG, 46–48, 63, 64
spiritual crisis (jingshen weiji), 258, 282
state, the: imperial, 16, 219; modern, 1, 16–19, 25; and religion, 5, 18, 245; secular, 3; and society, 13, 25; and Xuanzang relic, 21–22. See also China, People’s Republic of; Nationalist government; Taiwan
Staying Forever in the True Teaching (Zheng fa yong zhu), 273
stupas, 55–56, 66, 67, 331n100; and Xuanzang, 143, 145, 146, 148–51, 159, 160, 163, 164–65, 169n12, 173n38
superstition (mixin), 3, 14, 97, 101, 102, 105; and ambivalent modernity, 68, 70; and Buddhism vs. Marxism, 181–83, 185, 200, 206; campaigns against, 150, 223; and KMT, 222, 223; and land reform, 216; and myths, 183–84; receiving prayer beads ritual as, 301; and relics, 145; and temple festivals, 51, 52; vs. WBHG, 41
Sutra of Infinite Life (Wu liang shou jing), 272
Suzhou, 23, 216–53; in Great Leap Forward, 241; history of Buddhism in, 218–28, 243, 244; in Ming dynasty, 219; neighborhood temples in, 226–28; People’s Political Consultative Conference of, 234; under PRC, 228–41; state-supported Buddhism in, 239–41
Tairiku shinpō (newspaper), 170n19
Taiwan (Republic of China; ROC): Buddhism in, 2, 19, 243, 246, 262; Buddhist Association of, 160, 163; masters in, 266, 267, 280; morality texts in, 274; and PRC, 164–66; spirit-writing groups in, 286n13; and summer camps, 287n20; and Xuanzang relic, 22, 150, 152, 158–65, 167
Taixu, 8, 14, 61, 215n73; and periodicals, 124–28, 130, 131; and Science and Philosophy of Life Debates, 86, 91, 92, 98–103, 110n64; and textual communities, 261; works by, 98–100, 103, 129
Taizong (Tang emperor), 154, 164
Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art (Mao Zedong), 195
Tanhua Convent (Suzhou), 236
“Taste of the Dharma” (Fawei; Feng Zikai), 64–67
Temple of Divine Light (Lingguangsi; Beijing), 271
Temple of Universal Rescue (Guangji si; Beijing), 257, 260, 288n21, 288n33; and free-distribution communities, 269, 271, 274, 280, 281, 284; and master-centered communities, 266, 269, 281; and teaching-centered communities, 265, 266
temples: and ambivalent modernity, 68; and Buddhist periodicals, 121, 122; and Buddhist revival, 5, 7; vs. commercial culture, 47; in Cultural Revolution, 301; decline of, 239–41; dismantling of, 216–53; economic pressure on, 229–38, 245, 246; and local society, 9, 12–14, 23; neighborhood, 218, 226–28, 232–33, 238, 244; pre-1949, 218–28; restoration of, 155; and the state, 126, 222, 259, 266; and textual communities, 265–66, 268, 270–71, 274; vs. voluntary associations, 50; and WBHG, 48–49, 53–55, 60, 63
Three Periods Study Association (sanshi xuehui), 86
Threefold Lotus Sutra (Fahua sanjing), 269
Tiantaishan monastery (Zhejiang), 12
Times (Shibao; newspaper), 116
Tongshanshe (redemptive society), 130
True Enlightenment Practitioners Association (Fojiao zhengjue tongxiu hui), 175n70
united front theory, 18–19
Vimalakīrti Sūtra (Weimojie suoshuo jing), 120
Voice of Dharma (Fayin; periodical), 287n21
Voice of the Sea Tide (Haichao yin; periodical), 131, 261
Walking Closer to Buddhism (Zoujin Fojiao), 273, 288n34
“We Ought to Use the Methods of Science to Arrange Buddhist Theories” (Ying yong kexue zhi fangfa yi zhengli Foxue shuo; Manzhi), 100–101
Welch, Holmes, 3, 6, 16, 28n10, 179, 216–17, 234, 240–41, 244
Wenming Press (Wenming shuju), 139n66
West, the: and classification of knowledge, 95–96; colonialism of, 16, 81, 98, 147; and modernity, 69, 70; and religion, 6, 103; and science, 84; treaty ports of, 38, 68, 69; and Xuanzang, 166
women: bonding among, 308–9, 324; Buddhist views on, 293; communities of, 292, 294, 297–98, 308–9; food behavior of, 311–12; and gift exchange, 302–3, 308, 310–18; and married daughters, 310, 312–18, 324; menopausal, 24, 291–332; naming of, 308; natal families of, 310–12; and neighborhood temples, 226; and pollution, 297, 306–9, 321, 325n10, 330n82; research on, 291–92; status of, 209, 292–93, 298, 317, 323–24; and WBHG, 45, 51, 75n29
Women in China’s Long Twentieth Century (Hershatter), 291
World Buddhist Conference, Fourth (1956), 207
World Buddhist Federation (shijie Fojiao lianhe hui), 99
World Buddhist Householder Grove (WBHG; shijie Fojiao jushilin), 20, 39, 271; and commercial culture, 47, 52–53, 60, 62, 63, 66; elites in, 52–63, 66; enterprises of, 60, 64; finances of, 44; Great Hall of, 53–54; and hymns, 45, 46, 57; and monks, 45, 56–60; new building for, 42–47; organizational structure of, 49–50, 60; and periodicals, 131; Preaching Brigade of, 61–63; presidents of, 42, 43; regulations for, 51–52; religious aspects of, 52–63; religious discipline of, 63, 71; Reliquary Room of, 55, 66–67, 70–71; ritual schedule of, 54–60, 64; and secularism, 53, 59, 60, 63, 66; and solemn decorum (zhuangyan), 50–52, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66; and space, 40–48, 63, 64; and temples, 47–49, 53–55, 60, 63; and textual communities, 260–61; and women, 45, 51, 75n29
World Buddhist Householder Grove Journal (Shijie Fojiao jushilin linkan), 41
World Fellowship of Buddhists, 160
World War II (Great East Asian War), 16, 149
Wuchang Buddhist Seminary (Wuchang Foxue yuan; Wuchang school), 90–91, 100, 108n36
Wutaishan monastery (Shanxi), 12
Wuxi native-place association (Xijin gongsuo), 41, 42
Xuanzang, relic of, 21–22, 143–76; divisions of, 22, 149–50, 152–55, 159–60, 163, 164–65; history of, 145–49; and India, 155–58; and Japan, 22, 150, 151, 156, 158–64, 167, 171n28; relocations of, 150–52; and Taiwan, 22, 150, 152, 158–65, 167
Yinguang (Changcan), 8, 16, 46, 59, 120, 136n25; and post-Mao Buddhism, 242–44; and PRC, 225, 235, 240; in Suzhou, 220–22
Yongxi Temple (Suzhou), 229
Young Buddhist Association (Shanghai), 239
Yulin Temple (Zhongshan, Ninghua), 328n43
Yunyan Monastery (Suzhou), 229
Zhang Junmai (Carsun Chang), 85, 90, 96, 104, 106n12, 107n16; and Ding Wenjiang, 82, 83, 99; and Lin Zaiping, 85, 92, 93
Zhao Puchu: and Buddhism vs. Marxism, 194, 197–99, 201, 210; and CBA, 86, 237–38; and revival of Buddhism, 242; and Suzhou monasteries, 216, 230, 239; and Xuanzang relic, 161, 164, 165, 173n46