AAA. See American Automobile Association
AASHO. See American Association of State Highway Officials
Achen Motor Company, 231
Active Design Guidelines (NYC), 135–136
Adams, Cindy, 138
Advanced traveler information systems. See ATIS
AFP. See Americans for Prosperity
African Americans, 214–219
America Walks, 93
American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials, 119
American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), 18
American Automobile Association (AAA), 3–4, 73, 106–107, 107–108
American Public Transportation Association (APTA), 193–194
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 16, 228, 229
report card on roads, 206–208
American Transit Association, 9n
Americans for Prosperity (AFP), 226
Apple, 235n
Appleyard, Bruce, 100–101
Appleyard, Donald, 99–100
Apps, mobile transport. See Mobile transport apps and devices
APTA. See American Public Transportation Association
Aronwold, George, 54
Arroyo Seco Parkway, 15
Articles of Confederation, 14–15
ASCE. See American Society of Civil Engineers
Asserson, Arthur, 55
Association of Realtors, 84
ATIS (advanced traveler information systems), 184–185
Atlanta, Georgia, 218–219, 230–231
Automobiles. See Cars
Autonomous driving technology, 230–240
predictions, benefits, and problems regarding, 235–241
Autonomous Land Vehicle program, 233
Autonomy, and cars versus public transit, 188–190, 210
Baby Boomers, 66, 67, 69, 74, 88
Barcelona, 120–122
Barclays Center, plan for, 244–249
and Environmental Impact Statement, 245–246, 247
and open data apps, 246–247
Batesville, Arkansas, 120
Battery Park City (Manhattan, NYC), 91–92
Beame, Mary, 49
Bel Geddes, Norman, 231
Benjamin Franklin Parkway, 28, 29
Bicycling/biking. See Cycling
The Big Sort (Bishop), 224
Bike paths, 13. See also Cycling
Birdsall, Blair, 57n
Bishop, Bill, 224
Block the box, 156
Bloomberg, Michael, 48n, 108, 109, 137
Bogotá, Colombia, transportation equity in, 220–224
Bolívar, Simón, 220
Boston, Massachusetts, 230–231
and rise in urban living, 85
transportation network in, 166, 167, 188
Boston Elevated Company, 7
Braucher, Howard S., 4
Brazil, cars in, 83
Bridges, 17, 30, 33, 35, 55–60, 229–230
Bright Lights, Big City (McInerney), 212
Broggi, Alberto, 235
Bronx Crosstown Highway, 31
Bronx parkways, 29n
Bronx River Parkway, 29n
Brooklyn Bridge, 59
Brooklyn Parkways, 29n
Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, 29n
Buckhorn, Bob, 141
Buffalo, New York, 217–218
Built Environment Program (NYC), 134–135
Bureau of Public Roads, 16, 19, 20, 37
Burnham, Daniel, 3
Bus rapid transit, 137, 137n, 157, 162–163, 193, 222
California Public Utilities Commission, 199
Capital Beltway, 19
Capitol Mall, 28
Car-deprivation study, 187–190
Car manufacturers, and marketing, and Millennials, 82–83
Car-sharing services. See Ride-matching/sharing services
Caro, Robert, 32
and autonomous driving (see Autonomous driving technology)
and Baby Boomers and Generation X, 69
in Brazil, China, and India, 80, 83
collisions, 3
and driving versus cycling, and unfamiliar streets, perspectives on, 97–98
and driving versus walking, and positive contacts, 98–101
early, 2–5
flexibility of, 157
and fuel consumed per dollar, 79
and Millennials (see Millennials, and cars and driving, distaste for), 65–88
necessity of, and suburban emigration, 22
versus pedestrians, 4–5
and price of ownership per year, 228
versus public transit, and autonomy, 188–190, 210
and speed in moving from one place to another (1970 to 2004), 78–79
versus streetcars, 5–9
and transportation networks, 180
in Zurich, aversion to, 176, 177, 180
See also American Automobile Association
Carson, Rachel, 36–37
CARTA. See Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority; Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority
Carter, Jimmy, 137
Central Park, and justification for reopening to traffic, 48–51
Charleston, South Carolina, 180, 242
transportation network in, 166–170
Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority (CARTA), 168
Chattanooga, Tennessee, 190–191
Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority (CARTA), 190–191
Chicago, Illinois, 85, 191, 200
walkability in, 148–151
Chicago Department of Transportation, 148
Chicago Municipal Code of 1922, 151
Chicago Pedestrian Plan, 148
Chicago-to-Miami Dixie Highway, 14
Cities
and limited-access roads, 20–21, 29n, 31, 33, 35, 50, 61–62
See also Urban living
City: Rediscovering the Center (Whyte), 143
City Beautiful movement, 27–28, 29
The City in History (Mumford), 20
CityMapper, 195
Civit, Adria, 121–122
Clean Air Act of 1970, 50
Columbia, Maryland, 159
Columbia University, Earth Institute, 235
Columbus, Ohio, 242
walkability in, 131–134
Columbus Healthy Places program, 132–134
Community, and traffic, connection between, 100–101
Community density, 242
and political choice, 224–225, 227
and prosperity, 105
Commuting by car
and commuting time, increase in, 80–82
cost of, 103–104
and physical and mental stress, 93–94
versus walking or public transit, 93–97
Commuting effect, 81
Complete Streets, 131–132, 151–152. See also Skinny Streets
Cone of vision, 98
CONEXPO-CON/AGC, 16
Congestion. See Traffic congestion
Connectivity, 159–160
Consolidated Edison, 7
Context Walkability, 115
Contra Costa County (California) study, 100
Cooper Center Longitudinal Study, 95
Cornett, Mick, 139–141
Cross-Bronx Expressway, 29, 30–34, 40, 60
The Culture of Cities (Mumford), 20
Cycling, 12, 13, 89–93, 124–125, 129, 136, 141–142, 156, 177, 192n, 223
versus driving, and unfamiliar streets, perspectives on, 97–98
health (physical and mental) benefits of, 93–97, 134
and safety, 122–124
See also Exercise; Health; Walking
Dallas, Texas, 209
DASH. See Downtown Area Shuttle
Detroit Automobile Club, 4
Disappearing traffic phenomenon, 47
Disney, Walt, 99
Downs, Anthony, 46
Downtown Area Shuttle (DASH), 169
Driving. See under Cars
Driving licenses, 72–73
Duke University, 95
Duranton, Gilles, 46
East Tremont Neighborhood Association, 34
Ebbets Field, 5, 15, 43, 231, 245
Economic hardship, and Millennials, 70–72
Edison, Thomas, 5
Eisenhower, Dwight David, 15, 19, 103
Elevators, versus stairs, 136
Elumbaugh, Rick, 120
Embarcadero Freeway Revolt, 34–37
Engineering News–Record, 3, 16
Engineers/engineering
and construction costs, 39
cost-benefit equations of, faulty premise of, 59
and disappearing traffic phenomenon, 47
and estimated speed and safety, 39–42
and foot traffic study, 144–146
and GI Bill of Rights, 18
and “if you build it, they will come,” 46–48
and Interstate Highways System, 17–19
and multimodal transportation system, 61
and predicting future transportation needs, 60–61
railroad, 17–18
and road-building techniques, 18–19
and safety innovations, 18–19
and smart growth, 61
and wider versus narrower lanes, safety of, 58, 59–60, 60n
Environmental Defense Fund, 36–37
Environmental Impact Statement, 245–246, 247
Environmental Protection Agency, 37, 44, 51–52
Environmentalism, 36–37, 44, 62, 72, 226
Envision Utah, 192
Escalators, versus stairs, 136
Europe, streetcars in, 44, 103, 176
Exercise, 124
health benefits of, 93–97, 134
See also Cycling; Health; Walking
Federal-Aid Highway acts, 15, 16, 17, 18, 36
Federal-Aid Road Act of 1916, 14–15
Federal Highway Administration, 20, 73, 194
Federal Housing Authority, 21
Federal Housing Authority (FHA), 158–159
Federal roads bill, 14–15
FHA. See Federal Housing Authority
511DFW system, 209
Foot traffic study, 144–146
Forbes, 131
Ford, Henry, 2–3
Ford Motor Company, 2–3
Forest City Ratner, 243
Fortune, 143
France, 209
Free-Range Kids movement, 87
Frequent network, 172–173, 220
Fugazy Limousine Company, 203
Garcetti, Eric, 127–131
GDL (graduated driver licensing) program, and Millennials, 72–73
GDP, 104–105
Gelinas, Nicole, 212
General Motors, 8–9, 9n, 10, 184
Generation Y, 65n
Generations: The History of America’s Future, 1584–2069 (Howe and Straus), 65
Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 41
George Washington Bridge, 17
GeoUTA, 195
German Road Construction, 15, 15n, 16
Gett, 199
GI Bill of Rights (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944), 18, 21, 26, 45, 87, 103
Gilbreth, Frank and Lillian, 142–143
Giuliani, Rudy, 53
Global Positioning System. See GPS
Goldberg, Rube, 237
Good Roads Magazine, 12
Good Roads Movement, 27
Google Maps, 188, 195, 210, 236
Google self-driving car, 234–235, 236, 237, 239
Gospel of Good Roads: A Letter to the American Farmer (League of American Wheelmen), 12
GPS navigation system, 98, 184–188, 195, 204–205, 209–210. See also Mobile transport apps and devices
Great Depression, 7, 29, 30, 66
Great Streets Initiative (Los Angeles), 129–130
“Grid-lock Prevention Plan” (S. I. Schwartz), 155–156
patterns, 158
smart, 208–209
types of, 158, 165–166, 166–167, 173
See also Transportation networks; Transportation systems
Gurin, David, 53
Harvard Alumni Health Study, 95
Health
and level of activity, 134–139
and obesity, 132–134, 139–141, 237
physical and mental, and benefits of walking, 93–97, 134
and walking and cycling, 93–97, 134
See also Cycling; Exercise; Walking
Heathrow Airport, 232
“The High Cost of Free Parking” (Shoup), 177
Highway Capacity Manual, 41, 147
Highway robbery, 14–15
Highway Trust Fund, 17, 20, 21, 33, 34, 70, 87, 214
Highway(s), 14–15
construction, protests against, 36
construction and replacement costs, 47
maintenance costs, 47
and politicians, 38–39
urban, and decline of cities, 19–22
See also Interstate Highway System; Roads
Hitler, Adolf, 15
Hochstein, Sam, 49
Holland Tunnel, 17
Holtzman, Elizabeth, 51
Home construction, 83
Hoover, Herbert, 4
costs, 110–112, 111 (table)
Houston, Texas, 172n, 180, 242
transportation equity in, 220
transportation network in, 171–173, 220
Howe, Neil, 65–66
Idaho, 190
IEEE. See Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
In-pavement sensors in, 179, 179n
Infrastructure. See Transportation infrastructure
INRIX, 209–210
Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, 224
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), 235
Institute of Traffic Engineers, 159
Insull, Samuel, 7
Intelligence, and walking, 96–97
Internal combustion engine, 10
International highway protest movement, 34–37
Internet, impact of, and Millennials, 73–76
Interstate Highway System (IHS; aka National System of Interstate and Defense Highways), 16–19, 26
and engineers, and GI Bill of Rights, 45
and suburban emigration, 21–22
Intimidation factor, and public transit, 186
iPhone, 196
Israel, 199
Jacksonville, Florida, 124
Jacobs, Jane, 36
Japan, 95
Johnson, Hal, 193n
Journal of the American Planning Association, 70
Kauffman, Mel, 108
Keane, Tim, 169–170
Kelly-Springfield Tire Company, 4
Kennedy, John, 36
King County, Washington, 191
Koch brothers, 225–226
Kocher, Jesse, 115
Komanoff, Charlie, 137
Koufax, Sandy, 10
KRC Research, 74
Lambert, Tom, 173
Lambros, Spiros, 154
Latin America, 130
Latinos, 216
Law of Peak Hour Expressway Congestion, 46
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), 135–136
League of American Wheelmen, 12
Learned helplessness, and commuters, 81
LEED. See Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Legion, 147n
Lerner, Matt, 115
Limited-access roads, 20–21, 29n, 31, 33, 35, 50, 61–62
Lincoln Center, 30
Lincoln Tunnel, 17
(illustration), 50–51
LINX system, 190
Litman, Todd, 214
Livingstone, Ken, 109
Logit Model, 164–165
London, 2, 44n, 109, 160, 195–196
Long Island Motor Parkway, 13–14
Long Island Rail Road, 243–244, 246
Los Angeles, California, 201, 230–231, 241
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Agency, 127–128
Los Angeles Department of Transportation, 127
Lost Generation, 66
Lower Manhattan Expressway, protest against, 36
Mack Truck, 10
Madison Square Garden, 246
Maglie, Sal, 43, 43 (photo)
Make Way for People Program (Chicago, Illinois), 151
Manes, Donald, 54
Manhattan Bridge, danger of collapse of, 55–56
Manufacturers, car, and marketing, and Millennials, 82–83
MAP-21 (Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century), 214n
Maponics, 115
MapQuest, 188
MAPS 3 program (Oklahoma City), 140–141
Marketing of cars, 82–83
MARTA. See Metropolitan Atlantic Regional Traffic Authority
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), 190
MassMotion, 147n
Mathieu, Mike, 115
MBTA. See Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
McAdam, John Loudon, 11
McFadden, Daniel, 165
Melaniphy, Michael, 193
Memphis, Tennessee, 124
Mental health. See under Health
“Metering High Density Sectors” (S. I. Schwartz), 179n
METRO (Houston), 171–173
Metropolitan Atlantic Regional Traffic Authority (MARTA), 219
Metropolitan Authority of Harris County. See METRO (Houston)
Metropolitan Parking Association, 107
Miami–Fort Lauderdale, 124
Militarily necessary roads, 15, 16
Millennials, and cars and driving, distaste for, 63, 65–88, 141–142, 240–241
and cars, marketing of, 82–83
and commuting time, increase in, 80–82
and driver’s license program, 72–73
and economic hardship, 70–72, 77
and environmentalism, 72
and future traits, prediction of, 66–68
and gas, cost of, 70, 71, 79–80
and Internet, and online shopping, public transit, social media, traveling, 74–75
and Internet, impact of, 73–76
and marketing of cars, 82–83
reasons for, 70–78
and Smartphones, and new transportation options, 75
and urban living, 78, 83–85, 86–88, 111–112
and VMT (vehicle miles traveled), 68–69, 71 (table), 72, 73, 74, 82
Mobile Internet, 184, 187. See also GPS
Mobile transport apps and devices, 116, 188, 190–192, 194–196, 203, 209–210
and open data apps, 190–191, 246–247
and ride-matching/sharing services, 198, 199
See also GPS; Smartphones
Model Municipal Traffic Ordinance of 1927, 4–5, 25–26
Montana, 190
Morgan Stanley, 236
Moscow, 211
Moses, Robert, 30–34, 59, 245, 248
and Cross-Bronx Expressway, 31–34, 40
and highway plans, protests against, 36
and West Side Highway, collapse of, 45–46, 48, 56, 230
Moshulu Parkway, 29n
Motor Mania, 97
Motorcycles/motorbikes, 176
Move NY, 109
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 35–36, 38, 46n, 51
Multimodal/multinodal transportation networks, 61, 157, 163–165, 169, 180–181
National Association of City Transportation Officials, 98
National Automobile Dealers Association, 4
National City Lines conspiracy, 8–9, 10, 26, 172n
National League of Good Roads, 12
Natural Resources Defense Council, 51
Navigant Research, 235
NavStar Global Position System. See GPS
Neighborhood Street Design Guidelines: An Oregon Guide for Reducing Street Width, 119
“The New Highways: Challenge to the Metropolitan Region” (Connecticut General Life Insurance Company symposium, September 1957), 20
“New Roads and Urban Chaos” (Moynihan), 35–36
New York City, 2
Active Design Guidelines in, 135–136
and Barclays Center, plan for, 244–249
buses in, 137
and Grand Concourse, 27–29, 32
parking permits, privileges, scandal, tickets, 53–55, 179
and rise in urban living, 85
Street Life Project in, 143
transit strike of 1980, 153–156
transit system in, 212
transportation equity in, 211–212
transportation network in, 48–63, 212
transportation policies and level of activity in, 134–139
and VIM, 203–204
New York City Subway System, 10, 44n, 45, 185, 185 (map), 211–212
New York City Transit Authority, 44–45
New York Committee on America’s Infrastructure, 206
New York World’s Fair, 1964, 30
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, 164
Next City, 187
Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority, 217–218
North Charleston Intermodal Transportation Center, 168
“NYC Full: Use Alternative City” brochure (S. I. Schwartz), 62
(illustration), 63
NYC Metropolitan Transit Authority, 153–154, 246, 247, 248
NYC Parking Violations Bureau, 54
NYC Planning Department, 31
NYC Police Department, 247
NYC Traffic Department, 45, 53
and justification for reopening Central Park to traffic, 49–51
and reduction of traffic and pollution, plan for, 50–52
and transportation and traffic problems, plans for, 48–63
NYC Transportation Department, 247, 248
NYU, Rudin Center for Transportation Policy and Management, 230–231
Obama, Barack, 225
Oil, 227–228
Oil crisis (1973), 79–80
walkability in, 139–141
Oklahoma City Crosstown Expressway, 141
O’Malley, Walter, 20, 125, 131, 231, 244–245, 248, 249
OneBusAway system, 191
OnStar system, 184
OPEC. See Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
The Organization Man (Whyte), 143
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 79–80
Orlando, Florida, 124
Osaka Company, 95
Pacific City Lines, 8–9
Packard Motor Company, 4
Paris, 2, 27, 166–167, 167 (map)
Partners, Alix, 83
Pasadena, California, 125
Pauly, Daniel, 86–87
Pedestrian Environment Review System (PERS), 116–117
Pelham Parkway, 29n
Peñalosa, Enrique, 220, 221, 223–224, 225
Pennsylvania Turnpike, 17
Per capita GDP, and per capita traffic delay, correlation between, 104–105
PERS. See Pedestrian Environment Review System
Personal Rapid Transit (PRT), 232–233. See also Autonomous driving technology
Peters, Mary, 69
Pew Research Center, 226–227
Phillips Petroleum, 8
Platooning, 145–146
Play Streets, 151. See also Complete streets
Playground and Recreation Association of America, 4
Political choice, and community density, 224–225, 227
Politics/politicians
and highways, 38–39
and transportation policy, conservative versus liberal, 224–227
Portland, Oregon, 85
Skinny Streets program and walkability in, 118–119, 120
Portland Bureau of Transportation, 118
Power companies, 7–8
Power grid, and transportation network, comparison between, 208
Presidential election 2012, 224–225, 227
Prospect-Lefferts Garden neighborhood, Brooklyn, 101
Prospect Park, 49
Prosperity, and density, 105
Protests, and international highway protest movement, 34–37
Providence Sunday Journal, 3
PRT. See Personal Rapid Transit
Public transit, 186
versus cars, and autonomy, 188–190, 210
versus commuting by car or walking, 93–97
and urban living, and liberals versus conservatives, 225–226
Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (aka Rayburn-Wheeler Act), 7–8, 25–26
PriceWaterhouseCoopers, 235–236
Quinby, Edward J., 9
Racial discrimination, 214–219
Radburn model, 158–159
Radio-dispatched limousines, 203
Railroads, 12, 13, 17–18, 150n
Rand-McNally atlases, 13
Randel, John, 158
RateMyStreet, 116
Ratner, Bruce, 243–244
Rayburn-Wheeler Act. See Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935
Real-estate websites, and walk scores, 115–116
Reason Foundation, 226
“Recommend Practice for Subdivision Streets” (Institute of Traffic Engineers), 159
“Red Zone” plan, 48
RelayRides, 83
Relocate America, 131
Ride-matching/sharing services, 75, 83, 196–198, 198–205
complaints against, 199–201
in Street Smart cities, 204–205
See also Uber
Risse, Louis, 29
Road maps, 16
ASCE Report Card on, 206–208
for cars versus pedestrians, 4–5
and congestion paradox, 207
country and urban, difference between, 11, 12–13
estimated cost of improving, 206–207, 208
funding for, 13–15
limited-access, 20–21, 29n, 31, 33, 35, 50, 61–62
types of, 11–13
and VMT, 207
and war, 16
See also Highways; Interstate Highway System
Robertson, Rita, 126
Rockefeller, Nelson, 50–51
Rojas, James, 130
Rolling Stone, 226
Rouse organization, 159
Route maps, 170
Sadik-Khan, Janette, 48n, 135, 137–139, 166
SAFETEA (Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient, Transportation Equity Act), 213–214, 214n
Safety, 18–19, 39–42, 58, 59–60, 60n, 122–124
Salt Lake City, Utah, 192n, 227
transportation network in, 191–195
Sam Schwartz Engineering, 77, 115, 148, 196–197
and Barclays Center, plan for, 244
San Antonio, Texas, 110
San Francisco, California, 34, 110
number of road diet programs in, 119, 120
ride-matching/sharing services in, 198–199
transportation network in, 188
San Francisco Board of Supervisors, 34
San Francisco Chronicle, 35
San Francisco Municipal Transportation Authority, 209
San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, 35
San Francisco Trafficways, 34
San Jose, road diet program in, 119–120
Sandler, Ross, 108
Schwartz, David, 92
Schwartz, Samuel I., 22–25, 43 (photo)
at Battery Park City Authority, engineering transportation for, 92
from cars to bicycles and walking, 89–93
and congestion pricing, 106–109
education of, 22–23, 23–25, 26, 37–38, 44, 53
and “Grid-lock Prevention Plan,” 155–156
as “Gridlock Sam,” 156
as head of NYC Traffic Bureau, 55
and justification for reopening Central Park to traffic, 49–51
“Metering High Density Sectors,” 179n
and Move NY, 109
and municipal sabotage, 52, 52 (map)
“NYC Full: Use Alternative City” brochure, 62 (illustration), 63
as NYC traffic commissioner, 53, 143–144
at NYC Traffic Department, as director of traffic research, 49–53
at NYC Traffic Department, as junior engineer, 45, 48–49, 91
and NYC transit strike of 1980, 153–156
at NYC Transportation Department, as acting commissioner, 54–55
at NYC Transportation Department, as assistant commissioner, 53, 106–109
at NYC Transportation Department, as first deputy commissioner and chief engineer, 54–55
and reduction of traffic and pollution, plan for, 50–51
Schwartz family, 9–10, 22–25, 92–93
SeaBus (Vancouver), 162
Seattle/Bellevue, Washington, 191–192
Sensors, in-pavement, 179, 179n
Separate Cars Act, 215
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944. See GI Bill of Rights
Shadow Traffic’s New York Shortcuts and Traffic Tips (S. I. Schwartz), 90
Shifting baselines, 86
Shopping, and walkability, 117
Shoup, Donald, 177
Shy distance, 147
Sidecar, 199
“Sidepath” movement, 13
Sidepaths, 13
Signals and beacons, and walkability, 149
Silent Spring (Carson), 36–37
Singapore, 109n
Sivak, Michael, 70
Skenazy, Leonore, 87
Skinny Streets programs, 118–119, 120, 223. See also Complete streets
SkyTrain (Vancouver), 163
Smart cities, 196
definition of, 205–206
and ride-matching/sharing services, 204–205
and transportation systems, 208–210
Smart growth, 61
SmartBus program (Chattanooga, TN), 190
Smartphones, 196
and apps, 116, 191–192, 203, 209–210 (see also Mobile transport apps and devices)
and GPS, 184
and ride-matching/sharing services, 197, 199, 204–205
and transportation options, and Millennials, 75
Social cohesion, 99–100
The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces (Whyte), 143
Soffian, Gerard, 51
Software programs, for walkable environments, 147–148
Speed, 39–42
and density relationships, and walking, 146
limits, 123–124
Sprague, Frank, 5–6
St. Lawrence power project, 30
Stairs, versus elevators or escalators, 136
Standard Oil of California, 8
Stanford University, 233
Steam engines, 5
Stein, Charles, 158
Steps to a Walkable Community, 93
Stock Market Crash of 1929, 7
Straus, William, 65–66
Street Guidelines for Healthy Neighborhoods (Burden), 119
Street Life Project (NYC), 143
Streetcar companies, 6–9
Streetcar(s), 5–9, 140, 160, 163n, 213
in European cities, 44, 103, 176
and National City Lines conspiracy, 8–9, 10, 172n
types of, 5–6
StreetsBlog USA, 141
Strip malls, 117
Suburban emigration, 21–22, 26
Suburban living, 159
and GI Bill, new construction only requirement of, 103
reasons for moving to, 102–103
versus urban living, 70, 86–88, 110–112
Superblocks, 158–159
Tampa, Florida, walkability in, 141–142
Tampa–St. Petersburg, 124
Taxi service, 75, 199, 200, 203
Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 142–143
TEA-21 (Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century), 213–214, 214n
Texas A&M’s Transportation Institute study, 104
Todt, Fritz, 15
“Toll Roads and Free Roads,” 16
Tompkins, Tim, 139
TomTom, 210
Traffic
and community, connection between, 100–101
and disappearing traffic phenomenon, 47
flow, and walking, 144–146, 145n
hours stuck in, 69
and “if you build it, they will come,” 46–48
and level-of service, 41–42
and most dangerous metropolitan areas in America, 124
and per capita traffic delay and per capita GDP, correlation between, 104–105
and refuge islands and raised medians, 124
and speed limits, 123–124
and walkability, 123–125
Traffic calming, 123–124
Transit strike of 1980 (New York City), 153–156
Transit Workers Union, 153
TransitAPP, 195
TransitCenter Who’s on Board report, 84
TransLink (Vancouver), 161–163
TransMilenio (Bogota, Colombia), 222
Transportation
alternative forms of, 63
costs, 110–112, 111 (table)
See also Transportation equity; Transportation infrastructure; Transportation networks; Transportation policy; Transportation systems
Transportation Alternatives, 53
Transportation equity, 211–224, 241
in Atlanta, 218–219
in Bogota, 220–224
in Buffalo, 217–218
in Houston, 220
in New York City, 211–212
and Plessy v. Ferguson, 215
and positive feedback, 213
and racial discrimination, 214–219
redistributive or vertical, 214
return-to-source or horizontal, 214
and TEA-21, SAFETEA, and MAP-21 bills, 213–214, 214n
See also Transportation
Transportation infrastructure, 228–230
and ASCE Report Card on roads, 206–208
building and maintaining, 229–230
car-centric, future of, 69–70
deficient and obsolete, 228–229
investment in, 228–229
See also Bridges; Roads; Transportation
Transportation Network Companies, 199
Transportation network(s)
and cars, 180
in Charleston, 166–170
and geometry, 163
multimodal/multinodal, 61, 157, 163–165, 169, 180–181
and power grid, comparison between, 208
and reliability and frequency, 170–171
and route maps, 170
and routes, 165
in Salt Lake City, 191–195
in San Francisco, 188
and transport modes, 164–165
and trip generation, 163–165
in Vancouver, 160–163, 165, 218
See also Grids; Transportation; Transportation systems
Transportation policy
and politics, 224–227
See also Transportation
Transportation system(s), 156–158, 213
and connectivity, 159–160
in crisis, 61–63
and efficiency and flexibility, 156–157
and environmental concerns, 62
and gasoline, dependence on, 62
and grid patterns, 158 (see also Grids)
and mobile transport devices, 209–210
and peak demand, 206
and smart cities, 208–210
See also Grids; Transportation; Transportation networks
Trevelyan, George Macauley, 94–95
Triborough Bridge, 30
Trip generation, 133, 163–165, 180
Trolleybus, 163, 163n, 169, 174, 175, 176, 179
Trust, 99
Tunnel engineering, 17
Uber (ride-matching/sharing service), 75, 196–205, 198n, 235
complaints against, 199–201
and liability insurance, 202–203
and VIM, 203–204
See also Ride-matching/sharing services
UberX, 199
Underhill, Paco, 143
United Cities Motor Transport, 9n
United Kingdom, 116
United States
leading cause of death in, 134
walking and cycling in, 150–151
University College London, 239
University of Hawaii, 231
University of Michigan, Transportation Research Institute, 73, 79
University of West Virginia, 232
Urban heat islands, 118–119
Urban Land Institute, 84
and Millennials, 111–112
and public transit, and liberals versus conservatives, 225–226
versus suburban living, 70, 86–88, 110–112
and walking (see Walkability)
See also Cities
Urban Space for Pedestrians (Zupan and Pushkarev), 147
US Army, Cross-Country Motor Transport Train, 15
US Department of Defense, 183
Advanced Research Projects Agency, 233
US Department of Transportation, 209
USA Today, 199
Utah, 192–195
Utah Transit Authority (UTA), 193–195, 193n
Value of a Statistical Life (VSL), 40–42
Vancouver, British Columbia, 167, 180, 218
transportation network in, 160–163, 165, 218
Vanderbilt, William K., 14, 14n
Vehicle miles traveled. See VMT
Vehicles in motion. See VIM
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, 30, 33
Vickrey, William S., 107, 107n
Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 214
Vietnam War, 24
VIM (vehicles in motion), 203–204, 205, 209, 239
Vision Zero (Los Angeles), 128–129
VMT (vehicle miles traveled), 80, 150, 165, 207
and GDP, 104–105
importance of, and Millennials, 82
less than average, and Millennials, 68–69, 71 (table), 72, 73, 74
and oil prices, 228
and Portland, Oregon, 118
Volkswagen, Electronic Research Laboratory, 233
VSL. See Value of a Statistical Life
Walk Score, Inc., 115
Walkability, 241–242
in Barcelona, 120–122
in Batesville, Arkansas, 120
in Chicago, 148–151
in Columbus, Ohio, 131–134
and Complete Streets, 151–152
and connectivity, 160
and innovative signals and beacons, 149
and leading pedestrian intervals, 149, 149n
in New York City, 117, 134–139
in Oklahoma City, 139–141
in Pasadena, California, 125
in Portland, Oregon, 118–119, 120
and safety, 122–124
in San Jose, 119–120
and shopping, 117
and sidewalks, 124
in Tampa, 141–142
and traffic, 123–125
and walk scores, 115–118, 124–125
in Washington, DC, 117
See also Walking
Walkable and Living Communities Institute, 120
Walker, Jarrett, 69, 86, 160–161
versus commuting by car or public transit, 93–97
versus driving, and positive contacts, 98–101
versus driving, and unfamiliar streets, perspectives on, 97–98
and the false goodbye, 143
health (physical and mental) benefits of, 93–97, 134
insights about, 142–152
and intelligence, 96–97
and memory and cognition, 96–97
and platooning, 145–146
and self-organizing system, 146
and shy distance, 147
and sidewalks, 147
and speed-density relationships, 146
and traffic flow, 144–146, 145n
See also Cycling; Exercise; Health; Walkability
Walking (Trevelyan), 94–95
Walkonomics, 116
Walkshops, 148
Wardrop Equilibrium, 106
Wardrop John Glen, 106
Washington, DC, walkability in, 117
West Side Highway, 45–46, 48, 57, 59, 230
Whitcomb, Morgan, 76–77
Who Framed Roger Rabbit? (film), 8, 9
Whyte, William “Holly,” 143–144
Wider versus narrower lanes, safety of, 58, 59–60, 60n
Wiggins, Cynthia, 217–218
Williamsburg Bridge, and repair or rebuild debate, 56–60, 229
Woodbridge, Virginia, 76
Works Progress Administration, 29
World Trade Center, terror attack against, 92
World War I, 66
World’s Columbian expositions, 28
WPA Guide to New York City, 28, 30
Wright, Henry, 158
Wyoming, 190
Zak, Paul, 98–99
Zero-car family, 83
Zillow, 115–116
Zimride, 199
Zupan, Jeff, 146–147
Zurich
aversion to cars in, 176, 177, 180
cycling and walking in, 177
as global city, 173–174
in-pavement sensors in, 179, 179n
parking in, 177–180
streetcars and trolleybuses vs. cars, motorcycles/motorbikes in, 176
transportation network in, 174–180, 208–209
Zurich Public Transport, 208–209