INDEX

• Page numbers in boldface refer to articles.

• Aaron, Hank, 176

• Abernathy, Albert, 75

• Abernathy, Ralph, 169

• Abolition, 122

• Absalom, Absalom! (Faulkner), 1, 3, 84–85, 213–14

• Abyssinian Baptist Church, 133

• Acadians, 216–17

• Accra, Ghana, 250

• Acuff, Roy, 276

• Affirmative action, 172

• Affrilacian Poets, 180

• Africa, 131–32, 235–37

• African Americans, 1, 3, 38, 164, 188, 189–91, 220–21, 272–74;

  • cultural influences, 5–6, 18–20;

  • stereotypes of in advertising, 11–15;

  • landowners, 15–18;

  • language and, 19;

  • labor, 20–21, 23, 77–81, 122–24, 200;

  • color line and, 26, 28, 111–12, 199, 224;

  • civil rights, 39–44, 226–28;

  • convict lease system and, 50–51;

  • peonage and, 52–53;

  • criminal justice and, 53–57;

  • race relations, 58–61;

  • southern economy and, 62–73;

  • Jews and, 74–76;

  • literature, 81–86, 270–71, 278–80;

  • racial violence and, 87–92, 125–27, 160, 259–60, 275–76;

  • medical care, 92–97;

  • migration, 99–103, 109–10, 184–86;

  • music, 111–12, 193–95, 203–5, 224–25, 246;

  • racial uplift, 127–30;

  • religion, 131–34, 137, 142–45;

  • segregation, 146–52, 222, 247–49;

  • emancipation, 157–61;

  • Native Americans and, 162;

  • politics, 166–73;

  • sports and, 173–78;

  • Appalachian, 179–80;

  • Birth of a Nation and, 189–90;

  • soldiers in Cuba and Puerto Rico, 191–93;

  • Mississippi Delta, 206–7;

  • Ku Klux Klan and, 228–31, 233–35;

  • Mardi Gras Indians and, 235–37;

  • Martin Luther King Jr. Day and, 238–39;

  • Memphis Sanitation Workers’ Strike and, 240–41;

  • migrant workers and, 241–43;

  • Muscle Shoals and, 244–45;

  • soul music, 249–51;

  • Southern Regional Council and, 251–52;

  • state sovereignty commissions and, 252–55;

  • Stax Records and, 255–57;

  • Tuskegee Syphilis Study and, 260–62;

  • Voting Rights Act of 1965 and, 265–68

• African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, 132, 133

• African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, 132

• Afro-Cubans, 181–82

• Afro-Seminole Creole (ASC), 182–84

• Agassiz, Louis, 67

• Agricultural Adjustment Administration, 206

• Agriculture, race, and transnational labor, 20–25

• Alabama, 50, 151;

  • landowners, 17;

  • migration, 24, 99–100, 184–86;

  • segregation, 41, 151;

  • peonage, 52–53;

  • labor, 78–79;

  • Native Americans, 141–42, 163;

  • sports, 179;

  • Ku Klux Klan, 228, 233–34;

  • Muscle Shoals, 243–45

• Alabama Department of Corrections, 51

• Alabama Legislative Commission to Preserve the Peace, 254

• Alabama State Health Department, 261

• Albany: A Study in National Responsibility (Zinn), 252

• Alexander, Arthur, 244

• All-American Football Conference, 176

• Allen, Rance, 258

• Allen v. Board of Elections, 266

• Alonzo Bailey v. Alabama, 53

• Altschul, Adolph, 74–75

• American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 141

• American Broadcasting Company (ABC), 155

• American Federationist, 78

• American Federation of Labor (AFL), 77–79

• American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, 80, 240

• American Hunger (Wright), 279

• American Indians. See Native Americans

• American Jewish Congress, 76

• American Medical Association, 96

• American Missionary Association, 132

• American Sound Studio, 255–58

• American Stuff (Wright), 278

• Anderson, Sherwood, 213

• Anka, Paul, 245

• Anniston, Ala., 42

• Appalachian African American Cultural Center, 180

• Appleton, Clyde, 260

• Arizona, 32–33

• Arkansas, 17, 24, 25, 27–28, 89–90, 99–102, 123–24, 221–23, 275

• Arkansas Faith, 153

• Arkansas Gazette, 153

• Arkansas River Valley Emigration Company, 22

• Armstrong, Lillian Hardin, 187

• Armstrong, Louis, 187–88, 225

• Armstrong, Samuel Chapman, 118

• Ashmore, Harry, 154

• Asian Anthropologist in the South (Kim), 26

• Asians, 3–4, 5–6, 12, 30–34, 73, 120–21, 148, 262–65, 266;

  • narratives, 25–29

• As I Lay Dying (Faulkner), 214

• Atlanta, Ga., 72–73, 90, 102–3, 190, 232, 233

• Atlanta Black Crackers, 174

• Atlanta Constitution, 154

• Atlantic City, N.J., 190

• Atlantic Coast Conference, 176

• Atlantic Monthly, 154, 198–99

• Atlantic Records, 251, 256–57

• Atlantic World, 35–39

• At the River I Stand, 240

• Augusta, Alexander, 94

• Aunt Jemima, 11, 13–15

• Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, The (Johnson), 84

• Autry, Gene, 205, 246

• Axton, Estelle, 256–57

• Ayers, Edward, 57

• Baez, Joan, 260

• Bailey, DeFord, 205

• Bailey, Pearl, 196

• Baker, Ella Jo, 188–89

• Baldwin, James, 29, 260

• Ballad of the Free, The (M. Walker), 270

• Baltimore, Md., 36

• Banjos, 18, 20, 204

• Banks, Ernie, 176

• Banneker, Benjamin, 239

• Baptists, 128–30, 131, 132, 133, 136, 137, 141, 200, 208, 276

• Bar, David, III, 260

• Baraka, Amiri, 195

• Bar-Kays, 257–58

• Barnett, Ross R., 155, 254

• Bartley, Numan, 153

• Baseball, 174–76

• Basie, Count, 225

• Bauza, Mario, 181

• Baylor, Johnny, 258

• Bayou La Batre, Ala., 263–64

• Beard, Fred, 156

• Beauchamp, Keith A., 260

• Bechet, Sidney, 225

• Beckett, Barry, 244

• Beer v. U.S., 266

• Bell, Al, 257–58

• Bell, Cool Papa, 174

• Bell, Madison Smart, 85

• Bell, William, 257

• Beloved (Morrison), 85

• Benjamin, Judah, 74

• Bennett, Tony, 278

• Berlin, Ira, 1–2, 36, 62

• Berquin, Madame, 37

• Bethune, Mary McCleod, 271

• Beverly Hillbillies, The, 110

• Billboard, 250

• Biloxi, Miss., 215

• Birmingham, Ala., 42, 53, 72, 78, 151, 170

• Birmingham Black Barons, 174

• Birth of a Nation, The, 189–91, 209

• Bishop, Josiah, 133

• Black Arts Movement, 249–50, 270

• Black Belt, 71, 108, 260, 272

• Black Boy (Wright), 85, 278–79

• Black Codes, 70, 147–48

• Black Flame, The (Du Bois), 212

• Black Monday (Brady), 154

• Black Power (Wright), 279

• Black Power Movement, 44, 249

• Black Reconstruction in America (Du Bois), 212

• Blacks. See African Americans

• Blacks in Appalachia (Cabbell), 180

• Blease, Cole, 91

• Blood Done Sign My Name (Tyson), 57

• Bloody Sunday, 43

• Blues Brothers, The, 255

• Blues Brothers 2000, 255

• Blues music, 112, 128, 193–95, 203, 206, 246, 276

• Boaz, Franz, 220

• Boggs, Dock, 205

• Bolden, Charles “Buddy,” 187, 225

• Bolivar County, Miss., 23

• Bond, Julian, 260

• Bonner, Sherwood, 83

• Bontemps, Arna, 195–96

• Booker T. & the MG’s, 255–57

• Boston, Mass., 108–10

• Boudinot, Elias, 83, 162

• Bourbon Democrats, 167

• Bourbon reformers, 51, 53

• Boutwell, George S., 122

• Bow, Leslie, 5

• Boxing, 174

• Boynton v. Virginia, 42

• Bracero program, 23, 46

• Brackettville, Tex., 183

• Brady, Tom P., 154

• Brazil, 3, 108

• Breyer, Stephen, 152

• Briggs, David, 244

• Briggs v. Elliot, 150

• British West Indies Labor Program, 24

• Brooklyn Dodgers, 174–75

• Brooks, Gwendolyn, 260

• Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 77–78

• Browder v. Gayle, 41

• Brown, James, 249–51

• Brown, John, 68–69

• Brown, Larry, 85

• Brown, Morris, 133

• Brown, Shirley, 258

• Brown, Sterling Allen, 196–98

• Brown, William Wells, 82

• Brown America Speaks, 274

• Brown II, 40

• Brown v. Board of Education, 40, 76, 145, 150–52, 170, 176, 253

• Brunswick, Tenn., 256

• Bryant, Carolyn, 258–59

• Bryant, Ray, 259

• Buchanan v. Warley, 150

• Buddhists, 222

• Buena Vista Social Club, 181

• Buffalo Soldiers, 191–92

• Burgess, Ernest W., 58–59

• Burns, Tommy, 174

• Burroughs, Nannie, 129

• Bush, George W., 263

• Bush v. Vera, 267

• Butler, Benjamin, 158

• Butler, Robert Olen, 86

• Byrd, William, 82

• Byrnes, James F. “Jimmy,” 154

• Cabbell, Edward J., 180

• Cable, George Washington, 51, 83, 248

• Cain, Richard H., 132

• Cajuns, 217–19

• Caldwell, Jim, 177

• California, 32, 102, 109–10, 122, 225

• Calles, Plutarco Elías, 32

• Calvert family, 239

• Campanella, Roy, 176

• Campbell, Bebe, 260

• Camp Chafee, Ark., 124

• Camp Pendleton, Calif., 262

• Camp Shelby, Miss., 222

• Candomblé, 131

• Cane (Toomer), 84

• Cannibals All! Or Slaves without Masters (Fitzhugh), 67

• Can’t Quit You Baby (E. Douglass), 85

• Cao, Lan, 29

• Cárdenas, Antonio, 47

• Carey, Lott, 132

• Caribbean, 19–20, 108, 115, 121, 236

• Carlisle, Cliff, 205

• Carmichael, Stokely, 44, 198, 260

• Carnegie Foundation, 95

• Carrigan, Jerry, 244

• Carson, Fiddlin’ John, 205

• Carson, Maggie, 74–75

• Carter, Clarence, 244

• Carter, Hodding, II, 207

• Carter, Hodding, III, 153, 207

• Case for the South, The (Workman), 154

• Cash, Johnny, 194

• Catawbas, 116, 141, 164

• Catholicism, 124, 131, 132, 134–37, 140, 229, 233, 262–63

• Cavallo, John “Horse,” 118

• Celestial Jukebox, The (Shearer), 86

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 261

• Century Magazine, 248

• Chain gangs, 55–56

• Charles, Ray, 111

• Charleston, Oscar, 174

• Charleston, S.C., 36, 64–66, 115, 174, 215

• Chattanooga, Tenn., 228

• Chattanooga Black Lookouts, 174

• Chavez, Cesar, 45

• Cherokees, 83, 112–13, 116–17, 140–42, 162–64

• Chesapeake, 65–66, 68–69, 99–100

• Chesnutt, Charles Wadell, 83–84, 198–99, 248–49

• Chicago, Ill., 21–22, 102–3, 225, 258

• Chicago Defender, 101, 259

• Chicanos, 48–49

• Chickasaws, 112–13, 116–17, 162–64, 244

• Chicot County, Ark., 222

• Children’s Campaign, 42

• Childress, Mark, 85

• China, 22, 30–34

• Chinese, 7, 121–23, 148, 184, 199–202

• Chinese Exclusion Act, 22, 33–34, 200

• Chitimachas, 164

• Choctaws, 112–13, 116–17, 140–41, 162–64, 216

• Choi, Susan, 26–29, 86

• Chopin, Kate, 83

• Christero Rebellion, 135

• Christian Identity Movement, 143

• Christianity, 73–74, 130, 131–33, 140–41, 142–45, 222

• Citizens Committee for Better Government (CCBG), 47

• Citizens’ Council, 76, 153, 207

• Citizens’ Council (newspaper), 153–54

• Citizens’ Council Forum, 155–56

• Citizenship and racial terror, 125–27

• Civil rights, 145, 147, 152–53, 226–28, 238, 240, 248, 251–52;

  • African American, 39–44;

  • Mexican, 45–49;

  • state sovereignty commissions and, 252–54

• Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42, 79, 170–71

• Civil rights movement, 39–44, 76, 85, 106, 133, 151, 169–71, 176, 245, 258–60

• Clansman, The (Dixon), 189, 209

• Cleaver, Eldridge, 260

• Clemson University, 176

• Cleveland, Grover, 185

• Cleveland Browns, 176

• Cleveland Buckeyes, 174

• Clinton, William “Bill,” 96, 238, 261

• Clotel: Or the President’s Daughter (Brown), 82

• Coalition of Immokalee Workers, 24

• Coalmines, 72, 179–80

• Coker, Daniel, 132

• Coleman, James P., 253

• Collected Poems of Sterling Brown, The (S. Brown), 198

• Collected Stories (Faulkner), 214

• Colonel’s Dream, The (Chesnutt), 199

• Colorado, 108

• Color Curtain, The (Wright), 280

• Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, 132

• Color line, 23–25, 28–29, 106, 111–12, 117, 123, 164, 199, 224

• Color Purple, The (A. Walker), 85, 268–70

• Color Purple, The (film), 269

• Comment, 156

• Communist Party, 72, 79, 209, 212, 262

• Compromise of 1850, 134

• Compromise of 1877, 167

• Cone, James, 133

• Congressional Committee Report on What Happened When Schools Were Integrated in Washington D.C. (Brady), 154

• Congress of Industrial Organizations, 77–79

• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 41, 169, 225

• Conjure, 131–32, 141

• Conjure Woman, The (Chesnutt), 83–84, 199

• Conley, Arthur, 244

• Conley, Jim, 75

• Connally, John, 47

• Connor, Eugene “Bull,” 170

• Conroy, Jack, 196

• Continental Congress, 117

• Convict lease system, 49–52, 55–56

• Conyers, John, 238

• Cooke, Sam, 249, 255

• Cooper, Anna Julia Haywood, 84, 161, 202–3, 248

• Corn, 139–40

• Cornejo, Juan, 47

• Cornish, Sam, 260

• Corso, Lee, 176

• Cotton, 21–23, 66–71, 112, 184–85, 206

• Cotton Belt, 53

• Country music, 111, 130, 187, 203–6, 246–47, 276–78

• Country Music Hall of Fame, 247

• Coushattas, 164

• Cowley, Malcolm, 214

• Crazy in Alabama (Childress), 85

• Creef, Elena Tajima, 29

• Creeks, 112–13, 116–17, 140–42, 162–64

• Creoles, 36–38, 216–17, 224

• Criminal justice, 53–57

• Crisis, 212, 270

• Croom, Sylvester, 177

• Crossing Blood (Kinkaid), 85

• Cruz, Celia, 181

• Crystal City, Tex., 47–48

• Cuba, 3, 39, 135, 181–82

• Cullen, Countee, 196

• Curanderismo, 135, 136

• Dabbs, James McBridde, 252

• Daemonic Genius (M. Walker), 271

• Dailey, Jane, 60

• Dakuzaku, Julia, 223

• Dandridge, Ray, 174

• Davis, Gary, 193

• Davis, Jimmie, 205

• Davis, Mac, 245

• Davis, Ossie, 198

• Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, 150

• Dawdy, Shannon, 2

• Dawson, R. H., 51–52

• Death penalty, 56–57

• De Bow, J. D. B., 121

• DeCell, Hal C., 155–56

• Deep Water Horizon oil spill, 264–65

• Dees, Morris, 229

• Defenders’ News and Views, 153

• Delaware, 150

• Delgado v. Bastrop Independent School District, 46

• Delmore Brothers, 205

• Democratic Party, 43–44, 126–27, 144, 169, 171, 231

• Democratic socialism, 227

• Demopolis, Ala., 217

• Dennison, Martin, 238

• Denton, Bobby, 244

• Desegregation, 40–42, 76, 96, 146–52, 269

• Desha County, Ark., 222

• De Soto, Hernando, 114

• Díaz, Porfirio, 30, 185

• Dillard University, 132

• Dirty Work (Brown), 85

• Discrimination, 101, 106–7

• Disfranchisement, 40, 71, 101, 128, 132, 273

• Dixon, Jeremiah, 239

• Dixon, Thomas, Jr., 189, 208–9

• Dobbs-Maynard Advertising Company, 155

• Doby, Larry, 176

• Dodson, Owen, 271

• Donald, Michael, 228

• Douglas, Mary, 59

• Douglass, Ellen, 85

• Douglass, Frederick, 82, 122, 210–11

• Douglass’ Monthly, 210

• Dowdy, Clifford, 154

• Doyle, Bertram Wilbur, 58

• Dramatics, 258

• Dred Scott v. Sandford, 167

• Du Bois, W. E. B., 51, 130, 133, 195, 197, 211–13, 226, 249, 270

• Dunbar, Leslie, 251

• Dunbar, Paul Lawrence, 271

• Duncan, Patti, 29

• Dunn, Donald “Duck,” 257

• Dust Bowl, 109

• Dust Tracks on a Road (Hurston), 220

• Dyer Antilynching Bill, 169

• Dylan, Bob, 260

• Eagle Pass, Tex., 187

• East, John, 238

• Eastland, James O., 156, 207

• Ebony, 105

• Economy, evolution of southern, 61–73

• Edison, Thomas, 111

• Eight Men (Wright), 279

• Eisenhower, Dwight, 170, 259

• El Círculo Cubano, 181

• El Congreso del Pueblo de Habla Española (Congress of Spanish-Speaking Peoples), 45

• Elgin Air Force Base (Fla.), 124, 262

• Eliot, T. S., 213

• Ellicot, Andrew, 239

• Ellington, Duke, 187

• Ellis, William, 185–86

• Ellison, Ralph, 195

• Emancipation, 94, 99–101, 125–27, 131–32, 157–61, 210

• Emancipation Proclamation, 159, 167

• Emotions, 258

• Encyclopedia Africana (Du Bois), 213

• Enforcement Acts, 126–27, 232

• Episcopalians, 137

• Equal Employment Opportunities Commission, 79, 171

• Espy, Mike, 207

• Esquire, 154

• Etiquette of Race Relations in the South, The (Doyle), 58

• Euchees, 244

• Evers, Medgar, 169, 228, 260

• Fable, A (Faulkner), 214

• Face of Emmitt Till, The (Till), 260

• Fang, Alfonso Wong, 33

• Farmer, James, 169

• Farm Labor Organizing Committee, 243

• Father of the Blues (Handy), 196

• Faubus, Orval, 170

• Faulkner, William, 1, 3, 6, 84–85, 157–58, 213–14

• Fauset, Jessie Redmon, 197

• Felton, Rebecca, 51

• Fifteenth Amendment, 125, 147, 160, 171, 232

• Fishing industry, 264–65

• Fisk Jubilee Singers, 128

• Fisk University, 132, 196

• Fitzhugh, George, 67

• Flags in the Dust (Faulkner), 213

• Flaming Sword, The (Dixon), 209

• Flexner, Abraham, 95–96

• Flint, Mich., 109

• Florence, Ala., 243–44

• Florence Alabama Muscle Shoals Enterprises (FAME), 244–45, 250, 256

• Florida, 4–5, 17, 24, 89–90, 103–4, 117, 135–36, 234, 241–43

• Floyd, Eddie, 257

• Folktales, 19

• Follis, Charles, 176

• Fool’s Errand, A (Tourgée), 232

• Football, 173–74, 176–78

• Foote, Shelby, 20

• Ford, Richard, 208

• Foreign Students, The (Choi), 26–28, 86

• For My People (M. Walker), 270

• Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 230

• Foster, Andrew “Rube,” 174

• Fourplay, 257

• Fourteenth Amendment, 6, 39–40, 125, 147, 160

• Fowler, J. Bonard, 42–43

• Frank, Leo, 75

• Frankfurt, Ky., 50

• Franklin, Aretha, 244, 249–50

• Free at Last: The Life of Frederick Douglass (Bontemps), 196

• Freedmen’s Bureau, 94–95, 100

• Freedom colonies, 17

• Freedom Riders, 42, 170

• Freedom Summer, 170

• Frémont, John C., 158

• French, 215–19

• Fritts, Donnie, 244

• Fuller, Blind Boy, 193

• Fuller, Thomas, 130

• Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker, 189

• Gabbien, Joanne, 197

• Gaines, Ernest, 85, 100

• Galang, M. Evelina, 29

• Galloway, Matthew, 230

• Garland, Phil, 250

• Garvey, Marcus, 72

• Gathering of Old Men, A (Gaines), 85

• Gebhart v. Belton, 150

• Gender, 30, 69, 71, 128–29, 146, 202–3, 208, 234, 240, 274

• Gentry, Bobbie, 250

• George, David, 132

• Georgia, 17, 24, 50–52, 64–66, 89–90, 99–101, 136, 163, 234

• Germans, 23

• Gerrymandering, 266–67

• Gibson, Josh, 174

• Gillespie, Dizzy, 181

• Glancy, Diane, 86

• Go Down, Moses (Faulkner), 85, 214

• God Sends Sunday (Bontemps), 196

• Golden Rule, 225

• Goldwater, Barry, 171–72

• Good Scent from a Strange Mountain, A (Butler), 86

• Gordon, John B., 230

• Gospel music, 249, 276, 274

• Grady, Henry W., 199

• Graham, Maryemma, 271

• Grandfather clause, 169

• Grand Ole Opry, 205, 277–78

• Grant, Joanne, 189

• Grant, Ulysses S., 232

• Gratz v. Bollinger, 172

• Graweer, John, 63, 66

• Gray, Fred D., 261

• Great Migration, 102–3, 110

• Greeley, Horace, 232

• Green, Nancy, 11

• Greensboro, N.C., 41, 228

• Greensboro Four, 169

• Greensboro Massacre, 228

• Green v. County School Board, 151

• Greenville, Miss., 207

• Gregory, James N., 109

• Gressette, L. Marion, 252

• Griffin, Rex, 277

• Griffith, D. W., 189–90, 209

• Guangdong Province, China, 30

• Guatemala, 137

• Guinn v. United States, 169

• Gullah, 65, 182

• Gutiérrez, José Angel, 48

• Guy, James Harris, 86

• H-2A temporary worker program, 24, 105

• Hahamovitch, Cindy, 24

• Hahn, Steven, 158

• Haiti, 19–20, 36–37, 39

• Haley, Alex, 271

• Hall, Rick, 244

• Hall, Stuart, 62

• Hamlet, The (Faulkner), 214

• Hampton Indian Program, 118–20

• Hampton Institute, 118–20

• Hanan, Philip, 263

• Handman, Max, 25–27

• Handy, W. C., 195, 196

• Harkins, George Washington, 113

• Harlan County, Ky., 179

• Harlem, N.Y., 196

• Harlem Shadows (Bontemps), 196

• Harper’s Magazine, 154

• Harris, Joel Chandler, 19, 83

• Harris, J. William, 59–60

• Hate Crime that Changed America, The (Till-Mobley), 260

• Havana, Cuba, 37

• Hawkins, Benjamin, 117

• Hawkins, Roger, 244

• Haxton, Kenneth, 207

• Hayes, Isaac, 255–56, 257–58

• Helena, Ark., 275

• Heller, Jean, 261

• Helms, Jesse, 104–5, 156, 238

• Hemenway, Robert E., 221

• Hemmings, Sally, 64

• Henry, John, 72–73

• Henson, Jim, 207

• Hernández, Mario, 47

• Herskovits, Melville J., 18

• Hill, Darryl, 176–77

• Hill-Burton Act, 96

• HIV, 28

• Holiness Church, 133

• Holway, John, 175

• Homestead Grays, 174

• Homosexuals, 229

• Honduras, 38, 108

• Hood, David, 244

• Hood, James, 151

• Hooker, John Lee, 193

• Hoover, J. Edgar, 269

• Hopewell Plantation, 117

• Hose, Sam, 90

• Houma Indians, 219

• House, Son, 205

• House behind the Cedars, The (Chesnutt), 84, 199

• Houston, Charles Hamilton, 40, 169

• Houston, Tex., 6, 262–65

• Howard, Elston, 176

• Howard University, 197

• Howard University Medical School, 94, 96

• Howe, LeAnne, 86

• Howells, William Dean, 199

• How I Wrote “Jubilee” and Other Essays on Life and Literature (M. Walker), 271

• Hucksters, 64–65

• Hughes, Jimmy, 244

• Hughes, Langston, 196, 260, 269, 271

• Huguenots, 215

• Huie, William Bradford, 259

• Hulbert, Maurice, 274

• Hurston, Kelso, 244

• Hurston, Zora Neale, 85, 220–21, 269

• Hurt, Mississippi John, 204

• I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (Bontemps), 56

• I Am a Man: From Memphis, a Lesson in Life (Bontemps), 240

• Iglesia de Cristo Ministerios Elim, 137

• Illinois, 108

• Immigration, 21–23, 30–34, 37–39, 75, 80–81, 101, 147, 229

• Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 33

• Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (Jacobs), 82

• Indentured servants, 63, 204

• Indiana, 108, 238

• Indianapolis ABCs, 175

• Indianola, Miss., 170

• Indian Removal Act, 113, 141

• Indian Reorganization Act, 165

• Indiantown, Fla., 164

• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 77–78

• In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens: Womanist Prose (A. Walker), 268

• International Association of Machinists (IAM), 78

• Interracialism, 30–34

• Interstate Commerce Commission, 42

• Interstate Sovereignty Association, 254

• Intruder in the Dust (Faulkner), 84

• Irene Morgan v. Virginia, 150

• Irvin, Monte, 176

• Isaac, David, 74

• Islam, 249

• Italians, 21–22, 23, 90

• Ivy, Quin, 244

• Jackson, Al, Jr., 257

• Jackson, Andrew, 113

• Jackson, Jimmy Lee, 42–43

• Jackson, John, 205

• Jackson, Maynard, 80

• Jackson, Miss., 25, 154, 156, 189

• Jackson, Wayne, 257

• Jackson State University, 271

• Jacobs, Harriet, 82

• Jamaica, 132

• James, Etta, 244

• Japanese Americans, 123–24;

  • incarceration during World War II, 221–23

• Jaudon, Valerie, 207

• Jaworski, Gary D., 58–59

• Jazz music, 112, 187–88, 203, 224–25

• Jefferies, Jim, 174

• Jefferson, Blind Lemon, 205

• Jefferson, Thomas, 64, 82

• Jefferson Parish, La., 200

• Jerome, Ark., Japanese concentration camp in, 123, 222–23

• Jesup, Thomas, 118

• Jet, 259–60

• Jew a Negro (Abernathy), 75

• Jews, 6, 73–76, 133, 148, 229–33

• Jim Crow laws, 4–5, 15, 25, 39–41, 45, 58–61, 71, 81, 85, 87–88, 101, 111–12, 123–24, 128, 132, 147–48, 150, 163–65, 167–70, 181, 203, 224

• Jin, Ha, 29

• Johnson, Bunk, 225

• Johnson, Dexter, 244

• Johnson, Jack, 174

• Johnson, James Weldon, 84, 133

• Johnson, Jimmy, 244

• Johnson, Judy, 174

• Johnson, Lyndon, 43, 171, 232

• Johnson, Paul B., 155

• Johnson, Robert, 193

• Johnson, William “Bunk,” 187

• Johnson, Zada, 2

• Joiner, James, 244

• Jonah’s Gourd Vine (Hurston), 220

• Jones, Booker T., 257

• Jones, George, 205, 246

• Jones, LeRoi, 250

• Jones, Thomas Goode, 52–53

• Jones, Tom, 250

• Jubilee (M. Walker), 271

• Jung, Moon-Ho, 3

• Kadohata, Cynthia, 29

• Kanawha County, W.Va., 179

• Kansas, 101, 108

• Kansas City Monarchs, 175

• Kantrowitz, Stephen, 72

• Kenan, Randall, 85–86

• Kennedy, John Pendleton, 82–83

• Kentucky, 17, 50, 89–90, 99–100, 179–80

• Key West, Fla., 135, 181

• Kidd, Colin, 143

• Kilpatrick, James “Jack,” 154–56

• Kim, Choong Soon, 26–27, 29

• King, Albert, 257

• King, B. B., 193, 208, 274

• King, Ben E., 255

• King, Grace, 83

• King, Martin Luther, Jr., 53–54, 80, 124, 156, 169, 226–28, 240;

  • Montgomery Campaign, 41–44, 170;

  • religion, 133;

  • Martin Luther King Jr. Day, 238–39;

  • Stax records and, 255;

  • Atlantic Records and, 257

• King Curtis, 244

• Kinkaid, Nanci, 85

• Knight, Lucien Lamar, 75

• Knights of Labor (KOL), 77–78

• Kochiyama, Yuri, 124

• Korea, 27

• Koury, Leon, 207

• Kramer, Aaron, 260

• Ku Klux Klan, 76, 88, 105, 189–91, 208, 265, 266;

  • civil rights era to present, 228–29;

  • Reconstruction-era, 229–32;

  • Second, 233–35

• KWKH, 157, 277

• Ladies Home Journal, 13

• Lady of Cofitachequi, 114–15

• Lady of the Lake (Scott), 210

• La Luz del Mondo, 137

• La Raza Unida Party (RUP, United People’s Party), 48

• Laredo, Tex., 45

• LaRocca, Nick, 225

• LaRue, Etienne, 36

• La Salle, Robert Cavalier de, 216

• Latinos, 4–5, 24, 38, 73, 181–82, 229, 266, 288;

  • migration, 103–7;

  • religion, 134–38

• League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), 45

• Lee, Robert E., 238

• Lee County (Va.) Colored Elementary School, 180

• Leile, George, 132

• Leonard, Buck, 174

• Leonard Medical School, 96

• Leopard’s Spots, The (Dixon), 189, 209

• “Letter from Birmingham Jail” (King), 42, 53

• Let the Dead Bury the Dead (Kenan), 86

• Leventhal, Mel, 269

• Levias, Jerry, 177

• Lewis, Furry, 205

• Lewis, John, 43, 169

• Light in August (Faulkner), 84–85, 214

• Lincoln, Abraham, 94, 158, 167, 191, 210

• Lipan Apaches, 183

• Literacy tests, 171, 266

• Literature, 81–87

• Little Milton, 258

• Little Rock, Ark., 40, 170, 254

• Little Rock Nine, 169

• Locke, Alain, 197, 220

• Long Dream, The (Wright), 279

• Lorde, Audre, 260

• Los Angeles, Calif., 44, 102–3

• Los Angeles Rams, 176

• Los Cinco Candidatos, 47–48

• Louisiana, 4–5, 17, 102, 120–23, 148, 164, 229;

  • culture, 16, 236;

  • migration, 21–22, 99–100;

  • segregation, 154, 248;

  • state sovereignty commission, 252–55;

  • Committee on un-American Activities, 254–55

• Louisiana Creole French, 184, 216

• Louisiana Hayride, 277–78

• Louisville, Ky., 152

• Love, Andrew, 257

• Loved Today (Wright), 279

• Loving v. Virginia, 151

• Lowcountry, 65–66, 68, 71

• Lowry, Beverly, 207

• Lum, Martha, 123

• Lumbees, 164, 166

• Lumber, 22

• Lutherans, 137

• Lynch, Charles, 87

• Lynching, 40, 54, 56, 60, 84, 87–92, 101, 132, 147, 160, 169, 174, 228, 230, 273, 275–76

• Maceo, Antonio, 193

• Macon, Uncle Dave, 205

• Macon County, Ala., 96, 260

• Malcolm X, 44, 249

• Maldonado, Manuel, 47

• Malnutrition, 92

• Malone, Bill, 203

• Malone, Vivian, 151

• Manilamen, 120, 124

• Mann Act, 174

• Mansart at a School (Du Bois), 212

• Mansion, The (Faulkner), 214

• Many Thousands Gone (Berlin), 62

• “March against Fear” (1966), 44

• March on Washington (1963), 226

• Marie Françoise (dite Rosalie), 36–37

• Mariel boatlift, 136

• Mar-Keys, 257

• Marrow of Tradition, The (Chesnutt), 84, 199, 248–49

• Marshall, Thurgood, 169

• Martí, José, 135, 182

• Martin, George M., 155

• Martínez, Francisco, 32–33

• Maryland, 143, 239

• Mason, Charles, 239

• Mason-Dixon Line, 239

• Maultsby, Portia, 250

• Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 108

• Mays, Willie, 176

• McAllister, Deuce, 174

• McDowell County, W.Va., 179

• McGill, Ralph, 154

• McKay, Claude, 196

• McKinley, William, 192

• McKinney, Starr, 274

• McMillan, George, 252

• McMillen, Neil, 60

• Medical care, 92–97

• Medical science, 97–99

• Meharry Medical College, 96

• Mehta, Ved, 26–27, 29

• Mel and Tim, 258

• Memphis, Tenn., 44, 80, 121–22, 126, 228, 238, 255–58, 273–74, 275–76

• Memphis Commercial Appeal, 186

• Memphis Horns, 257

• Memphis Red Sox, 174

• Memphis Sanitation Workers’ Strike, 227, 240–41

• Mendoza, Reynaldo, 47

• Meredith, James, 44, 155, 169, 173–74, 176

• Meridian (A. Walker), 85, 269

• Meridian, Miss., 247

• Message from Mississippi, The, 155

• Mestizos, 134

• Methodists, 131, 132, 137, 141

• Mexican Americans, 241;

  • civil rights, 45–49

• Mexican American Youth Association (MAYO), 48

• Mexican Revolution, 7, 135

• Mexicans, 6, 30–34, 88, 90, 123

• Mexican War (1846), 5

• Mexico, 3, 21–24, 30–34, 118, 120, 134–37, 140, 182, 241;

  • Alabama blacks to, 184–86

• MFSB (Mothers Fathers Sisters Brothers), 257

• Miami, Fla., 135, 181–82

• Migrant workers, 241–43

• Migration, 20–25, 26, 29, 30, 115, 200–211;

  • black, 99–103;

  • Latino, 103–7;

  • white, 107–10

• Milam, J. W., 259

• Militia Act, 94

• Miller v. Johnson, 268

• Minimum Wage March (1966), 47

• Minoso, Minnie, 176

• Minstrelsy, 11–15, 111–12, 194, 204, 223

• Missionaries, 132–33, 140–41, 143–44

• Mississippi, 51, 89–90, 163–64;

  • population, 17, 167, 179;

  • migration, 24, 99–100;

  • segregation, 44, 123, 151, 155

• Mississippian Society, 139–40

• Mississippi Delta, 22–23, 72, 101, 108, 200–201, 206–8, 224, 252, 259

• Mississippi Freedom Party, 43–44, 189

• Mississippi House Indian Committee, 114

• Mississippi Masala (Nair), 27

• Mississippi Sheiks, 205

• Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission (MSSC), 155–56, 253–55

• Mississippi State University, 177

• Mississippi Valley Immigration Labor Company, 121

• Missouri, 99–100, 108, 150

• Missouri Compromise, 239

• Missouri ex rel Gaines v. Canada, 150

• Mobile, Ala., 215

• Mobile v. Bolden, 267

• Mobilian Jargon, 184, 215–16

• Moman, Chips, 255–58

• Money, Miss., 258

• Monroe, Willa, 274

• Montgomery, Ala., 41–42, 170, 259–60

• Montgomery, Earl “Peanut,” 244

• Montgomery Bus Boycott, 41, 176, 226, 259

• Moody, Dwight, 275

• Moravian Church, 141

• Morehouse College, 132

• Morgan, Edmund, 159

• Morgan, Perry, 154

• Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 42

• Moritz, Charles, 74–75

• Mormons, 141

• Morphew, Richard “Dick,” 156

• Morris, Elias Camp, 130

• Morrison, Toni, 85, 198, 260

• Morton, Jelly Roll, 225

• Moses, Man of the Mountain (Hurston), 220

• Mosquitoes (Faulkner), 213

• Motley, Marion, 176

• Motown Records, 250–51, 255

• Mound building, Native American, 139–40

• Moundville, Ala., 139

• Mt. Olive Pickles, 243

• M Street School (Washington, D.C.), 202

• Muddy Waters, 193

• Mulattos, 16, 181, 193, 208

• Mules and Men (Hurston), 220

• Muniz, Ramsey, 48

• Mura, David, 28

• Murray, Albert, 195, 248

• Murray, Pauli, 133, 161

• Muscle Shoals, Ala., 243–45, 255–58

• Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section (MSRS), 244–45

• Muscle Shoals Sound, 244–45

• Music, 101, 110, 181;

  • blues, 112, 128, 193–95, 203, 206, 246, 276;

  • country, 111, 130, 187, 203–6, 276–78;

  • recordings, 111–12;

  • jazz, 203, 112, 187–88, 203, 224–25

• Muskogees. See Creeks

• Muslims, 133

• My Bondage and My Freedom (F. Douglass), 210

• My Own Country: A Doctor’s Story of a Town and Its People in the Age of AIDS (Verghese), 28

• Nagin, C. Ray, 124

• Naipaul, V. S., 29

• Nair, Mira, 27

• Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (F. Douglass), 210

• Nashville, Tenn., 130, 205, 230, 247, 248

• Nashville Elite Giants, 174

• Natchez, Miss., 74–75

• Natchitoches Parish, La., 122–23, 215

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 91, 188, 199, 212, 228, 273, 276;

  • and civil rights, 40–41, 150, 235;

  • Legal Defense Fund of, 150, 169–70;

  • Southern Regional Council and, 251;

  • state sovereignty commissions and, 253

• National Baptist Convention, 130, 132;

  • National Training School for Women and Girls of, 129

• National Broadcasting Company (NBC), 156

• National Farm Workers of America, 45

• National Football League (NFL), 176

• National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 80

• National Medical Association, 96

• National Prison Association, 51

• Nation’s Future, The, 156

• Native Americans, 12, 81, 83, 86, 88, 182–84;

  • removal, 1, 112–14;

  • migration, 5, 107–8;

  • folktales, 19;

  • racial classification, 162–66;

  • religion, 62, 138–42;

  • African Americans and, 114–19;

  • military service, 192;

  • labor, 200;

  • Voting Rights Act of 1965, 266, 268. See also individual tribes

• Negro in American Fiction, The (S. Brown), 197

• Negro Leagues, 174–76

• Negro National News, 188

• Nelson, George, 251

• Nelson, Scott Reynolds, 72–73

• Nelson, Shirley, 260

• Nelson, Willie, 246

• Neshoba County, Miss., 228

• Neville, Aaron, 205

• Newark, N.J., 190

• Newark Eagles, 175

• Newman, Ga., 90

• New Mexico, 108

• New National Era, 211

• New Orleans, 21–22, 35–39, 111, 120–21, 124, 126, 187, 215, 224–25, 235–37

• New Orleans Times Picayune, 154

• New Orleans Tribune, 37

• New Republic, 18

• New York, N.Y., 21–22, 35, 102–3, 108–10, 189–90

• New York Herald Tribune, 155

• New York Times, 261

• Nonviolent Resistance to Segregation Leadership Conference, 189

• Nordan, Lewis, 260

• North American Free Trade Agreement, 105

• North Carolina, 17, 52, 99–101, 108, 136, 151, 156, 163–66, 243

• North Carolina A&T College for Negroes, 41

• North Carolina Growers’ Association, 243

• North Carolina State University, 176

• Northington, Nat, 177

• North Star, 210

• Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 64, 82

• Nott, Josiah, 67

• Oblates of Mary Immaculate, 134

• O’Connor, Flannery, 269

• O’Connor, Sandra Day, 172

• October Journey (M. Walker), 270

• O’Day, Molly, 277

• O’Donovan, Susan, 2

• Office of Indian Affairs (OIA), 165–66

• Ogeechee, 65

• Oklahoma, 101–2, 141, 163, 182, 234

• Oklahoma State University, 177

• Oldham, Spooner, 244

• Old South, The: “A Summer Tragedy” and Other Stories of the Thirties (Bontemps), 196

• Ole Miss. See University of Mississippi

• Oliver, Joseph “King,” 187, 225

• On Being Female, Black, and Free (M. Walker), 271

• Once (A. Walker), 269

• One Woman, The (Dixon), 209

• Original Dixieland Jazz Band, 225

• Ortiz, Fernando, 181

• Ory, Edward “Kid,” 187, 225

• Oslo, Norway, 261

• Osmonds, 245

• Our Lady of Charity, 136

• Outsider, The (Wright), 279

• Oxford, Miss., 213–14

• Oxford USA, 155

• Pacific worlds and the South, 120–25

• Page, Greg, 177

• Page, Thomas Nelson, 83

• Paige, Satchel, 174, 176

• Pan-Africanism, 72

• Panic of 1893, 52

• Paper industry, 80

• Parchman Farm, Miss., 51

• Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 et al., 152

• Park, Robert E., 58–59

• Parks, Rosa, 41, 169–70, 259

• Partido Revolucionario Cubano, 135

• Paternalism, 67

• Patton, Charlie, 205, 207–8

• Payne, Daniel Alexander, 133

• Payne, Francis, 63, 66

• Payne, Rufus, 276

• Peck, James, 42

• Peer, Ralph, 247

• Penn, Dan, 244

• Penn Family, 239

• Pennington Gap, Va., 180

• Pennsylvania, 239

• Pentecostal Church, 133, 137

• Peonage, 52–53, 71

• Percy, Walker, 207

• Percy, William, 207

• Perez, Manuel, 225

• Pete Hernandez v. State of Texas, 46–47

• Phagan, Mary, 75

• Philadelphia, Pa., 108

• Philadelphia Stars, 175

• Philippines, 120, 191

• Phillips, Sam, 244, 255

• Pickens, Andrew, 117

• Pickett, Wilson, 244, 255, 257

• Pigford v. Glickkman, 17–18

• Pike, Albert, 230

• Pine Bluff, Ark., 74–75

• Pittman, Robert, 156

• Pittsburgh Crawfords, 175

• Plantation fiction, 81–82

• Plaquemines Parish, La., 219

• Plessy, Homer Adolph, 247–48

• Plessy v. Ferguson, 40, 123, 148–49, 167, 224, 247–48

• Poetry: A Magazine of Verse, 270

• Point Coupee Parish, La., 217

• Political Association of Spanish-Speaking Organizations (PASO), 47

• Politics, southern, and race, 166–73

• Pollard, Charlie, 261

• Poll taxes, 169, 171, 266

• Poor People’s Campaign, 44, 227–28

• Populist Movement, 75

• Portable Faulkner (Cowley, ed.), 214

• Porter, David, 257–58

• Portsmouth, Va., 71

• Possessing the Secret of Joy (A. Walker), 269

• Pratt, Richard Henry, 118

• Presbyterians, 137

• Presley, Elvis, 111, 194

• Pride, Charlie, 111, 205, 207

• Prisons, 55–56

• Prophets for a New Day (M. Walker), 270

• Protestants, 73–74, 110, 130, 131, 135, 137, 140–41, 222, 233

• Pryor, Richard, 258

• Public health, 92–97

• Pudd’nhead Wilson (Twain), 83–84

• Puente, Tito, 181

• Puerto Rico, 241

• Pulaski, Tenn., 229–30

• Purina Mills, 13

• Purity and Danger (Douglas), 59

• Putnam, Norbert, 244

• Pyleon (Faulkner), 214

• Racial ambiguities, 30–34

• Racial ideology and medical science, 97–99

• Racial Violence and Law Enforcement (McMillen), 252

• Railroads, 80, 101

• Rainach, William M. “Willie,” 154–55, 253

• Rainey, Ma, 183

• Raleigh, N.C., 156

• Randolph, A. Philip, 77–78

• Rape, 56, 89–91, 125, 126, 231, 275

• Reagan, Ronald, 172, 238

• Reconstruction, 108

• Redding, Otis, 249, 255, 257

• Redsticks, 140

• Refugee Act of 1980, 264

• Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 172

• Reivers, The (Faulkner), 214

• Rekdal, Patsy, 29

• Religion, 62–65, 124, 181;

  • intolerance of Judaism, 73–76;

  • African American, 131–34;

  • Latino, 134–38;

  • Native American, 138–42;

  • white supremacist, 142–46

• Republican Party, 53, 122, 167, 169, 172, 185, 211, 229–31

• Requiem for a Nun (Faulkner), 214

• Resegregation, 146–52

• Revels, Hiram R., 132, 167

• Revolutionary Petunias (A. Walker), 270

• Reynolds v. Sims, 267

• Rice, 72

• Rice v. Gong Lum, 148

• Richmond News Leader, 154

• Ricks, Willie, 44

• Ridge, John Rollin, 83

• Righteous Brothers, 250

• Rittenhouse, David, 239

• Ritterhouse, Jennifer, 60–61

• Roach, Max, 225

• Roberts, John, 152

• Robinson, Jackie, 175–76

• Rodgers, Jimmie, 187, 204–5

• Roe, Tommy, 244

• Rogers v. Lodge, 267

• Rohwer, Ark., Japanese concentration camp in, 123, 222–23

• Roosevelt, Eleanor, 259

• Roosevelt, Franklin, 221

• Roosevelt, Theodore “Teddy,” 15

• Roots (Haley), 271

• Rose, Fred, 277

• Rosenwald Health Fund, 260–61

• Ruffin, Edmund, 68–69

• Rukeyser, Muriel, 269

• St. Bernard Parish, La., 120

• St. Louis, Mo., 225

• St. Louis Woman, 196

• St. Martin Parish, La., 217

• St. Peter Claver Catholic Church (Tampa, Fla.), 182

• Sam and Dave, 255, 257

• Sanctuary (Faulkner), 214

• San Francisco, Calif., 102–3

• San Miguel, Guadalupe, 6

• Santeria, 131, 136, 181

• Sartoris (Faulkner), 213

• Sass, Herbert Ravenel, 154

• Satellite Records, 255–56

• Saturday Evening Post, 250

• Saturday Review, 154

• Saunders, Wallace, 205

• Savage Holiday (Wright), 279

• Schottenstein, Allison, 6

• Scott, Rebecca, 36

• Scott, Sir Walter, 210

• Sea Island Creole, 183

• Seattle, Wash., 152

• Segregation, 4–6, 71–72, 146–52, 170;

  • Mexican Americans, 45–46;

  • music, 111, 128;

  • media and, 152–57;

  • sports, 173–78;

  • train travel and, 247–49;

  • Southern Regional Council, 251;

  • state sovereignty commissions, 252–55, 273

• Segregation in the South (Martin), 155

• Selma, Ala., 252

• Selma to Montgomery March (1965), 42–43

• Selma Voting Rights Campaign, 42

• Seminoles, 117–18, 163, 182–84

• Seminole Wars, 118

• Senzaki, Miyo, 123

• Seraph on the Sewanee (Hurston), 220

• Service Employees International Union (SEIU), 80–81

• Sewanee, Tenn., 26

• Seymour, Horatio, 232

• Shaft, 256

• Sharecropping, 17, 72

• Shawnee, 244

• Shaw v. Reno, 267

• Shearer, Cynthia, 86

• Sheffield, Ala., 243

• Shelley v. Kraemer, 150

• Shenandoah, 245

• Shenandoah Valley, 108

• Sherrill, Billy, 244

• Shotgun house, 19–20

• Shreveport, La., 157

• Shrimping, 263

• Shrine of Our Lady of San Juan del Valle, 135–36

• Sierra Leone, 132

• Simmons, Bob, 177

• Simmons, William J., 154, 156, 233

• Simms, William Gilmore, 82–83

• Simon, Paul, 245

• Sims, J. Marion, 93

• Sims, Patrick, 155

• Sinaloa, Mexico, 30, 32–33

• 16th Street Baptist Church (Birmingham, Ala.), 42

• Slaves/Slavery, 6–7, 16, 17, 114–19, 162, 181, 182, 271;

  • culture, 1–5, 63–72;

  • stereotypes, 11;

  • labor, 20, 23, 200;

  • trade, 35;

  • criminal justice system, 54–56;

  • literature, 58, 81–84, 210–11, 271;

  • religion, 74–75, 131–33, 142–44, 146;

  • violence, 88, 125–27, 160;

  • medical care, 92–94;

  • migration, 99–100, 108, 147;

  • music, 111, 204;

  • emancipation and, 128–30, 157–61;

  • politics, 166–67;

  • media, 190–91;

  • Native Americans, 236;

  • Mason-Dixon Line, 239

• Sledge, Percy, 244

• Smith, Bessie, 193

• Smith, Hoke, 52

• Smith, John, 81

• Smith v. Allwright, 169

• Social Gospel Movement, 209

• Sociedad La Unión Martí-Maceo, 181–82

• Soldier’s Joy (Bell), 85

• Soldier’s Pay (Faulkner), 213

• Sonora, Mexico, 30, 32–33

• Soul Children, 258

• Soul music, 249–51

• Souls of Black Folk, The (Du Bois), 212

• Soul Stirrers, 249

• Soul Train, 250

• Sound and the Fury, The (Faulkner), 84, 214

• Sound-Shadows of the New World (Mehta), 27

• South Carolina, 17, 21, 24, 99–101, 108, 140, 143, 164, 167, 238

• South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 266

• Southeastern Conference (SEC), 176–77

• Southern, Eileen, 195

• Southern Baptist Church, 146

• Southern Baptist Convention, 137

• Southern Case for School Segregation, The (Kilpatrick), 155

• Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 41–43, 124, 152, 188–89, 226

• Southern Conference Educational Fund, 189

• Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases (Wells-Barnett), 84

• Southern Methodist University, 177

• Southern Negro Youth Conference, 212

• Southernness and race, 73–76

• Southern Poverty Law Center, 124, 229

• Southern Regional Council (SRC), 251–52

• Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union, 23, 78–79

• Southwest Conference (SWC), 176–77

• Soviet Union, 151

• Spain, 120–21, 134–35, 191, 215–16

• Speer, Emory, 53

• Spottswode Bolling v. C. Melvin Sharpe, 150

• Springfield, Dusty, 250

• Stafford, Tom, 244

• Staples Singers, 244–45, 258

• State sovereignty commissions, 252–55

• States’ Rights Advocate, 153

• Staton, Candi, 245

• Stax Records, 250–51, 255–58

• Steel industry, 80

• Stewart, Jim, 256–58

• Stewart, Rod, 245

• Stone, Phil, 213

• Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 11

• Strode, Woody, 176

• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 41, 43, 169, 189, 252

• Stuff, 257

• Suffrage, 125–26, 167–71

• Sugar, 21–22, 241

• Swallow Barn (Kennedy), 82–83

• Swango, Curtis, 259

• Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 151

• Swayne, Charles, 53

• Sykes, Jem, 68–69

• Taco Bell, 243

• Tampa, Fla., 135, 181–82

• Tams, 244

• Tarlton, Jimmy, 204

• Taylor, Johnnie, 257

• Taylor, Susie King, 161

• Teamsters Union, 47

• Tejanos, 134–35

• Tell My Horse (Hurston), 220

• Tennessee, 17, 26–28, 50, 99–100, 125, 230, 248

• Tennessee Coal and Iron Company (TCI), 50–52

• Terrebonne Parish, La., 219

• Terrell, Mary Church, 51, 248

• Tex, Joe, 244

• Texas, 3–4, 50, 109, 123, 183;

  • African Americans, 17;

  • migrant workers, 21–24, 99–100, 102, 241;

  • civil rights, 45–48;

  • violence, 89–90, 234;

  • immigration, 103–4, 185–86;

  • religion, 134–36

• Texas Rangers, 47, 183

• Textile industry, 79–80

• Their Eyes Were Watching God (Hurston), 220

• Third Life of Grange Copeland (A. Walker), 269

• Thirteenth Amendment, 147, 158, 160

• This Is My Century: New and Collected Poems (M. Walker), 270

• Thomas, Carla, 256–57

• Thomas, James “Son,” 208

• Thomas, Rufus, 256–57, 274

• Thompson, Terry, 244

• Thornell, John, 22

• Thurmond, Strom, 170

• Till, Emmitt, 176, 258–60

• Till, Mamie Bradley, 259–60

• Tillman, Ben, 72

• Time, 250

• Tinchant, Edouard, 37

• Tlahualilo, Mexico, 184–86

• Tlahualilo Agricultural Company, 184–85

• Tobacco, 66, 68

• Toomer, Jean, 84, 197

• Topeka, Kans., 150

• Tourgée, Albion, 232, 248

• Town, The (Faulkner), 214

• Traffic, 245

• Trail of Tears, 1, 113

• Traitor, The (Dixon), 209

• Transnationalism, 29

• Trethewey, Natasha, 85–86

• Trieber, Jacob, 53

• Tsiang, H. T., 29

• Tsukamoto, Mary, 25

• Tubb, Ernest, 246, 276

• Tubman, Harriet, 271

• Tule Lake, Calif., Japanese concentration camp in, 223

• Turnball, Daisy, 197

• Turner, Henry McNeal, 132

• Turner, Lorenzo Dow, 183, 220

• Turner, William H., 180

• Tuscaloosa County, Ala., 185

• Tuscumbia, Ala., 243

• Tuskegee Institute, 96, 260, 272–73

• Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 96, 260–62

• Tuskegee University National Center for Bioethics in Research and Health Care, 261–62

• Tutwiler, Julia, 51

• Twain, Mark, 83–84

• 12 Million Black Voices (Wright), 279

• Twitty, Conway, 207

• Tyson, Tim, 57

• Uncle Sam, 15

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 199

• Uncle Tom’s Children (Wright), 278–79

• Uncollected Stories (Faulkner), 214

• Union County, S.C., 231

• Unions, 77–80, 240

• United Fruit Company, 38

• United Mine Workers, 78–79

• U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 125

• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 261

• U.S. Marine Hospital Service (USMHS), 185–86

• U.S. Naval Academy, 176

• U.S. News and World Report, 154

• U.S. Public Health Service, 96;

  • Study of Untreated Syphilis (USPHSS), 260–61

• United States v. Cruikshank et al., 127

• Universal Negro Improvement Association, 72

• University of Alabama, 151, 177

• University of Kentucky, 177

• University of Maryland, 176

• University of Mississippi, 155, 157, 174, 176, 177, 254

• University of Missouri Law School, 150

• University of North Carolina, 164

• Untold Story of Emmett Till, 260

• Unvanquished, The (Faulkner), 157–58, 214

• Up from Slavery (Washington), 273

• Vagrancy codes, 71, 100

• Vaughan, Stevie Ray, 111

• Veech, James, 239

• Vengeance and Justice (Ayers), 57

• Verghese, Abraham, 28–29

• Vesey, Denmark, 36

• Vietnamese, 262–65

• Village de L’Est (New Orleans, La.), 124–25

• Vincent, Michel, 36–37

• Violence, 125–27, 128, 160, 228–35, 245, 268, 273, 275–76

• Virginia, 17, 54, 74, 81–82, 108, 141, 143, 150, 151

• Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government, 254

• Virginia’s Defenders of State Sovereignty, 156–57

• Voice from the South, A (Cooper), 84, 202

• Voodoo, 131

• Voter Education Project, 252

• Voting Rights Act of 1965, 42–43, 171, 226, 254, 265–68

• Wake Forest University, 177

• Wallace, George, 151, 254

• Walker, Alice, 85, 221, 268–70

• Walker, David, 3

• Walker, Dorcus, 74–75

• Walker, Edwin A., 157

• Walker, Margaret, 270–71

• War, 257

• Waring, Thomas R., 154

• Washington, Booker T., 51, 53, 130, 148, 186, 199, 202, 211, 212, 271–73

• Washington, D.C., 150, 156, 170

• Washington, Kenny, 176

• Watts Riot, 44

• WDIA, 273–74

• Weiss, Julie, 22–23

• Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 84, 275–76

• West, Nancy, 74

• Westover’s Secret Diary, 1709–1712 (Byrd), 82

• West Virginia, 179

• Wetumpka, Ala., 50

• Wewoka, Okla., 183

• Wexler, Jerry, 244, 256

• Whippings, 92–93, 126, 231

• White Citizens’ Council (WCC), 151, 170

• White Man (Wright), 280

• White supremacy, 147, 159–60, 248;

  • in religion, 142–46

• Who Speaks for the South? (Dobbs), 252

• Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Color Line, The (Chesnutt), 199

• Wildcat, 118

• Wild Palms, The (Faulkner), 214

• Willard, Jess, 174

• Williams, A. C., 274

• Williams, Hank, 205, 246, 276–78

• Williams, Hank, Jr., 278

• Williams, Hosea, 43

• Williams, John Bell, 156

• Williams, Mary Lou, 225

• Williams, Nat D., 274

• Williams, Ralph, 185

• Williams v. Mississippi, 167

• Willis, Bill, 176

• Wilmington, N.C., 72

• Wilson, Woodrow, 189

• WLAY, 244

• WLBT, 156

• Wolf Whistle (Nordan), 260

• Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 51, 129

• Women’s Convention Movement, 128–29

• Woodcraft (Simms), 83

• Woodson, Carter, 161

• Woodward, C. Vann, 1

• Woody, R. H., 21

• Words of Color (Du Bois), 212

• Workman, William D., Jr., 155

• WRAL, 156

• Wright, Mose, 259

• Wright, Richard, 58, 61, 85, 103, 271, 278–80

• Wyatt-Brown, Bertram, 60

• Yamane, Tokio, 223

• Ybor City (Tampa, Fla.), 135, 181

• Yoshida, John, 223

• Young Negroes Cooperative League, 188

• Your Blues Ain’t Like Mine (Campbell), 260

• Yulee, David, 74

• Zinn, Howard, 252

• Zoot Suit Riots, 46