Age of Gunpowder, 68
bases, 128
in Battle of Midway, 192–193
in Battle of the Atlantic, 167
in blitzkrieg, 380
as cavalry, 78
civilian deaths and, 39, 77, 95
development of, 68–72
elements of success in, 88
fuel supplies and, 125
in German invasion of Poland, 79–80
German leadership of, 29
in Mediterranean, 102–104, 277
naval, 43, 104–108, 144, 178, 194
in Normandy invasion, 289
Panzers and, 8, 75, 76, 102, 128–129
in Philippines, 344
pilot training and protection, 125, 127
in Singapore, 340–341
strategy changed by, 73
tactical use of, 42
theories of, 69–70
trench warfare and, 41
in World War I, 68
air supremacy, 69, 72, 78, 88, 101, 125
airborne troops, 206–210
aircraft carriers, 43, 73, 132, 142–158, 184, 188–189, 192
production of, 458
submarines sinking, 160
training for, 127
See also specific carriers
aircraft production, 22–23, 67
airmen, 72–73
Albania, 241
Aleutian Islands, 206
Alexander the Great, 12, 205, 262, 336, 353
Allies
coordination by, 511–512
industrial production, 454–461, 455 (table)
postwar goals of, 521–523
postwar positions of, 513–515
shifts in, 63–64
Western Front advances of, 294 (map)
American Civil War, 12, 137, 266, 469
amphibious operations, 146, 176–177, 179, 186, 205, 285, 287–289
Anglo-Zulu Wars, 236
anti-aircraft forces, 90, 99, 112–113, 130, 373, 385, 469
Anti-Comintern Pact, 34
anti-Semitism, 401, 475, 480–481
antisubmarine operations, 195
anti-tank weapons, 202, 356–357, 372–373, 379, 385–386
Ardennes, 231, 251, 253, 293, 294
area bombing, 130–131
Arizona (ship), 140
armor superiority, 361
armored vehicles, 42
Arnold, Henry Harley “Hap,” 74, 80, 91, 300, 434, 444
artillery
anti-armor, 379
flak, 373
Japan, 388–389
mobility of, 348–349
production of, 384–385
Red Army, 227
rocket, 387
of Soviet Union, 386–387
assassination, 396–397
failed, of Hitler, 405
fear of, 400
of Yamamoto, 438
Atlantic Pocket strategy, 334
Atlantic port city sieges, 331–336
atomic bombs, 40, 44, 67, 68, 116, 117, 523
Auchinleck, Claude, 276
Avro Lancaster bomber, 82–84, 92, 95, 98, 116, 377
Axis
industrial capacity of, 509
industrial production, 454–461, 455 (table)
lack of coordination by, 511–512
racism clouding judgement of, 510
shifts in, 63–64
B-17 Flying Fortress bomber, 74, 80–82, 84, 92, 96–100, 110
bailing out of, 77
casualty rates of crews, 76
B-24 Liberator bomber, 82, 84, 92, 99, 103, 112, 116, 216
naval escort by, 174
B-25 Mitchell bomber, 116, 143, 216
B-26 bomber, 116
B-29 Superfortress bomber, 60, 74, 98, 109–114, 116–117, 130–131, 482–483
bailing out of, 77
weather effects on operations, 76
ballistic missiles, 44
Baltic Sea, 155
BAMS. See British and Allied Merchant Ships code
banzai charges, 240
BAR. See M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle
Bataan Death March, 511
Battle of Agincourt, 289
Battle of Britain, 6, 48, 69, 77, 88–92, 128, 245, 272
Battle of Cannae, 93
Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, 323
Battle of Kursk, 200, 290, 362, 370
Battle of Leyte Gulf, 74, 122, 145, 161, 183, 187, 194
Battle of Midway, 138, 143–144, 185, 188, 192–194, 327, 432
Battle of Scheldt, 295
Battle of the Atlantic, 140, 152, 160, 161, 165, 167 (map), 173–174, 186–187
Battle of the Bulge, 204, 208, 296, 382, 383, 388
Battle of the Coral Sea, 127, 143, 144, 146, 183, 188, 191–192, 193, 239, 299
Battle of the Java Sea, 183, 188
Battle of the Philippine Sea, 194
Battle of the Surigao Strait, 161
Battle of Trafalgar, 190
Battle of Tsushima, 143, 144, 187
Battles of Khalkhin Gol, 263
battleships, 43, 139–140, 148–149, 154, 157–159, 161, 178, 195, 340, 503
See also specific ships
Belgium, 250–252
Berlin Olympics, 479
Bf 109. See Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter
Bismarck (ship), 75, 136, 158, 160, 172, 189
Black Sunday raid, 99
Black Tuesday, 307
Black Week, 99
the Blitz. See Battle of Britain
blitzkrieg, 29, 48, 82, 380, 382
Hitler disowning, 260
in Russia campaign, 93
Stalingrad as end of, 324
transportation needs for, 42
body armor, 202–203
in Battle of Britain, 89–90
combat radius of, 97 (map)
high-altitude, 129
production of, 84–85, 458–459, 509
See also specific bombers
bombing
area, 130–131
casualties from, 482–484
of civilian areas, 95
daylight, 96
by Great Britain, 95–102
incendiary, 112, 113, 115, 117
industrial capacity disrupted by, 129–131, 509
in Normandy invasion, 381
tactical, 381
by United States, 97–102
volume of, 6–7
See also firebombing; strategic bombing
Bradley, Omar, 295, 434, 444, 446
British and Allied Merchant Ships code (BAMS), 173
British Expeditionary Force, 252
Brooke, Alan, 230, 250, 254, 270, 497
Browning Automatic Rifle. See M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle
Burma, 150, 179, 239, 299, 300
buzz bombs. See V-1 flying bomb
C-47. See Douglas C-47 Skytrain transport
Cape Esperance, 193
Cape Matapan, 178
Cape of Good Hope, 150
Carro Armato P26/40 tank, 242
Carthage, 6, 13, 33, 279, 282, 505
Casablanca, 280
Casablanca Conference, 49, 294
Case Blue, 265, 277, 319–323, 330, 331
Caucasus, 265, 277, 319, 324, 452
cavalry, 77–78
Chamberlain, Neville, 28, 31, 32, 70, 393
See also supreme command
China, 107, 186, 213, 237, 518
air bases in, 110
casualties in, 487–488
Japanese losses in, 474
mass deaths caused by, 50
starvation in, 471
China-Burma Theater, 73
Churchill, Winston, 13–15, 58–59, 229–231, 327, 347
France deployments and, 86
“Iron Curtain” speech, 525
leadership of, 394, 413–420, 428
Mediterranean plans, 176
on Singapore, 341
on Soviet Union, 56
war of annihilation and, 49
See also supreme command
Churchill tank, 230, 372, 376, 378
civil defense forces, 130
civilian casualties, 38, 39, 77, 95, 469, 471
civilian displacement, 484–485
civilian imprisonment, 481
civilian leadership, 45
Clark, Mark, 104, 283–286, 434, 446
collaboration, 517
collective punishments, 39, 40
combat casualties, 473–474
combat effectiveness, 213
Commissar Order, 237
communism, 37
Condor bomber. See Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor
conscription, 261
Consolidated PBY Catalina, 81, 171
Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos, 307
constitutional leadership, 398
convoy duty, 146
Corregidor, 41, 209, 311, 343–346, 347
Crete, 176, 178–180, 203, 207, 229, 265, 273, 336, 337
Crimean War, 328
The Cruel Sea (Monsarrat), 187
cruise missiles, 118–120, 158–159
cruisers, 43, 136, 154, 158–159, 160, 178, 189, 195, 340, 377
Cultural Revolution, 50
Cunningham, Andrew, 148, 178, 179, 434, 442
Cyrenaica, 274
Czechoslovakia, 18, 20, 54, 81
Daily Mail (newspaper), 33
Dawes Plan, 23
DC-3, 81
D-Day, 75, 78, 287–289, 293, 332
“The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner” (Jarrell), 77
deaths. See civilian casualties; genocide; Holocaust; mass death; noncombatant deaths
Denmark, 247
desert warfare, 269–270
destroyers, 74, 159, 161–162, 168, 169, 189
deterrence, 14
Devastator torpedo bomber. See TBD Devastator torpedo bomber
Dewoitine D.520 fighter, 87
Dieppe, 206
disease, 473
disproportionality, 528
Doenitz, Karl, 142, 160, 169, 172–174, 331, 477
Doolittle, Jimmy (James), 74, 174
Doolittle raid, 143
Douglas C-47 Skytrain transport, 81, 127
Dowding, Hugh, 91–92, 431, 434
Dunkirk, 148, 229, 234, 247, 272
Eastern Front, 42, 67, 93–94, 101, 102, 256–257, 260–265
Soviet advances on, 264 (map)
economic organization, 450
Eden, Anthony, 24, 31, 49, 457
Egypt, 229, 272, 274, 277, 325
Eichmann, Adolf, 476
Eisenhower, Dwight, 218, 225, 284, 294, 346, 430, 444
El Alamein, 103, 176, 192, 230–231, 274, 276–278, 325, 328, 372, 381
encirclements, 93, 244, 264, 318
English Channel, 29
Enigma cipher machine, 172, 174
Enterprise (aircraft carrier), 144, 156, 193
Essex-class aircraft carriers, 73, 153, 157–158, 188, 189, 194, 221
expeditionary warfare, 204–206, 214, 219, 304–305
F4U Corsair fighter, 124, 125, 129
F6F Hellcat fighter, 124, 125, 129, 146, 194
Fairey Swordfish torpedo bomber, 74, 86
Falaise Pocket, 78, 230, 232, 283, 295, 381
Falklands, 200
Fallschirmjäger, 207
Federal Republic of Germany, 516
fighters
in Battle of Britain, 89
combat radius of, 97 (map)
development during war of, 124–128
naval, 146
See also specific fighters
fighting power, 213–214
Final Solution. See Holocaust
Finland, 12, 52, 247, 248, 315, 316
Fire Direction Centers, 388
firebombing, 74, 77, 482–483, 511, 518
effect on war, 116
of Tokyo, 3, 10, 68, 113–114, 117
warnings before, 115
Firefly tank, 357, 376, 379, 380
First Battle of the Marne, 252
First Gulf War, 376
flak artillery, 373, 385, 469, 478
flu pandemic of 1918, 464
Flying Fortress. See B-17 Flying Fortress bomber
Foch, Ferdinand, 252
Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter, 94, 99, 124, 126
Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor, 81, 82, 171
forced migration, 484–485
France
air power in, 85–87
collaboration convictions in, 517
communications, 251
defeat of, 248
generals, 431
German aircraft losses in, 89
German invasion of, 250, 252–256
Holocaust and, 479
invasion of, 85–87
military leadership, 254
military resources, 31
reaction to World War I in, 28
reactions to German aggressions, 29
rearmament by, 59–60
resistance in, 254
taking of port cities, 293
Franco, Francisco, 11, 21, 179, 256
Franco-Prussian War, 11, 17, 469
Fuller, J.F.C., 21, 30, 286, 355, 429
France, 431
Germany, 431–436
Great Britain, 442–443
Italy, 436–437
Japan, 437–440
Soviet Union, 440–441
United States, 443–446
See also specific generals
See also Holocaust
geography, importance of, 7–8
George V (King), 39
Georges, Alphonse Joseph, 254, 431
Germany
air force leadership, 29
air power and, 71
airborne troops, 207–208
aircraft losses, 100–101
aircraft production, 91
Allied drive towards, 289, 291–298, 294 (map), 297 (map)
anti-Semitism in, 475
armor, 250
artillery production, 385
Battle of Britain and, 87–92
bomber production, 84–85
borders, 1937 and 1945, 514 (map)
casualties in, 488–489
conscription by, 261
declaration of war against United States, 26, 61–62, 140, 265
division of, 515–516
Eastern Front and, 264 (map)
in Eastern Mediterranean, 176
fall of, 297 (map)
food supplies taken by, 471–472
France invaded by, 250, 252–254
General Staff, 235, 237, 259, 260
generals, 431–436
geographic location, 9
gigantism, 366–367
ground offensives, 247
growth of, 1938–1941, 19 (map)
heavy bombers, 82–84
Holocaust diverting resources in, 263
ideological indoctrination and training in, 222
industrial production, 454, 456–457
infantry, 232
infantry combat efficacy, 222
infantry equipment, 233
invasion planning, 251
Italy communication with, 35
justification for war, 4
mass deaths caused by, 50
military resources, 29–31
naval air power ignored by, 43
naval power of, 5, 30, 43, 140–142
naval strategy, 169
naval surveillance service, 172
in North Africa, 273–279
officer initiative encouraged by, 233
postwar position of, 515–517
prisoner treatment by, 236–237
rearmament cost to, 21
siege defenses by, 309
Soviet Union invasion by, 26, 35, 92–94, 103, 203–204, 256–265, 264 (map)
Soviet Union nonaggression pact with, 19, 51, 62, 393
strategic mistakes, 506–508
tanks, 362–368
unified, 17
Versailles Treaty effects on, 37
warfighting approach, 219
World War II entered by, 10–11, 18
Gibraltar, 7, 179, 256, 270, 280
gigantism, 366–367
Goebbels, Joseph, 42, 47, 235, 249, 281, 320, 324, 481, 521
Goering, Hermann, 22–23, 80–84, 91, 258, 322, 324, 381, 405
GPS-guided precision weapons, 117
Grant, Ulysses S., 137, 430, 445
Graziani, Rodolfo, 271–272, 436
Great Britain, 57–59
air power and, 70
airborne troops, 208–209
anti-aircraft forces, 90
bomber crew losses, 101
bombing by, 95–102
casualties in, 496–498
destroyers acquired from United States, 162, 168–169
failure in France, 251–252
food production, 454
generals, 442–443
industrial production, 454, 458, 460
Italy declaration of war on, 270
Japanese beliefs about, 185
Lend-Lease aid, 93
Mediterranean naval operations, 176, 178
in North Africa, 270–274
Pacific naval war and, 184
postwar position of, 515, 524–526
prewar plans, 250
rearmament by, 59–60
ship production, 172
tanks, 376–379
Great Depression, 21, 22, 27, 476
Great Kanto earthquake, 115
Great Leap Forward, 50
Great Purge, 50
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 138, 147, 152, 188, 191, 342, 447
Guam, 206
Guderian, Heinz, 91, 253, 262, 289
Halder, Franz, 234, 258, 261, 276, 433
Halifax (Lord). See Savile, George (Lord Halifax)
Halsey, William “Bull,” Jr., 74, 137, 145, 153, 434, 444
Hansell, Haywood S., 76, 112, 113
Harris, Arthur, 95, 96, 99, 113, 434
Hart, B. H. Liddell, 30, 276, 355, 445
Hawker Hurricane fighter, 86, 87, 89, 91, 340
Hawker Typhoon fighter, 128, 289
heavy bombers, 82–84
See also specific bombers
heavy cruisers, 43
heavy tanks, 383
Heinkel He 177 Griffin bomber, 83
Heinrici, Gotthard, 285, 433, 434
Helldiver fighter, 146
Hitler, Adolf, 19, 80, 512, 515, 521
on Allied peacemaking efforts, 32
army orders, 231–232
on Blitz plans, 48
on bombing raids, 96
expectations in entering war, 33
on France, 248–249
General Staff and, 235
German rebuilding ambitions, 37–38
Holocaust and, 476–477
interference in operations, 231, 232, 234
isolation of, 397
Italy commanded by, 283–284
land warfare obsession, 58
leaders removed by, 232
Leningrad instructions, 315–316
naval power and, 140–142
no-retreat, no-surrender orders, 231
ratification as Führer, 24
Red Army size and, 261–262
sieges ordered by, 329
Soviet Union invasion beliefs of, 257–258
Soviet Union views of, 249–250
strategic objectives set by, 235
United States views of, 26–27
World War I and, 21–22
See also supreme command
Hodges, Courtney, 232, 292, 296, 431, 444, 446
Holocaust, 3, 38, 50, 263, 467, 474–481, 490
Homma, Masaharu, 239, 344, 439, 519
Hornet (aircraft carrier), 142, 143, 184, 193
Hungerplan, 471
Hurricane fighter. See Hawker Hurricane fighter
Hürtgen Forest, 232, 293, 295–297
hyperbolic navigation, 96
incendiary bombing raids, 112, 113, 115, 117
industrial capacity, 129–131, 449, 450, 509
industrial weaponry, 41
industrialized killing, 467
infantry, 199
airborne, 206–210
armor, 202–203
combat efficacy of, 221–222
German, 232
modes of battle, 203
Red Army, 226–227
in US Army, 215
weapons and equipment, 200–202, 233
infantry tanks, 376
“Iron Curtain” speech (Churchill), 525
IS-2 Stalin tank, 368, 371, 379
island fighting, 206, 299, 302, 303
sieges, 336–346
isolationism, 148
army, 241–244
casualties in, 493–494
declaration of war against Great Britain, 270
declaration of war against United States, 61, 148
generals, 436–437
German command of, 283–284
Germany communication with, 35
grievances from World War I, 26
invasion of, 282–286
Malta invaded by, 336–339
navy of, 140–141, 147–149, 177, 178–180
in North Africa, 270–275
postwar position of, 519–521
Russian Front and, 243
state of military at start of war, 242
strategic mistakes, 506–508
submarines, 171
See also Mussolini, Benito
Iwo Jima, 113, 115, 116, 128, 220, 303
Jagdpanzers, 373–374
Jäger Bombers, 76
Japan
artillery, 388–389
British and American assumptions about, 185
casualties in, 491–493
expansion, 1932–1941, 35 (map)
generals, 437–440
grievances from World War I, 26
industrial production, 458
light weaponry, 240
losses in China, 474
losses to submarines, 195
mainland campaigns diverting, 186
militarism of, 239–240
naval power of, 142–147, 195–196
naval strategy, 145–146
Operation Barbarossa and, 55
in Pacific naval war, 187–188, 190–196
postwar position of, 517–519
sea power and, 138–140
Soviet Union nonaggression pact with, 54, 155
Soviet Union wars with, 237–238
strategic bombing against, 109–118
strategic choices by, 9–10
Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Pact, 437
Jervis, John, 150–151
jet fighters, 74
Junkers Ju 52 transport, 127
Junkers Ju 87 Stuka, 81, 86, 159
Junkers Ju 88 bomber, 90
Junkers Ju 290, 83
kamikaze, 101, 118, 121–123, 194
Katyusha rockets, 387
Keitel, Wilhelm, 5, 52–53, 55, 124, 233, 291
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 23
Kennedy, Joseph, 457
Kesselring, Albert, 75, 103, 104, 276, 284–285, 434
King, Ernest, 153, 173–174, 300, 301, 434, 444, 446
King Tiger tanks, 205, 366–357
Knights Hospitaller, 337
Korean War, 117
Kuribayashi, Tadamichi, 239, 438, 439
Kurita, Takeo, 439
Kuznetsov, F. I., 314
labor shortages, 459
Lammers, Hans, 456
Lancaster bomber. See Avro Lancaster bomber
Lavochkin La-7 fighter, 128
leadership
of Churchill, Winston, 394, 413–420, 428
of Mussolini, 393–400, 406–410, 428
of Roosevelt, 395–398, 420–425, 428
of Stalin, 425–428
Tojo, 410–413
US Army, 222–223
Lee-Enfield .303 rifle, 230
LeMay, Curtis, 10, 74, 110, 113–117, 431, 434, 444, 469
Lend-Lease aid, 55–56, 61, 93–94, 155, 226, 227
Leningrad, 3, 210, 234, 259, 308–309, 310, 312–318, 313 (map), 347
Leningrad Affair, 318
Lexington (aircraft carrier), 145, 146, 152, 153, 156, 184, 192, 193
Liberty class merchant ships, 175
Libya, 99, 229, 265, 272–274, 277, 325–328, 337–338
light tanks, 375
littoral fighting, 206
Locarno Treaties, 23
Lockwood, Charles, 145, 153, 161
logistical support, 203
London Naval Conference, 23
London Naval Limitation Treaty, 161
Long, Breckinridge, 480
Low Countries, 85, 247, 250–252
Lysander, 232
M1903 Springfield rifle, 200–201, 215
M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), 201
MAAF. See Mediterranean Allied Air Forces
MacArthur, Douglas, 301, 303, 344, 346, 429, 430, 439, 446, 456
Maginot Line, 22, 24, 40, 248–249, 251, 253, 348
Mahdist War, 236
Maikop, 452–453
Malay Peninsula, 340
Malta, 7, 178, 179, 207, 270, 327, 336–339, 347
Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil, 315, 316
Manstein Plan, 251
Mao Zedong, 50–51, 464, 487, 522
marching fire, 201
Mariana Islands, 111, 112, 116, 128, 194, 216, 303
maritime control, 131–132
maritime superiority, 186
Marshall, George, 113, 279, 429–430, 444
Marshall Islands, 303
Marx, Karl, 475
Maschinengewehr (MG) 42, 201, 236
See also starvation
mass executions, 481
See also Holocaust
Me 110 fighter, 127
Me 210 fighter, 127
Me 262 Swallow fighter, 74, 125, 126
Me 410 fighter, 127
medical technology, 44
Allied control of, 281
naval power in, 140, 147–149, 176–179, 177 (map)
Suez Canal and, 176–177
weather of, 269
See also specific islands
Mediterranean Allied Air Forces (MAAF), 104
Mengele, Joseph, 479
Menon, V. K. Krishna, 19
merchant fleets, 152, 166, 169, 175, 190, 195
Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter, 81, 86, 89, 91, 99, 124, 126, 159, 244
Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighter, 77
MG 42. See Maschinengewehr (MG) 42
Middleton, Troy, 333
Mikawa, Gunichi, 439
Milosevic, Slobodan, 199
Mitchell, William “Billy,” 30, 71
Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter, 122–123, 125, 146, 244, 341
mobility, 60, 202, 203, 348–349
Model, Walter, 208, 285, 295, 296, 433–435
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 393, 479
Monsoon Group, 168
Montgomery, Bernard, 208–209, 230, 280–283, 295, 334–335, 442, 497
Morganthau, Henry, Jr., 516
Morocco, 280
motorized transport, 202
Mountbatten, Louis, 300–301
Mulberries, 205, 332, 334, 335
Musashi (ship), 139, 154, 158, 160
Mussolini, Benito, 31, 34, 40, 241, 493, 512, 521
arrest of, 283
deposition of, 519–520
leadership of, 393–400, 406–410, 428
naval power and, 147–148, 179–180
See also supreme command
Nagumo, Chuichi, 145, 191, 193, 389, 437, 519
Napoleon, 5, 8, 10, 13, 15, 151, 259, 323, 450
Napoleonic Wars, 13, 68, 158, 466
naval air power, 43, 104–108, 144, 147, 178, 194
naval bases, 166
naval fighters, 146
naval superiority, 138, 150, 186, 191
naval supremacy, 73–74, 132, 145, 163, 176, 337
the Netherlands, 250–252
New Guinea, 206, 239, 301, 303
Nimitz, Chester, 145, 301–303, 429, 434, 444, 446
nonaggression pacts, 54
noncombatant deaths, 38
Norden bombsite, 98
air power importance to, 75
invasion of, 287–289
other operations during invasion of, 216–217
planning staff for invasion of, 223
North Africa, 147, 149, 161, 178, 179, 205, 230, 269–279, 273 (map), 280, 338
Nuremberg war crimes trials, 517, 527
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), 34–35, 121, 232
Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH), 52, 232
officer initiative, 233
OKH. See Oberkommando des Heeres
Okinawa, 115–117, 123, 128, 195, 206, 220, 239, 301–303
OKW. See Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
Operation Bagration, 290
Operation Barbarossa, 6, 51, 55, 78, 103, 155–156, 256–265, 275, 393, 508
anti-tank weapons in, 385
cities targeted in, 311
deaths from, 483
fuel issues, 383
Leningrad siege, 312–318, 313 (map)
Mediterranean campaigns and, 179
planning staff size, 223
prisoners panning for, 237
Stalingrad siege, 318–325
starvation caused by, 471–472
supply aircraft shortages in, 207
Operation Cartwheel, 303
Operation Citadel, 362
Operation Cobra, 78, 84, 291, 333
Operation Compass, 272
Operation Dragoon, 286, 333, 338
Operation Frantic, 216
Operation Hannibal, 485
Operation Husky, 282–283
Operation Market-Garden, 208–209, 230, 232, 292, 295
Operation Merkur, 207
Operation Neptune, 288
Operation Overlord, 223, 284, 287–289
Operation Paukenschlag, 173
Operation Spring Awakening, 231
Operation Tidal Wave, 99
Operation Varsity, 209
Operation Winter Storm, 322
Ottoman Empire, navy of, 139
overreach, 48
Oxford Union, 27
P-36 Hawk fighter, 87
P-38 Lightning fighter, 89, 94, 124
P-39 Airacobra fighter, 94
P-40 Warhawk fighter, 124
P-47 Thunderbolt fighter-bombers, 75, 76, 94, 100, 124, 126, 128, 289
P-51 Mustang fighter, 100, 124, 126, 128, 216
Pacific Lend-Lease route, 155
Pacific Theater, 299–300, 302 (map)
engagements of, 187
Great Britain role in, 184
major battles of, 190–194, 192 (map)
phases of, 187–190
primacy over land and air operations of, 186
racial stereotyping and, 185
starvation in, 472
United States role in, 184
pacifism, 28
Panther tanks, 359, 360, 367, 371–378
Panzer tanks, 359, 360, 365, 369, 370, 377
Panzerfaust anti-tank weapons, 69, 288, 371, 372, 379, 383, 386
Panzerkampfwagen tanks (PzKpfw), 80, 363, 364, 370–372, 377, 380
Panzers, 42, 82, 85, 233, 250, 357, 368
air power and, 75, 76, 78, 102, 128–129
fighting against, 379
fuel dependency, 383
in Normandy defence, 289
in North Africa, 274
Panzerschreck anti-tank weapons, 288, 371, 379, 386
paratroopers. See airborne troops
Patton, George S., 101, 201, 219–220, 281–284, 292, 374–375, 445
Paulus, Friedrich, 276, 319, 321–323, 381, 431, 433
Peace of Versailles, 31
Pearl Harbor, 10, 48, 61–63, 128, 142–146, 156, 158, 183, 187, 189–191, 395
See also Tojo, Hideki
Peloponnesian War, 5, 11, 13, 137
Percival, Arthur, 339, 341–343, 433, 439
Pershing, John J., 445
the Philippines, 191, 206, 238, 298–301, 303–304, 343–347, 498–499
pilots, 72–73, 125, 127, 128, 144
Poland, 3–4, 18–20, 247, 263, 402–403
air power in, 79–80
airborne troops in, 207
anti-Semitism in, 475
casualties in, 489–491
German-Soviet division of, 51, 53
popular movements, 39
populist ideologies, 41
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 216
Potsdam Agreement, 516
PPSh-41 submachine gun, 226
prisoners of war, 481–482
proportionality, 528
PTSD. See post-traumatic stress disorder
Punic Wars, 11, 13, 33, 36, 138
PzKpfw. See Panzerkampfwagen tanks
race war, 511
racial stereotyping, 185
radio guidance, 466
Raeder, Erich, 5, 34, 85, 142, 160, 169, 171, 258, 434
rail lines, 7
Rassenkampf, 511
razza, 40
realpolitik, 54
reconnaissance, 78
Red Terror, 50
reparations, 516
rifles, 200–202
Roberts, Frederick, 429
rocket artillery, 387
rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs), 386
rocketry, 44
Rokossovsky, Konstantin, 440, 441
Rommel, Erwin, 180, 230, 233, 273–281, 325–328, 336, 337, 430–431, 435, 442
on American soldiers, 217
on tanks attacks, 361–362
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 40, 45, 279
leadership of, 395–398, 420–425, 428
war of annihilation and, 49
Rotterdam, 335
RPGs. See rocket-propelled grenades
runways, building, 128
Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, 52, 143, 237, 238, 240
Saratoga (aircraft carrier), 146, 152, 153, 156, 184, 193
Savile, George (Lord Halifax), 14, 31, 32
scorched-earth policy, 471, 487
sea power, 131–132
development of, 136–137
technological superiority and, 161
uses of, 137–138
Sevastopol, 308, 328–331, 347, 432
shell shock, 216
Sherman, William T., 137, 266, 430, 445
Sherman tank, 124, 226, 230, 278, 281, 357–360, 371–378
ship production
by Canada, 172
by Great Britain, 172
by United States, 174–175
shipping
amphibious operations and, 205
disruption of, 141–142
as foundation of Allied cooperation, 196
U-boat attacks on, 159–161, 169
Shuri Line, 206
Sicily, 208, 243, 281, 282–283, 286, 336–338
Singapore, 184, 195, 310, 311, 339–343, 347
slave labor, 510
Slim, William, 230, 285, 301, 431, 442
small arms, 200–202
Solomon Islands, 144, 193, 303
Sook Ching Massacres, 342
Soviet Union
air defenses, 126
air power in, 92–94
airborne units, 210
aircraft losses by, 93–94
anti-Semitism in, 475
armor capabilities, 14–15
army, 224–228
artillery, 386–387
Axis ground troops tied up by, 216
casualties in, 485–487
Churchill on, 56
concerns of, 53
conscription by, 261
Eastern Front and, 264 (map)
generals, 440–443
German invasion of, 26, 35, 92–94, 103, 203–204, 256–265, 264 (map)
Germany nonaggression pact with, 19, 51, 62, 393
German treatment of prisoners from, 236–237
Hitler beliefs about invading, 257–258
Hitler view of, 249–250
Italian army and, 243
Japan nonaggression pact with, 54, 155
Japan wars with, 237–238
Lend-Lease aid to, 93–94, 155, 226, 227
losses, 56–57
mass deaths caused by, 50
military resources, 30, 43, 52
navy, 154–156
oil production, 452
postwar position of, 526–527
siege defenses by, 308–309
starvation in, 471–472
tank losses, 379
tank production by, 93, 228, 454
tanks, 368–371
See also Leningrad; Red Army; Red Terror; Stalingrad
Spaight, James Molony, 30–31
Spanish Civil War, 21, 29, 79, 100, 179, 241, 358
Spanish flu pandemic, 38
SPA-Viberti AS.42 armored car, 242
Speer, Albert, 48, 97, 126, 129, 368, 508
Spitfire. See Supermarine Spitfire
Springfield rifle. See M1903 Springfield rifle
Spruance, Raymond, 145, 389, 431, 434, 444
Stalin, Joseph, 12, 24, 45, 244, 249, 347, 463, 512, 522–523, 525
flip-flop of, 397
Holocaust and, 479
leadership of, 425–428
Leningrad defense and, 318
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. See Germany, nonagression pact with
scorched-earth policy, 471, 487
war of annihilation and, 49
See also nonaggression pact
Stalin tank. See IS-2 Stalin tank
Stalingrad, 92, 233, 235, 265, 281, 308–311, 318–325, 380
starvation, 470–473
Sten submachine gun, 230
StG 44. See Sturmgewehr (StG) 44
strategic bombing, 5, 6, 42, 56, 67–72, 94, 129
of civilian areas, 95
in Europe, 97 (map)
of Japan, 109–118
in Pacific, 111 (map)
Stuka. See Junkers Ju 87 Stuka
Sturmgeschütze III anti-tank gun, 385
Sturmgewehr (StG) 44, 201, 236
submarines
Italy, 171
Japanese, 143
United States, 153, 170, 189–190, 195, 216
See also U-boats
Suez Canal, 176–177, 180, 270, 276, 278
suicide attacks. See kamikaze
Superfortress. See B-29 Superfortress bomber
Supermarine Spitfire, 86, 89, 91, 92, 100, 126, 128
supreme command
fear of public, 400
fights among leaders, 398
leaders as strategists, 396
leaders of democracies, 395
mistakes of warlords, 402
patriotic speeches of, 399
resources determining fate of, 393
troops in battle not led by, 394
See also leadership
surface cruisers, 158–159
SVT-40 rifle, 226
T-34 tank, 94, 228, 234, 265, 357–360, 363–371, 377, 379, 383, 385
tactical bombing, 381
tank destroyers, 373, 375, 376
tanks, 450
design of, 358–361
development of, 354–356
fighting, 379
fuel issues, 382–383
Germany, 362–368
gigantism in, 366–367
Great Britain, 376–379
Soviet Union, 368–371
United States, 371–376
See also specific tanks
TBD Devastator torpedo bomber, 185, 192
Teheran Conference, 98
testudo, 353–354
Thunderbolt fighter-bomber. See P-47 Thunderbolt fighter-bombers
Tiger II tanks, 359, 366–367, 375, 377, 383
Tiger tanks, 73–74, 137, 357, 366–367, 371–380
Tirpitz (ship), 139, 154, 158, 160, 189
Tito, Josip Broz, 254
Tobruk, 229, 272, 274, 276, 277, 310, 325–328, 347
Togo, Heihachiro, 143
Tojo, Hideki, 10, 21, 245, 410–413, 428, 521
Tokyo, 312
firebombing of, 3, 10, 68, 113–114, 117, 143, 482–483
Great Kanto earthquake and, 115
war crimes trials in, 527
tonnage war, 166
totalitarianism, 45–46, 51, 53, 249, 466, 510
transport vehicles, 42
transportation, 465
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 255, 259, 263
Treaty of Lutatius, 36
trench warfare, 201
Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 403
Truman, Harry, 523
atomic bomb use of, 393
as leader, 394–395
Truppenführung (German Army Manual for Unit Command), 233
Tupolev TB-3 bomber, 92
Tupolev Tu-4 bomber, 111–112
Typhoon Cobra, 137
in Battle of the Atlantic, 165, 167 (map), 168–175
convoy system and, 152
cost of, 160
in Mediterranean, 179–180
production of, 171
shelters for, 331
shipping attacks by, 159–161, 169
technological advancements in, 175
United States ship production and, 174–175
wolf pack tactics, 170
in World War I, 165
Ukraine, 471
United States
airborne troops, 208–209
aircraft carriers, 152–153, 184, 188–189
aircraft losses, 99–100
artillery production, 384, 387–388
Battle of the Atlantic and, 173–174
battleships, 189
bomber crew losses, 101
bombing by, 97–102
breadth of operations, 60, 216–217
Britain destroyer acquisition from, 162, 168–169
casualties in, 494–496
destroyers, 189
food production, 454–455
generals, 443–446
geographical advantages, 59–60
German declaration of war on, 26, 61–62, 140, 265
“Germany first” policy, 151, 221
Hitler views of, 26–27
industrial production, 455 (table), 456, 460
international engagement, 523–524
Italian declaration of war on, 61, 148
Japanese beliefs about, 185
lack of preparation, 59
learning curve in early war, 61
Lend-Lease aid, 55–56, 61, 93–94
mechanization expertise of, 217–218
military resources, 62–63
navy, 140, 142, 144–146, 151–154
Pacific Fleet, 144, 145, 151–154, 188–189, 301
in Pacific naval war, 184
postwar position of, 513
production goals, 63
runway building by, 128
shipbuilding by, 174–175
submarines, 153, 170, 189–190, 195, 216
tanks, 371–376
truck production, 221
two-theater organization, 220–221
warfighting approach of, 218–222
United States Strategic Bombing Survey, 114, 121, 129, 131
US Army
casualty rates, 216
criticisms of, 223–224
growth during war of, 215
infantry combat efficacy, 221–222
infantry in, 215
leadership, 222–223
World War I informing, 279
US Marines, 216, 220, 221, 238, 303
Utah Beach, 333
V-1 flying bomb, 88, 118–121, 483
V-2 rocket, 15, 44, 74, 88, 118–121, 483
Vandal Empire, 279
Versailles Treaty, 17, 23, 25–26, 36, 37, 40, 504–505
Vickers .303 machine gun, 230
Victory class merchant ships, 175
victory disease, 509
Vinson, Carl, 153
Vlasov, Andrey, 440
Volga River, 234, 247, 263, 277, 319
von Bock, Fedor, 77, 252, 264, 433, 434
von Brauchitsch, Walther, 234, 433
von Leeb, Wilhelm Ritter, 252, 264, 314–316, 433, 434
von Manstein, Erich, 38, 264, 322, 324, 329–331, 431–434
von Mellenthin, Friedrich Wilhelm, 128, 275, 505
von Ribbentrop, Joachim, 26, 58, 62, 479
von Rundstedt, Gerd, 74, 289, 291, 335, 382, 512
Waffen SS, 40, 76, 232, 236, 357
Wannsee Conference, 478
war crimes trials, 517
Warlimont, Walter, 15, 27, 34, 55, 61, 223, 233
Washington Naval Conference, 23
Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, 156
Wasp (aircraft carrier), 142, 184, 193, 338
“Watch on the Rhine” offensive, 293, 382
Wavell, Archibald, 271, 272, 276
of Mediterranean, 269
Stalingrad siege and, 320
Wells, H. G., 354
Western Front, 45, 53, 248, 291
Allied Advances on, 294 (map)
American air power in, 128–129
See also D-Day
Western Task Force, 219
Westwall, 40
Wilhelm II (Kaiser), 13, 33, 39, 232
wolf packs, 169, 170, 172, 174, 175
World War I, 4, 8, 10, 17, 31, 204, 469
air power in, 68
pacifism movement after, 28
tanks in, 354–355
U-boats in, 165
United States guided by experience of, 279
World War II
amount of weapons produced in, 465
bombing volume during, 6–7
casualties in, 3, 463–464, 473–474
end of, 504
Germany entering, 10–11
moral appraisal of, 528–529
multipliers of death in, 464–470
noncombatant deaths, 38
start of, 18
technological advancements during, 451, 505–506
terms of surrender, 504–505, 527
world population during, 464
world wars, defining, 12–13
Wright R-3350–23 Duplex-Cyclone engine, 84, 110
Yakovlev Yak-9 fighter, 126, 128
Yalta Conference, 266, 523, 525
Yamamoto, Isoroku, 193, 437, 438
Yamashita, Tomoyuki, 239, 340, 341, 342, 344, 439, 519
Yamato (battleship), 139, 140, 154, 157, 158, 195
Yorktown (aircraft carrier), 145, 184, 192, 193
zeppelins, 69
Zero fighter. See Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter
Zhukov, Georgy, 54, 225, 237, 263, 321, 431, 440, 441, 512
Zyklon B, 478