Table of Contents

1. Title page
2. Copyright page
3. Dedication
4. About the Author
5. Preface
6. Introduction
   1. A Reflection on Why We Should Care about Food Security
   2. The Impact of Changing Worldviews
   3. Decoupling Production and Profit
   4. Wider Changes in the Food System
   5. The Food System
   6. The Future of Food
   7. References
7. 1: The Basis for Food Security
   1. 1.1    Defining What Food Security Is and How Food Supply Chains Can Deliver It
   2. 1.2    The Convergence of Food Security Research, Economics, and Policy
   3. 1.3    The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
   4. 1.4    Measuring Hunger in a Changing World to Establish Security
   5. 1.5    The Undernutrition and Overnutrition Gap
   6. 1.6    The Supply Chain and Nutrition Gaps
   7. 1.7    The Relationship between Food Security and Biology
   8. 1.8    The Relationship between Food Security and Biotechnology
   9. 1.9    Genetic Diversity of Agricultural Crops and Livestock
   10. 1.10    Trade Agreements and the Development of Agricultural Supply
   11. References
8. 2: Understanding Food Supply Chains
   1. 2.1    Current Methods of Assessing Food Supply Chain Efficiencies That Enable Food Security Projections
   2. 2.2    How Population Growth and Limiting Factors Define Demand and Food Security
   3. 2.3    Global Population Estimates and Projections
   4. 2.4    Consumption and Population Growth: Demonstrating the Impact of Dietary Changes and Transitions
   5. 2.5    Optimising Nutrition across Supply Chains Is the Focus of the Second Green Revolution
   6. 2.6    The Emergence of Sustainable Farming Reconnecting Supply Chains: A Case Study of the Establishment of the Landcare Movement in Australia
   7. 2.7    The Long-Term Field Experiments at Rothamsted and Their Power of Demonstrating Good Nutrient Balance in Agriculture Has Been Crucial to the Development of Sustainable Food Supply
   8. 2.8    Long-Term Field Experiments Hold Critical Data That Provide Our Understanding of Nutrient Flows in Farming Systems So That Sustainable Food Supply Chains Are Developed
   9. 2.9    The Sustainable Production of Livestock and Long-Term Data
   10. 2.10    The Historical Proof of the Value of Agricultural Innovations in Providing Food Security
   11. 2.11    The Relationship between Field Trials, Investments, and Innovation
   12. References
9. 3: The Scientific Basis for Food Security
   1. 3.1    The Supply of Essential Plant Nutrients
   2. 3.2    Plant Nutrients and Phytonutrients in the Food Supply Chain: Establishing a Nutritional Understanding Using Human Trials
   3. 3.3    Biomass, the Base of the Supply Chain
   4. 3.4    The Interception of Light by Crop Canopies: How the Molecular Scale Impacts on Food Supply Chain Efficiency
   5. 3.5    The Requirement for Breeding New Crop Varieties and Selecting for Increased Sink Capacity of Crops
   6. 3.6    Photosynthetic Metabolism, the Biochemical Driver of Production
   7. 3.7    Environmental Stress Events and Their Impacts on Food Supply
   8. 3.8    The Principles of Integrated Management across the Food Chain: A Food Supply Chain Perspective
   9. 3.9    The Modern Agricultural System, the Dietary Interface, and Food Supply
   10. References
10. 4: The Sociological Basis for Food Security
    1. 4.1    Challenges and Solutions
    2. 4.2    Free Trade Transitions into Sustainability
    3. 4.3    Increasing Food Supplies Have Been a Major Achievement since 1975, but There Is Increased Resource Nationalism Evident by the Emergence of ‘National Interests in a Shrinking World’
    4. 4.4    A Demonstration of Energy Balance and LCA for Sugar Production in Europe
    5. 4.5    Carbon Footprinting for Food Manufacturers Begins to Offer a Sustainability Reporting Framework
    6. 4.6    What Can We Do with Sustainability Assessments of Food Products? Using Carbon Footprint Data in Supply Chain Management
    7. 4.7    The Interactions between Affordability, Accessibility, and Food Security
    8. 4.8    Retail, Distribution, and Wholesale
    9. 4.9    Developing Diets for Improved Sustainability and Health Criteria
    10. References
11. 5: Challenges and Solutions
    1. 5.1    The Food System Challenge of This Century: Is a Sustainable Diet Now Defined?
    2. 5.2    Supply Chain Challenges: Integrating the LCA Approaches in Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Retail
    3. 5.3    Visualising the Data from the Food System Using GIS-LCA
    4. 5.4    Technology Enablers and Opportunities
    5. References
12. 6: The Future and Our Conclusion
    1. 6.1    The Future Food System
    2. 6.2    Our Conclusion
    3. References
13. Supplemental Images
14. Index
15. End User License Agreement

List of Tables

1. Table 3.1.    The essential plant nutrients required for the production of all crop biomass
2. Table 4.1.    Global protein supply (FAOSTAT 2009 data): the components of global protein supply in terms of absolute production from agricultural primary products and their supply to individuals
3. Table 4.2.    The GWP, land use, and production attributes of crops
4. Table 4.3.    The GWP, land use, and production attributes of livestock
5. Table 4.4.    Analysis of current-state food and beverage distribution situation for SMEs and micro-companies with what could be achieved
6. Table 4.5.    The delivery points for 10 meat product manufacturing companies located within 70 km of Leeds and their associated impacts within 70 km radius of Leeds in a typical week for 10 meat product-manufacturing companies in the Yorkshire and Humber Region
7. Table 4.6.    Protein content of livestock- and vegetable-derived foods: protein and amino acid contents of common foods (grams per 1000 cal)
8. Table 4.7.    Fibre, calories, and GI per 1000 cal for a range of foods

List of Illustrations

1. Figure 1.1.    The food supply chain functions and food system. There are four functions to the supply chain scenario presented here: producers; manufacturers and processors, distributors, wholesalers, and retailers; and consumers. Inputs and outputs can be measured as a balance or LCA function at each function. This is a relatively simple model, but it becomes complex when applied to populations and several supply chains.
2. Figure 1.2.    The MDGs as described by the UN; the MDG 1, 4, 5, and 6 relate directly to issues of diet and sustainable nutrition for well-being.
   Source: Adapted from Road map toward the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. New York: United Nations, 2002. United Nations General Assembly Document A56/326.
3. Figure 1.3.    The undernutrition gap demonstrated for global mean calorific supply (FAOSTAT data).
   Source:  These data were adapted from FAO. FAOSTAT (2009). Food supply, crops, primary equivalent data set. http://faostat.fao.org/ (accessed 22 April 2014).
4. Figure 1.4.  Protein supply from cereal crops in Asia and Europe1961–2010.
   Source:  These data were adapted from FAO. FAOSTAT (2009). Food supply, crops, primary equivalent data set. http://faostat.fao.org/ (accessed 22 April 2014).
5. Figure 1.5.    (a) Changes in the yield of wheat grain year on year in the United Kingdom 1961–2012. (b) Changes in the yield of wheat grain year on year globally 1961–2012.
   Source:  These data were adapted from FAO. FAOSTAT (2012). Production, crops data set. http://faostat.fao.org/ (accessed 22 April 2014)
6. Figure 1.6.    Global yield gaps for wheat, rice, and maize. These yield gaps can be represented as the percentage gap between the greatest and world average yield of biomass. The percentage yield gap can be simply understood as an indicator for reaching the capacity for maximum yield of biomass. For example, the percentage yield gaps for wheat, maize, and rice shown are 53%, 36%, and 47% for the year 2012.
   Source:  These data were adapted from FAO. FAOSTAT (2012). Production, crops data set. http://faostat.fao.org/ (accessed 22 April 2014).
7. Figure 1.7.    CAP expenditure and reform path budget evolution; while overall (unadjusted) budget has increased, it is worth noting the changes in distribution of the main measures (specifically the increase in Direct Aids and Rural Development), as well as the significant increase in number of farm businesses, together with the enlargement of the EU.
   Source:  The graph is from the DG Agriculture and Rural Development, Agricultural Policy Analysis and Perspectives Unit © European Union (2013). http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-post-2013/graphs/index_en.htm (accessed 22 April 2014). (For a colour version, please see the colour plate section.)
8. Figure 2.1.    The development of agronomic innovations and their relationship to average wheat yields in the United Kingdom. Red arrows show the recommended N : P : K fertiliser application (the fertiliser recommendation for wheat in kilograms per hectare) at that date, the actual amounts of fertiliser as N : P : K applied is shown with blue arrows (in thousand tonnes). Development of different wheat varieties are shown with black arrows, and new agronomic techniques are shown with green arrows. The graph demonstrates the agronomic development of the wheat crops and the innovations that have made dramatic grain yield increases possible.
   Source:  The wheat yield data were obtained from FAO. FAOSTAT (2012). Production, crops (data set). http://faostat.fao.org/ (accessed 22 April 2014). Fertiliser data were adapted from the data presented by Cooke (1977),⁴⁶ and agronomic practice data were developed by W. Martindale as part of an OECD Cooperative Research Fellowship (2001).⁴⁷ (For a colour version, please see the colour plate section.)
9. Figure 3.1.    The law of limiting factors demonstrated using a case study of increasing material inputs that will increase the accumulation of biomass or crop yield. Martindale & Leegood, 1997.
10. Figure 4.1.    The energy balance of sugar beet production: percentage of total energy input associated with different production inputs and harvesting, using data derived from the 32-year long-term field trials of eight potato–cereal–sugar beet trials in Germany 1967–1998.
    Source:  Data from Hülsbergen et al. (2001).
11. Figure 4.2.    The Yorkshire and Humber (UK) bakery sector. The distribution of bakeries is clustered in the Southwest of the region and is associated with the areas of Leeds, Bradford, and Sheffield. The major transport routes are of particular significance to this sector because large amounts of transport occur in the mornings, and there is an extremely quick transition from products leaving the manufacturing lines to despatch into vehicles because of shorter product shelf life and the shopper requirement for fresh products. The requirement for storage space is thus lower, and there is likely to be spare storage and vehicle capacity in the afternoons for bakery companies.
    Source: Data from Ordnance Survey © Crown copyright (2008).
12. Figure 4.3.    The Yorkshire and Humber meat sector. The distribution of meat manufacturers is clustered towards the West of the region. This relates to the distribution of population in the Bradford, Leeds, Huddersfield, and Sheffield areas, and the centres of livestock production with supported services, including livestock markets and abattoirs. Most meat producers will have storage facilities for chilled and frozen products. Storage will often be at full capacity and despatch will nearly always be chilled or frozen.
    Source: Data from Ordnance Survey © Crown copyright (2008).
13. Figure 5.1.    Global palm oil imports 1961–2012. The increasing palm oil imports are not only associated with biodiesel production, as significant increases have occurred before biofuels were promoted as liquid fuels that provided carbon neutral options. Palm oil is used to manufacture several household products, such as detergents and cosmetics, as well as food ingredients, and to provide a feedstock for biodiesel production.
    Source:  These data were adapted from FAO. FAOSTAT (2009). Trade, crops, and livestock products data set. http://faostat.fao.org/ (accessed 24 April 2014).

Guide

1. Cover
2. Table of Contents
3. Start Reading
4. Preface
5. CHAPTER 1
6. Index