`Index`

Acetaldehyde, 78, 152, 159–161, 169, 170
Acrodynia, 91, 92, 102, 164, 231
Activated carbon injection, 129
Adams, John, 90
Adaptive capacity, 35, 248–250
Air pollution
atmospheric transport, 117, 121, 126–128, 146, 246, 275
control devices for, 121, 128–132, 136, 137, 221, 230, 231, 234, 259
Alchemy, 151, 152
Alliance for Responsible Mining (ARM), 201–203
Alluvial deposits, 186, 187, 194, 206
Almadén, Spain, 43, 46, 47, 65, 85, 97–100, 251, 272
Ambient air quality standards, 132
Anthropocene, 18, 36, 250–252, 269
Arctic, 57, 82, 83, 93, 96, 127, 256, 265, 272, 278
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM)
addressing mercury use in, 202–206
attempts to formalize, 199, 200, 210, 278
employment in, 190–193, 221
Global Mercury Partnership and, 187, 204, 207, 209, 210, 221, 237
health consequences of mercury use in, 195, 196
mercury prices and, 60, 61, 205
mercury use in, 9, 47, 59, 151, 193–195
methylmercury and, 83, 196, 207
Minamata Convention on Mercury and, 68, 208–210, 263
Asclepius, 79
Atmospheric mercury monitoring stations, 121, 122, 139
Australia
mercury emission controls in, 138
mercury treaty negotiations and, 63
opposition to Minamata Convention in, 138
Autism, 104, 105

Basel Convention, 173, 266
Batteries, 151, 152, 158, 165, 166, 168, 178, 231, 236, 238
Best available techniques (BAT), 132, 133, 137, 138, 237, 238
Best environmental practices (BEP), 132, 137
Bioaccumulation, 56, 58, 59, 71, 75
Biogeochemical cycle analyses, 34, 43–45, 49–51, 54, 59, 62, 70, 71, 245–247, 274, 275
Biomagnification, 56

Caduceus, 78, 79
Calomel, 48, 81, 90–92, 112
Canada. See also Grassy Narrows, Ontario, Canada
ban on mercury-added devices in, 166
coal-fired power plants in, 141, 144, 233
mercury emission controls in, 135
mercury treaty negotiations and, 63
Cap-and-trade approaches, 130, 134
Carroll, Lewis, 81
Carson, Rachel, 3
Celsius scale, 148
Chemicals industry, 152, 158, 159, 170, 176, 246
China. See also Wanshan, China
ASGM and, 185, 186, 193, 194
coal and, 125, 136, 140, 141, 169
historical/traditional mercury uses in, 81, 82, 89, 102, 151, 156, 168, 177
lithium production and, 160
mercury-added products and, 165–167
mercury emission controls in, 129, 136, 137, 141, 142
mercury mining in, 46, 60, 65, 85, 100, 194
mercury treaty negotiations and, 63, 140, 168
rice and mercury exposure in, 93
VCM production in, 159, 169, 170
Chisso, 1–3, 23, 33, 78, 79, 101, 159–161, 238, 277
Chlor-alkali production, 65, 133, 158, 159, 161, 169–172, 178, 179, 233, 236, 254, 258–260
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 10, 149
Cinnabar, 46–48, 59, 81, 85, 86, 89, 92, 102, 151, 155, 156
Circular economy, 37, 38, 254, 255
Clean Air Act (US; 1970), 133, 134
Clean Air Mercury Rule (US), 134
Climate change, 59, 72, 75, 117, 140, 141, 144, 145, 233, 235, 245, 247, 258, 265, 278, 279, 282
Coal burning, 115–121, 125, 134, 138, 140–146, 233, 279
Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 136
Compact fluorescent lights (CFLs), 157, 167, 168, 178, 232, 254, 258, 282
Complex adaptive systems, 19, 35, 239, 241, 242, 245–248, 271
Concentrate amalgamation, 193, 194, 206
Consumption choices, 281, 282
Contaminated sites, 50, 67, 153, 161, 174–176, 180, 229, 234, 256
Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Land-Based Sources, 172
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), 51, 122, 137, 168
Cotton market, 190, 191
CRAFT Code, 202, 203

Danbury Shakes, 87
Dental use of mercury, 66, 67, 82, 92, 102–104, 113, 114, 276
Diamond mining, 191
Diaphragm-cell process, 158, 159, 169, 170
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 3, 10, 149
Dietary advice/recommendations, 84, 108, 109, 113, 237, 238, 248, 250, 256, 265, 279
Dietary exposure to mercury, 82, 83, 93–96, 106–108, 111, 113, 114, 226, 237
Dodd-Frank Act (US; 2010), 201
Dryden Chemicals, 161

Effectiveness evaluation and Minamata Convention, 74, 266–268, 281
Electrostatic precipitator technology, 128, 129
Emergent properties, 35
Emission limit values (ELVs), 132, 135, 137
End-of-pipe technologies, 121, 128–130, 137, 140–142, 144, 145, 249, 257, 264
Endogeneity, 266
Energy Independence and Security Act (US; 2007), 167
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (US), 108, 116, 133–135, 164, 166, 171, 172, 175, 238
Epigenetics, 95
Erethism, 83
European Union (EU)
dental amalgams and, 104
mercury-added products and, 164–166, 172
mercury-containing food and, 106
mercury emission controls in, 135, 137, 142, 179
mercury emissions and, 125, 126, 129, 142
mercury export bans and, 60, 61, 66, 73, 155, 195
mercury-free economy in, 171
mercury treaty negotiations and, 63, 140
mercury waste and, 172–174
Export bans on mercury, 60–62, 65, 66, 73, 155, 173, 195, 255

Fahrenheit scale, 148
Fairtrade International (FLO), 201–203
Faraday, Michael, 88
Faroe Islands, 4, 82, 93–96, 107, 108
Fish. See also Seafood
dietary advice on consuming, 84, 107, 108
mercury effects on, 57
mercury levels in, 54, 93, 100, 106–108, 230
Flue gas desulfurization, 128, 129
Fly ash, 130
Food, mercury in, 82, 83, 93–96, 106–108, 113, 226, 237
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 54, 106, 107
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (US), 102, 106, 108
Fossil fuels, efforts to reduce dependence on, 140, 141, 279
Francis (pope), 183

Galileo, 147, 148
Gaseous oxidized mercury, 56
Global Environment Facility (GEF), 68, 204
Global Mercury Partnership, 51, 63, 65, 69, 122, 137, 144, 153, 171, 173, 187, 204, 207, 209, 210, 221, 236, 237, 260, 262
Gold
global demand for, 191, 221
global supply of, 185
historical mining of, 45, 47, 87, 100, 184, 191
price of, 191, 201–203
supply chain, 185, 191, 200, 201
use in dentistry, 102, 103
Gonorrhea, 91
Grassy Narrows, Ontario, Canada, 161, 177, 179, 256, 257, 265, 282, 283

Hamilton, Alice, 98, 99, 282
Hard-rock deposits, 186, 194
Hat making, 81, 87, 99, 152, 156, 176
Hermes/Mercury, 78, 79
Hippocrates, 81
Holocene, 18
Huancavelica, Peru, 43, 46, 86, 87, 98, 99, 230, 272

Idrija, Slovenia, 43, 46, 65, 85, 98–100, 251, 272
Incremental versus fundamental transitions, 37, 38, 115, 143, 144, 257–260, 269
India. See also Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
coal and, 136, 140
demand for gold in, 191
mercury emission controls in, 129, 136, 142
mercury treaty negotiations and, 63, 140
mercury uses in, historical/traditional, 81, 156
Indonesia
coal use in, 140
mercury emission controls in, 136
mercury mining in, 60, 62, 100, 194, 206
Industrial ecology, 224, 246, 247
Industrial Emissions Directive (EU; 2010), 135
Industrial Revolution, 17, 18, 44, 111, 118, 260
Institutional Analysis Development framework, 20, 239
Institutional fit, 39, 209, 261–264, 266
Interdisciplinary research, 274–276
Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, 225
International Labour Organization (ILO), 68, 99, 112
Interoceanic Highway, 192
IQ damages, 9, 94–96
Iraq, mercury poisoning incidents in, 159
Italy. See Monte Amiata, Italy

Japan. See also Minamata Bay; Minamata disease; Niigata, Japan
chlor-alkali production in, 158, 169, 170, 178, 179
controversy over Minamata disease in, 2, 3, 78
mercury-added products and, 164, 165
mercury emission control in, 136
mercury treaty negotiations and, 63, 170

Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, 191
Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India, 88, 174, 175, 179, 180, 238, 256, 257, 265, 282, 283
Kyrgyz Republic, mercury mining in, 60, 65, 100

Laws and regulations, on mercury emissions, 131–140, 221, 238, 239
Lead, 10, 54, 149, 239, 256
Legacy emissions, 55, 74
Lewis and Clark expedition, 90
Lighting technology, 157, 167, 178, 232, 254

Mad Hatter, 81
Madre de Dios, Peru, 181–183, 193, 200
Malaria, 91, 192
Maximum Achievable Control Technology approach, 133
Measuring devices, mercury-added, 166, 167
Medical uses of mercury, 81, 82, 89–93, 101–106, 109–112, 157, 224, 232, 254, 259, 277
Mercuriferous belts, 46
Mercurous chloride, 48, 81. See also Calomel
Mercury (god), 7, 78, 79, 116, 146, 148, 180, 211
Mercury, Freddie (Farrokh Bulsara), 8, 244, 272, 284
Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (US), 134, 141, 231, 259
Mercury-cell process, 158, 159, 169, 172. See also Chlor-alkali production
Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act (US; 1996), 165
Mercury flasks, 47, 48
Mercury markets, 47, 51, 61, 62, 153, 186, 187
Mercury mining, 47, 53, 60–62, 65, 73, 85–87, 97–100, 110–113, 149, 150, 154–156, 230, 236, 237, 255
Mercury trade, 59, 62, 65, 66, 69, 75, 194, 195, 205, 211, 236, 255, 278
Methylmercury
discharge of, 1, 79, 160, 277
ecosystem production of, 56–59, 127, 161, 196
effects of, 9, 57, 83, 84, 89, 92–96, 100, 101, 161
exposure to, 82, 83
reference dose, 107
as seed treatment, 87, 164
Minamata Bay
clean-up of, 2, 78, 174, 175, 282
contamination of, 1, 2, 77
Minamata Convention on Mercury
adoption of, 2, 3
on ASGM, 68, 185, 187, 199, 203, 204, 208–210
on contaminated sites, 67, 68, 174
on dental amalgam, 67, 103
effectiveness evaluation and, 69, 268, 281
emissions and releases and, 67, 122, 137, 138
end-of-pipe technologies and, 137, 145
human health and, 66, 67, 84, 112
lifecycle focus and, 221, 234
mercury-added products and, 67, 68, 168
mercury mining and, 65, 236
negotiations of, 8, 51, 62, 63, 69, 105, 140, 145, 168, 263, 276
phaseouts and, 67, 73, 102, 144, 153, 178, 179, 236, 260–262
production processes and, 67, 68, 170
on thimerosal, 105, 106
on waste disposal, 67, 173
Minamata disease, 1–4, 77–79, 100, 101, 238, 283, 284
“Minamata’s Pledge,” 283, 284
Monte Amiata, Italy, 46, 99
Multi-pollutant control technology, 137, 145, 274

Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 134
Network analysis, 222, 240
New Mexico, mercury poisoning incident in, 159, 160
Newton, Isaac, 88
New Zealand
coal burning in, 138
impacts of methylmercury exposure in, 94
Niigata, Japan, 94, 161, 177–179
Nobel, Alfred, 157

Occupational exposure to mercury, 9, 66, 81, 84–89, 97–100, 109–113, 195, 196, 205, 224, 236, 237, 258
Ontario, Canada, 161
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 51, 200, 202
Our Common Future, 5
Outcome indicators, 267, 268, 281

Paints, 9, 151, 152, 164, 261
Panogen, 161–164, 231, 237
Paracelsus, 80, 88
Paris Agreement, 140, 141
Pascal, Blaise, 88
Patio process, 43
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), 171, 258
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), 63, 240
Peru. See also Huancavelica, Peru; Madre de Dios, Peru
ASGM in, 182, 186, 193
emergency declaration in, 181
mercury mining in, 43, 86
Philippines, mercury emission controls in, 135, 136
Piven, Jeremy, 94
Planetary boundaries, 36, 252, 253, 269
Pliny the Elder, 151
Polycentric governance structures, 39, 261, 262
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 10, 149
Pregnant women
dental use of mercury and, 104
dietary advice for, 84, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113, 233, 237, 281
impacts of mercury on, 79, 84, 94, 281
mercury use for abortions by, 92
Prior informed consent (PIC) scheme, 66
Process indicators, 267, 268, 281
Pulgar-Vidal, Manuel, 181

Qin Shihuang, 89, 90

Religious uses of mercury, 9, 151, 156, 168, 179, 283
Resilience, 35, 36, 248–250
Rotterdam Convention, 63, 266
Russia, lack of mercury emission controls in, 136

Sakamoto, Shinobu, 3
Saprolites, 186, 194, 206
Seafood. See also Fish
bans on harvesting and sale of, 100, 106, 161, 181, 250
human exposure from consuming, 4, 83, 84, 93–96, 196, 230, 256, 258
industry, 111
mercury in, 82, 93, 106–108
Showa Denko, 161, 238
Silent Spring (Carson), 3
Silver-plating industry, 152
Silver production, 9, 43–45, 47, 87, 98, 251
Slovenia. See Idrija, Slovenia
South Africa, mercury emission controls in, 136
South Korea, mercury emission controls in, 136
Spain. See Almadén, Spain
Sphygmomanometer, 157
Steubenville, Ohio, 115–117, 128, 130, 134, 141
Stockholm Convention, 63, 171, 266
Sustainability science, 6, 7, 39
Sustainability/sustainable development
definitions of and transitions for, 5, 36–38, 72, 73, 110–112, 143, 144, 177, 178, 208, 209, 253–261
governance for, 38–40, 74, 75, 112–113, 144–146, 178–180, 209, 210, 261–268
sharing stories of, 283, 284
systems analysis for, 34–36, 70–72, 109, 110, 141–143, 176, 177, 206–208, 244–253
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 5, 70, 75, 233, 271, 272
Sweden
controls on mercury in products, 104, 163, 166, 231
dental amalgams and, 103, 104
dietary guidelines in, 107
mercury export bans and, 66
public concerns about mercury in, 238, 282
Switzerland
gold refining in, 185
mercury exports, 66
mercury treaty negotiations, 63
Syphilis, 81, 90, 91, 101, 102, 112, 232

Technosphere, 21, 22
Thermometers, 88, 147, 148, 157, 166–168, 174, 175, 254, 282
Thermoscope, 147, 148
Thimerosal, 82, 92, 104–106, 276
Trade. See Mercury trade
Transition dynamics, drivers of, 260, 261
Transitions versus transformations, 37, 38, 257–260

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 68, 204, 271, 272
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 100
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2, 3, 48, 63, 171
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), 204
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), 69
United States. See also New Mexico, mercury poisoning incident in
chlor-alkali production in, 158, 159
coal use in, 125, 129, 141, 144
controls on mercury in products, 99, 164–166
dental amalgams and, 102, 103
dietary advice in, 108
lithium production in, 160
mercury emission controls, 133–135, 137, 141, 144, 233, 238
mercury export ban, 60–62, 66, 73, 195
mercury mining in, 46, 87, 99
mercury treaty negotiations and, 63, 140
thimerosal and, 105

Vaccines/vaccinations, 82, 92, 93, 104–106, 110, 113, 114, 249, 254, 255, 259, 276
van Helmont, Jan Baptist, 88
VCM (vinyl chloride monomer) production, 78, 152, 159, 160, 169, 170
Vermillion, 151

Wanshan, China, 46, 85, 100
Washington, George, 90
Waste Incineration Directive (EU; 2000), 135
Weihe, Pál, 108
Whole ore amalgamation, 193, 203, 206
Wicked problems, 262, 263
Wildfires, 58, 59
Workplace exposure. See Occupational exposure to mercury
World Health Organization (WHO), 54, 68, 103, 106, 107, 112, 195, 265, 276

Yoshinaga, Rimiko, 1, 2